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Czy kognitywne nauki o religii mogą wyjaśnić religię?

Author(s): Konrad Szocik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2 (94)/2016

Cognitive Science of Religion (CSR) explains the origin, transmission, and nature of religious beliefs by means of cognitive mechanisms. It seems that this approach avoids some important contexts of religious beliefs and does not explain the role that these beliefs may play. This paper underlines potential explanatory weak points of CSR and suggests to extend this approach so that it includes questions of consciousness, as well as psychological and social usefulness of religious beliefs.

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Interpreting the Scripture from a Catholic Point of View

Author(s): Armand Puig I Tàrrech / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2017

The unity and plurality of scripture require an interpretation of the Bible text, which should be plural rather than monolithic. The hermeneutics of the Fathers of the Church and the modern authors (including Ricoeur and Luz) emphasize the pluralism of the interpretations. For its part, the Catholic hermeneutics of the text is aware that, with the exception of some very specific cases, there is no "closed" interpretation of the Bible text, and even in these cases the reading of dogma is not exclusive. The starting point of Catholic hermeneutics is the interpretation within the framework of the Church as an interpretive community. In this context, the reader inspired by the Holy Spirit finds a wide field of reading-writing in a dialogue between text and the present. In fact, tradition is nothing other than the transmission of the divine revelation or the word conveyed through Scripture. The center of what is passed on is the Scriptures, and with them the interpretations of the Fathers of the Church, the expressions of the liturgy and the arts, and the life of the Church and her holiness. All this captures the reader and his life context, which provides for the explication and application of the biblical text.

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The Narrative-Rhetorical Interpretation of Mark’s Theology – Application on the Motif of the Messianic Secret in Mark 9,2-10

Author(s): Ioan Brie / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2017

This article proposes that the Gospel of Mark should be read as both a historical and a theological document. Mark is a theologian who writes theology as a story. He doesn’t simply write history, but he presents theological ideas in narrative form. Considering this fact, one must take into account the narrative-rhetorical method in the hermeneutic of Mark’s Gospel. The historical and theological character of the Gospel requires one to observe two complementary perspectives over the meaning of the book: the perspective of narration’s hero and the perspective of the reader of the Gospel. The author of this present study employs the narrative-rhetorical interpretation as method of research on Mark’s Christology, exemplifying the usage of the method in interpreting the Messianic secret motif in Jesus’ transfiguration pericope (Mark 9,2-10).

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The Role of Acts in Interpreting the New Testament

Author(s): David Moessner / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2017

The main reason that there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that Luke and Acts were read and studied as one “book” in two sequel volumes by early Christian communities is because the author Luke himself has made this point evident in his carefully crafted overlap of the beginning of Acts with the ending of Luke. The suffering-risen Christ who speaks and acts and takes over the voice of the continuing narrator of the first volume in Acts 1:4b is himself the primary ‘narrative story teller,’ the hermeneutical authority whose voice will hover behind the continuation of “all that he began to do and to teach” (Acts 1:1). Particularly through a metaleptic collapse of the world of Jesus of Nazareth of the Gospel to that of the Risen-Crucified One of the church (Acts 1:4a to 1:4b) Luke signals loudly and clearly that, as Chrysostom put it, Christ is the “real author” of Acts, “this strange new dish!”

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Gospel, Obedience and Justice: A Narrative Interpretation of Romans 6:12-18 in Context

Author(s): Corneliu Constantineanu / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2017

In this paper I would like to explore the connection between three crucial themes in Paul’s letter to the Romans: gospel, obedience and justice. Most commentators will agree that these are key concepts in Romans and so it is worth exploring them together. The argument put forward is that the three themes are intimately related and that both obedience and justice are intrinsic parts of the gospel and so Paul wants to communicate to the believers in Rome that the gospel, which is the justice/righteousness of God manifested in Jesus Christ, and their acceptance of the gospel, implies a new life of obedience which leads them to become instruments of justice. By using a narrative reading, the paper offers an interpretation of Romans 6:12-18 in the context of the letter and proposes that such a narrative interpretation better enables the readers to understand the intrinsic connection between gospel, obedience and justice.

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„Kehrt um und Glaubt an das Evangelium“ (Mk 1,15). Der Neubeginn der Gottesherrschaft mit Jesus

Author(s): Karl-Wilhelm NIEBUHR / Language(s): German Issue: 1-2/2017

The article explores the biblical background of the first of Luther's 95 Theses on indulgence. When Luther quotes there Matthew 4,17, he points to the biblical testimony on Jesus Christ as a whole, not to a single proverb of the 'historical Jesus'. In Mark, Jesus' word on repentence is part of his proclamation of the gospel of God's kingdom. As in Matthew and Luke, Jesus appears on stage first conjoined with John the Baptist. According to a biblical-theological hermeneutic of the New Testament, this points to the close connection between the old and the new covenant. Following the impulses of Luther's Reformation and its biblical background, the proclamation of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the testimony of the Holy Spirit and the care for those in need are most important components of the theological message of the church even today.

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Das Neutestamentliche Textuarium der Institutio Calvin von 1536

Author(s): Zsolt GERÉB / Language(s): German Issue: 1-2/2017

In this study we search the New Testament basis of Calvin’s first main work, the Institutes edited in 1536. In his handbook of chatechetical character he aims at summarizing the most important teachings concerning christian belief according to reformed view. In his recommendation addressed to the French King Francis I. He wanted to prove that the six chapters of the Institutes are not in contradiction to the confession of the ancient christian religion, as it is based in all respects on the revelation of God expressed in the Holy Scripture.By analysing this work we take into consideration Calvin’s exegetical principles. We also analyse the measure of his applying the method of humanist exegezis. We try to find the items further developed in the later editions of the Institutes, especially the last version appeared in 1559.We got to the conclusion that Calvin implicitly applied the principle of sola scriptura already in the 1536 edition, when expounding christian teaching. We notice that he uses the writings of the Church Fathers and of the Reformers in such a way, as he always compares them with the contents of the Scripture.

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Jesus Christus “Leitourgos” und “Mittler” Eines Besseren Bundes Nach Hebräer 8,1-13 – Eine Exegetische Perspektive

Author(s): Stelian Tofană / Language(s): German Issue: 1-2/2017

This study attempts to present the superiority of the priestly ministry of Jesus Christ by emphasizing its continuity aspect. In this sense, all the weight of the meaning regarding the content of this ministry falls on accentuating the eternal aspect of it to “the altar” and the “true tabernacle” in the heaven as well as that of its uniqueness. In emphasizing this particularity, the emphasis is placed in particular on two actions, “taking His seat at the right hand of the throne of the Majesty in the heavens” as leiturgos (8,1-2) and “Mediator of a better covenant” (8,6). The patristic interpretation of these texts occupies a special place in this study.

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Gottes Triumph und die Aufgabe des Apostels. Überlegungen zu 2Kor 2,14

Author(s): Dietrich-Alex Koch / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2018

The notion of thriambeúein (accompanied by an accusative) in 2Cor 2:14 is heavily disputed (NRSV: But thanks be to God, who in Christ always leads us in triumphal procession). Judging from the use in military contexts Paul would say that God is leading him around as his defeated enemy. But the literary context of 2Cor 2:14 does not support this reading. On the other hand here thriambeúein is used metaphorically of a divine procession. If we take into account the iconography of divine triumphal processions (of Dionysos, Neptun) we see a great flexibility in the presentation, even without enemies and soldiers. Therefore it is necessary to look for the special context in 2Cor2:14: By using the metaphor of the divine triumph Paul emphasizes the importance of God's action for his apostolic work – and this work is described by a second metaphor, the metaphor of fragrance (osmé) and aroma (euodía). On the literary level Paul uses both metaphors to prepare the question: “And who is qualified for these things?”, and this question is the subject of 2Cor 2:14–7:4.

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Der Gebrauch des Alten Testaments im Markusevangelium. Der Zweite Evangelist an der Schwelle Zwischen Mündlichleit und Schriftlichkeit

Author(s): Hans KLEIN / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2018

The evangelist Marc used in various parts of his gospel, texts of the Old Testament, at times inclusively, without mentioning that they are quotes and sometimes explicitly. The following inquiry pursues the question whether Marc himself looked up and found such quotes, or if he is following his own tradition in the use of the scripture. It is demonstrated that he often or always followed his tradition concerning the script parts, quoting from memory, and that he did not verify those quotes.

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Kierkegaarda droga poznania Boga

Author(s): Maria Urbańska-Bożek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2016

This article shows a method of the recognition of God, which we can find in the philosophical and theological thought of the thinker from Copen-hagen. This method is different from the one we can find in the history of religious ideas of the West Europe, that, to a considerable degree, fluctuated around Augustin’s credo ut intelligam and Anselm‘s fides quaerens intellectum. Naturally, we remember the maxim of Tertullian, who professed credo quia absurdum and who, in his De carne Christi, formulated this idea during of the polemic with Hellenistic thinkerswho accused Christianity of irrationality. However, in the Middle Ages, thinkers did not appeal to this idea, because the thought of this period, above all, wanted to subordinate faith the reason or to reconcile the reason and faith. Søren Kierkegaard suggests that when all other possibilities of knowledge of God have failed, we can turn back and attempt a new method. In other words, it is necessary to completely discard the reason to make the jump into faith and to live in truth on the model of Christ, God Incarnate.

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Stoicka pneuma a Pawłowa koncepcja Ducha w Rz 8 Cz.1: Argumentacja Rz 8 i przegląd badań nad stoicką pneumą u Pawła

Author(s): Marcin Kowalski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 65/3/2018

In the article the author poses a question on the nature and character of the Spirit’s acting and indwelling in believers in Romans 8. To what extent can the Pauline concept of Spirit be associated with the stoic idea of pneuma which also dwells within humans, grants them knowledge and life? In order to answer this question, in the first part of the paper the author analyzes the semantic fields of Rom 5–8 and their convergence in Rom 8, with a special focus on the vocabulary of new life mediated by the Spirit. Subsequently, the rhetorical structure of Rom 8 is elucidated. At the end, the author presents a concise survey of the research on the interaction between the Pauline and the stoic idea of pneuma. The critical evaluation of the various scholarly works on the issue and the rhetorical dispositio of Rom 8 constitute a point of departure for a closer analysis of similarities and differences between Paul and the stoic pneumatology, which will be carried on in part two of the article.Spirit, Rom 8, rhetoric, stoicism, material pneuma, Pauline pneumatology

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Dzieje życia, siła religii Stanisław Brzozowski wobec modernizmu katolickiego

Author(s): Leszek Augustyn / Language(s): Polish Issue: 62/2017

The following article reconstructs the place of the strands of catholic modernism and their role in the philosophy of Stanisław Brzozowski (1878-1911). The emphasis is obviously put on the last works of the Polish philosopher. Marian Zdziechowski (1861–1938), thinker of an older generation and of entirely different intellectual and spiritual genealogy, will serve as a starting point. Following Zdziechowski’s questions, and at the same time moving beyond them, the proposed reflection starts with the philosophy of work in relation to the Catholicism, steadily emerging on the horizon of Brzozowski’s thought. Brozozowski defines consciousness against the backdrop of the crisis of culture (including religion) and opposes the desire to transcend the “antinomy of life and thought,” resulting in the abandonment of abstraction when facing life (sacramentalism of life). Lastly, he recognizes culture as a “form of life of values”. These issues led Brzozowski to the reevaluation of his views regarding both religion and Catholicism and to the vindication of their role in culture. In the article there will be also direct references to the Catholic writers who influenced Brzozowski’s thought (Alfred Loisy, George Tyrrell et al.). The article is an attempt to touch upon this particular and irksome intellectual interpretation which, in the context of the evolution of Brzozowski’s thought, is linked to the question of religion. The article was also affected (but only “affected”) by the existential meaning of religion (i.e., Catholicism) for the Polish thinker.

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Peter Ján Olivi a jeho dielo o slobode človeka

Author(s): Rastislav Nemec / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2018

The topic of this contribution is the issue of freedom and its defense in the work of Peter John Olivi. The author, whose work has not yet been fully discovered, immediately reacts to the thesis of condemnation of Aristotelism and Averroism in 1277 by even today’s current argumentation. The situation at the Faculty of Arts at that time contributes to scepticism on this issue, and the very superficial to lax interpretation of Aristotle does not help to solve this issue unambiguously. In the article we want to deal with Olivi’s work, especially his anthropological aspects, to break down the basic moments of his argumentation and to approach some important questions from the very text of the translation.

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Max Schelers politischer Personalismus und der „soziologische Gotteserweis“

Author(s): Jaromir Brejdak / Language(s): German Issue: 61supl./2016

This article presents the concept of Schelerian personalism in its relations structure. The beginning of this dialogical and personal structure gives the event of the holiness, the base of religious foundations of community in its dimension of co-responsibility and solidarity. The person is mainly personal community (Gesamtperson), a living network of relations, which builds the base of different types of sociality. There’s the first pillar of the community. The second pillar builds an indifferent to I and you division experience of live unity. On this two pillars are based Schelerian typology of sociality: Herd, Life Community, Society, Person Community (State, Nation, Culture Circle or Church). In this perspective the concept of Scheler’s personalism appears as a radical actualistic Political Theory.

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Korespondencja Ireny Krońskiej i Jana Patočki jako ważny dokument czesko-polskiego życia filozoficznego

Author(s): Wojciech Starzyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 58supl./2013

The article describes the little known and explored philosophical relations between the Polish and Czech philosophers during the communist regime. Their main and rich expression was undoubtedly the long friendship between Polish philosopher and translator, Irena Krońska and the greatest Czech philosopher of XXth century, Jan Patočka. Reading their correspondence, we examine the leading themes, including the dialogue, the new subjectivity as an open soul, the Post-Europe as well as theological and aesthetic issues.

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Ile nicości potrafimy znieść? Uwagi na temat filozoficznych podstaw dialogu chrześcijańsko-hinduskiego i chrześcijańsko-buddyjskiego

Author(s): Krzysztof Jakubczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 57/2012

In this paper, I dispute a position articulated by Jacek Bolewski that the conception of creation from nothingness does not constitute the essential difference between Christian and Indian understanding of being, contrary to popular belief. Bolewski argues that when reconsidered the meaning of this difference in the Biblical context it reveals the convergence of fundamental intuitions of both traditions. I refute this view and claim that the popular belief, wrongly rejected by Bolewski, is justified and well-grounded in the thought of the Church Fathers developed in opposition to the Greek way of conceptualizing being. Therefore, I maintain that Bolewski’s arguments are based on the formal similarity only, not the content one, and, moreover, that this similarity is merely seeming and implied by the confusion of two orders – theologico-existential order, typical of the Bible, and logico-metaphysical one which is essential to the religious and philosophical tradition of India expressed in the Nasadiya Sukta.

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Ludwig Wittgenstein and “Metaphysics as a Kind of Magic”

Author(s): Urszula Idziak / Language(s): English Issue: 57supl./2012

In this article we will approach Wittgenstein’s critique of the explanatory attitude whether undertaken towards Sigmund Freud’s interpretation of dreams or Sir James Frazer’s explanation of ritual. However the clue concept will be that of magic, as something that has not been sufficiently defined in the Wittgensteinian terminology. We seek to offer an understanding of Wittgenstein’s mysterious statement that was to begin the Remarks on Frazer’s Golden Bough – “What it is that is deep about magic would be kept”. A preliminary approach to Wittgenstein and magic issue seems to introduce implicitly an affective category, which according to Wittgenstein, should be the axis of any turn to practice when studying language. The affective component present in many late Wittgenstein writings has inspired many emotivist or expressivist interpretations of his thought. However, we aim to reconsider the emphasis made by Wittgenstein on the lived aspect of religion, and his non-approval for empirical knowledge concerning such issues as a more important shift of paradigm which further elaboration is to be found in Jean-Luc Nancy’s project of deconstructing Christianity.

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„Ku wolności wyzwolił nas Chrystus” (Ga 5,1). Teologiczne aspekty ludzkiej wolności

Author(s): Janusz Królikowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

The discovery of universal freedom is an achievement of Saint Paul, and an achievement of the Church is a consequent propagation of this fact throughout the centuries. The Christian character of this discovery was already noticed by Hegel. In today’s world, so strongly marked by the search of freedom it is necessary to reiterate the Christian vision of freedom which is a universal one. This vision is profoundly theological in character and deeply rooted in the mystery of redemption brought by Jesus Christ. This article touches upon this fact and points out its certain aspects, especially the soteriological one. Bearing in mind the theology of freedom we cannot ignore its abundant anthropological references. The article recalls the proposition of St. Thomas Aquinas, which has been largely accepted by Catholic theology and constitutes a benchmark of anthropological philosophy which has a special application in ethics. Christian tradition stresses the fact that for a human, freedom is above all “a vocation”. Therefore, on the one hand God’s definite design through Jesus Christ concerning man has to find its eschatological realization, on the other hand man’s freedom which is solidifying in this design has to revel and show itself to the full. Undoubtedly, the eschatological issue in Christian vision of freedom is worth mentioning as well.

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Samodyscyplina jako warunek nowego życia w Chrystusie. Idea ἐγκράτεια Pawła z Tarsu

Author(s): Anna Rambiert-Kwaśniewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

St. Paul was a man of his time. He was familiar with philosophical thought, especially Stoicism, as he had grown up in a multicultural city in which Eastern ideas were impacted by Greek philosophy. Judaism coexisted alongside pagan religions, while synagogues functioned near gymnasiums. Thus the young Paul appreciated the ideas of the Greek world as well as the concepts related to them. One of these was the minor virtue that can be found in philosophical texts and that is known as ἐγκράτεια. This Greek term is usually translated as “self-discipline” or “restraint.” We can directly find it at three points in the Pauline Epistles (1 Corinthians 7 : 9, 9 : 25; Galatians 5 : 23), although it is also possible to find indirect implementations of this idea. It turns out that Paul mentions ἐγκράτεια in the same contexts as the philosophers who were his contemporaries, especially Gaius Musonius Rufus and Epictetus. An analysis of ancient texts shows that the notion of self-control is present in Paul’s epistolography, namely when he discusses food, sexuality, and the virtue of in genere, which according to the Apostle to the Nations should be a trait of the apostolate.

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