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VALORILE ȘI LIBERTATEA DE CONȘTIINȚĂ

Author(s): Alexandru Leordean / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2018

People mainly manifest their freedom of conscience by promoting their values, by conveying their beliefs, by expressing their trust (faith) in something or someone. At a personal level, freedom of conscience also manifests itself by adhering to another person’s opinions, to the teachings of a renowned authority in a certain field of knowledge, including here the area of the sacred thought. Among these manifestations of one’s freedom of conscience we do not exclude doubts regarding certain values, skepticism regarding some cultural hierarchies, the hope that humbleness will help us achieve a better understanding of our spiritual core. These spiritual means will help us explore in more depth the internal mechanism of manifesting freedom of conscience, be it seen in the process of becoming acquainted with the world, the human soul, or the depths of freedom of conscience.

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LIBERTATEA RELIGIOASĂ ȘI DE CONȘTIINȚĂ — FUNDAMENT AL UNITĂȚII NAȚIONALE

Author(s): Gheorghe Istodor / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2018

The religious freedom as an important part of human freedom is a fundamental dimension of a democratic society. Freedom of conscience is a fundamental right to human fulfillment in democracy, but it also remains a gift of God and a call to man’s perfection. Religious and conscious freedom has a fundamental role in crystallizing the unity of a people’s nation into a world with strong accents in the sphere of globalist ideology and attempts of axiological leveling in our day.

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SCURTĂ INCURSIUNE ÎN PROBLEMATICA LIBERTĂȚII FILOSOFICE

Author(s): Ioana-Anca Gherasim / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2018

Liberty was always the most important desire of a person. Humanity is formed around the idea that liberty is the fundamental value of a society. If people are not free, they cannot exist like human beings. On the other hand, liberty was always put on the same place with the constraints or with responsibility. We cannot imagine liberty without assuming the responsibility that comes with it. To be free means to be responsible.

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LIBERTATE ȘI IDENTITATE

Author(s): Claudia Buda / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2018

The Other is never reduced to the Same, thus remaining unknowable, outside of the totality of the Same. The encounter with the Other calls ecology into question. The „I” can no longer live in the fantasy of a unique possession of the world. The power and freedom of the Same are called into question. The Other cannot be possessed, resists enjoyment, and, as the I encounters this Other, it is called back to the meaning of its freedom, a freedom which is founded by the Other and which, in this encounter, is called to responsibility and obligation towards the Other as genuine freedom.

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FUNDAMENTAREA LIBERTĂȚII DE CONȘTIINȚĂ ÎN DREPTURILE OMULUI: PROVOCĂRI ADUSE DE EMERGENȚA FILOSOFIEI POSTUMANE

Author(s): Constantin Ghioancă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2018

The freedom of conscience has been established as an important marker of democratic societies. The right of someone to choose and practice a certain religion has been stipulated in the domestic legislation of many countries, and also, internationally, from the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The freedom of conscience is based on two important pillars: the separation between religion and State and the meaning of the human nature itself. Someone has freedom of conscience precisely because he is human. But, what is a human, especially in a highly technological and globalized society as nowadays? Donna Haraway believes, in harmony with the posthuman philosophy, that we live in „a world of cyborgs” where „we are all chimeras, theorized and fabricated hybrids of machine and organism; in short, we are cyborgs”. In posthuman philosophy man is redefined regarding its own nature and, consequently, this weakens one of the pillars on which freedom of conscience rests upon: the human nature. Therefore, our goals in this paper are to explain the way in which the freedom of conscience had been established as a „human right”, and on the other side, to point out how this freedom is reshaped by the posthuman philosophy and what themes of reflection are brought to light by this topic.

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PROBLEMATICA LIBERTĂȚII CONȘTIINȚEI ÎN OPERA LUI CIORAN

Author(s): Diana Bodor / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2018

The phylosophy of Cioran is one of the most important moments in the evolution and development of the national consciousness. His phylosophy has in center the idea of suicide, wich has the power to improve the skills of creation, transforming the human being. How can we aply the thinking of Cioran in practice, is one of the most important questions.

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FREIHEIT UND DIE ÜBERWINDUNG VON WIDERSPRÜCHEN — DER WEG ZUR ANDEREN MODERNE IN ANLEHNUNG AN WILHELM SCHMID

Author(s): Consuela Wagner / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2018

The visible change of Western society in the 21st century includes alongside economic and technological processes, political and socio-cultural processes. Despite the promotion of the modern concept of freedom, it is noted that the 21st century is marked by contradictions and a continuing tension between idealistic expectations and an imperative of progress. W. Schmid sees the cause of this situation in defining and interpreting the concept of freedom. He notes that the concept modern of life has consistently pursued the elimination of contradictions in life - which has often led to extreme positions. Through his maximum towards balance, Schmid tries to accomplish not only a cultural synthesis of values but also one between the rational pragmatism and idealist romance. This synthesis finds its expression in the vision of another modern age, not annulled but transformed, reflected and balanced.

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GEWISSEN: EINE REFLEXION VON DER ANTIKE BIS IN DIE MODERNE

Author(s): Arthur Wagner / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2018

The article analyzes the term „conscience” from an etymological, theological and philosophical point of view. It specifically highlights the content and meaning of „conscience” in antiquity (Greek and Roman cultures) and in the Holy Scriptures. From the perspective of Protestant theology, Dr. Martin Luther - as an important representative - rephrased this term by giving it a new meaning. While Pope Pius XII presents from a Catholic perspective the practical aspect of „conscience”, German philosophers of Jewish origin such as E. Kant and F. Nietzsche analyze this concept in a modern manner, remarkably influencing the theological thinking of the century XX.

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Początek religii oraz pierwsze możliwe obrazy Boga w pierwotnym religijnym doświadczeniu człowieka

Author(s): Maciej Małyga / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2018

This study attempts to answer the question of the origin of religion – understood as a human reference to God – both in the sense of searching for a temporal beginning of religion and for its very earliest, primitive form. This inquiry not only has historical significance, but through seeking the essence of religion, it is also relevant to contemporary religious experience. The starting point is the statement that the foundation of religion is not an experience of lack or deficiency, as asserted by Ludwig Feuerbach and atheistic thought in general, but the experience of a God who manifests himself to humans as a “hidden power.” In this view, humanity is not the cause, but a condition for the rise of religion. Discerning the origin of religion is methodologically complex, requiring the interplay of various fields of study: the philosophy of religion, paleontology, anthropology, archeology, linguistics, theology etc. In its original, primitive shape, religion was a non-rational, pre-conceptual realization of – to use Rudolph Otto’s term – the “numinous,” an experience of a terrifying and fascinating divine reality (misterium tremendum et fascinosum). Because there is no empirical evidence of pre-historic man’s religious experience or practice, tracing the origin of religion is nothing more than rational speculation. However, by tracing man and his ancestors, we can confidently state that 40-60 thousand years before Christ humans like us existed, thus implying that a form of the “numinous feeling” existed in prehistoric human beings. Based on the study of the structure of language, the study of contemporary hunter-gatherer cultures and the oldest recorded forms of religion, it is likely that the first name given to God is “Father-Heaven”.

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Solidarność w imię rozwoju – rozwój w imię solidarności. Encyklika ‘Sollicitudo rei socialis’ odpowiedzią Jana Pawła II na wyzwania współczesnego świata

Author(s): Wojciech Wojtyła / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2018

John Paul II in his writings repeatedly pointed to the problems that affect both individual man and entire nations. The twentieth anniversary of Pope Paul VIʼs encyclical Populorum Progressio has become an opportunity for John Paul II to document the predicament of his predecessor to analyze the pains of the modern world. One of the most serious problems of world-wide perceived by the pope in the mid-eighties of the twentieth century in the encyclical Sollicitudo rei socialis was the so- Social question. The number of countries on the way of development far exceeded the number of developed countries, economic and cultural gap between the south and north so called. The south was still deepening. The key to resolving this global crisis is, according to John Paul II, the interpersonal and international solidarity. According to the Pope, only through mutual multidimensional and multifaceted assistance and cooperation is the integral development of every individual and the development of entire nations and states.

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OCENA TRAFNOŚCI ZARZUTÓW PRZECIW ATEIZMOWI SEMANTYCZNEMU BOHDANA CHWEDEŃCZUKA

Author(s): Łukasz Remisiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 41/2018

The article is diverse on two parts. In the first part, the author refers assumptions of Bohdan Chwedenczuk book, “Przekonania religijne” [Religious Beliefs] that was devoted to justify the thesis according to which religious statements are meaningless. He emphasizes a role of so called Hume Requirement that was postulated as a demarcation line between meaningful and meaningless words in Chwedenczuk argumentation chain. Next he indicates main objections against the Requirement which were considered by Chwedenczuk. The second part of the article is a discussion with critiques that were emerging after publishing of “Przekonania”. Such philosophers as J. J. Jadacki, M. Przełęcki, K. Kondrat, M. Pawliśzyn, W. Wolanczyk and I. Zieminśki formulated a number of arguments against the thesis about meaninglessness of religious statements. Author shows that Jadacki, Przełęcki and Zieminśki presented compelling arguments which cannot be undermine basing on the “Przekonania” text, thus these objections must be included if the Chwedenczuk’ś theory could be considered as justified. Arguments formulated by Kondrat and Wolanczyk are possible to refute and Pawliśzyn’ś critique is pointless.

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OD MARKSIZMU DO IDEALIZMU. TRANSFORMACJA RECEPCJI MARKSA W TWÓRCZOŚCI SIEMIONA FRANKA

Author(s): Teresa Obolevitch / Language(s): Polish Issue: 40/2018

This article is dedicated to the problem of philosophical development of famous Russian philosopher Semen Frank (1877-1950) at his early stage of creativity. To begin with, Frank shared the conception of so-called legal Marxism which was very popular in Russia in the end of the 20th century. Gradually, he gave up this view and started publishing at first on Neo-Kantian topics and, later on, as religious thinker. Nevertheless, Frank continued interest in Marxism, even if he criticized it.

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BAROK W MISTYCE – HIPERTROFIA MYŚLI I EMOCJI? (2)

Author(s): Krzysztof Matuszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 39/2017

In the stage of illumination, the soul is dying from the longing for the Spouse. It finds the most efficient way of moderating the pain of inevitable temporal separation in contemplative solitude. Since this solitude does not eliminate the distance, the soul craves for death, which promises it a beatifying meeting. It becomes the supreme goal for the soul and is presented by mystics as a fulfilled communication, or unification. The soul tends to it in a desperate trust in God, filled with a desire for self-loss. The soul tries to overcome with love the uncertainty, which shrouds its relation with the hidden God. This love incites in the soul the desire to see here and now, the impossibility of which is overcome by the ecstasy granted by grace. An ineffable inspiration, which allows the soul to communicate with God, is articulated in the mystical communication thanks to the gift of writing (charisma affabilitatis) and successful use of the metaphor.

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From Metaphysical Desire to the Desire of Being Desired: An Introduction to Aurel Codoban’s Hermeneutics of Love

Author(s): Sandu Frunză / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

Aurel Codoban proposes a philosophy of love in which love as a significant surface reveals a world of practices, representations, rituals and the assumption of love content that are under the sign of an occidental Eros evolution towards the desire of being desired. The metamorphoses of love are described through classical theories of desire, which reveal a paradigmatic behavior from the classical age to the postmodern condition of love. Relevant in this sense is the dynamics of the relationship between metaphysical love, life and death; the transformations that take place in the field of desire from love conceived in a manner similar to the religious one, fuelled by metaphysical desire, to love as passion, to the establishment of a love based on corporeality, to the plurality of the self and the emptying of love relations of personal identity of those who engage in the discourse of love and in its communication. With the generalization of the construction of reality in postmodern communication, love is increasingly proving to be rebuilt on an empty transcendence, a transcendence without transcendence, which accompanies the virtualization of love and the transformations brought about by its association with the virtual space mediated by the new technologies.

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TESAVVUF KAO METODIKA DUHOVNOG ODGOJA

Author(s): Mensur Valjevac,Mina Valjevac / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 16/2018

Tesawwuf is an authentic Islamic science like fiqh, tafsir, hadith, and similar. Tasawwuf is not mysticism, nor philosophy, but the essence of Islamic spirituality. Gnosis and education are its two main determinants, so it is embedded in the core of the Islamic concept of education. This was confirmed by Gazi-Husrev bey, a founder of high religious education in our region, who just next to his Madrasah built the Hanikah School for Spiritual Education, the attendance of which was an integral part of education in that time. The Islamic community and its educational institutions have an overwhelming need for the reintroduction and revitalization of the subject of tesawwuf in curricula, as a modern method of spiritual education.

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Jezik objave

Author(s): Sead Alić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/149/2018

The paper wants to interpret the recorded ways of communication between human beings and God. The approach to interpretation is mediological, that is, from the standpoint of the philosophy of media. It intends to ask the question about language, the medium of communication between human beings and God, and discover a reason why and how did God communicate with humans. Did that define the history of human’s belief and does it represents a form of foundation for religions of the Book? Contemporary tendencies of religious hierarchies to shift towards the political place a doubt on faith founded on language. A medium of communication with God puts into question the conceptualization as a form of self-knowing the absolute. Is language a side-track in human communication with God? What are the consequences of accepting a language as a form of communication with the God Almighty?

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Pojam savjesti od Grka do Nietzschea

Author(s): Vladimir Jelkić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/149/2018

This paper discusses the notion of conscience from a very broad historical perspective, but the author tries to clarify it by taking into consideration the points of view of only those thinkers that he considers crucial for understanding the meaning of the notion of conscience, and the way it has changed from Socrates to Nietzsche. The analysis begins with St. Paul’s hypotheses as interpreted by Joseph Ratzinger. After that, the author refers to Socrates’ notion of daimonion. The thesis moves on to discuss Hegel’s understanding of conscience, where conscience is emphasized as a component of modernity, but at the same time Hegel is also pointing at the very limit of conscience: that the essence of conscience lies in its subjectivity and this is where, according to Hegel, there is a possibility of conscience to transform into evil. Therefore, Hegel holds that the victory of Socrates perspective resulted in the reign of the particularity of purposes and interests in Athens. It is what has brought about the decline of Athens! Therefore, subjectivity should be within what Hegel calls “ethical life” (Sittlichkeit). Nietzsche observes the problem in a very different way: he relates conscience to the memory of “the godlike structure of our being”. Regardless of Nietzsche’s criticism of Socrates, the author concludes that, with both of them, the notion of conscience corresponds to the understanding of power and responsibility to self.

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Zoran Grozdanov (ur.) Teologija Silazak u vražje krugove smrti,

Author(s): Ivan Smiljanić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/149/2018

Review of: Zoran Grozdanov (ur.) Teologija Silazak u vražje krugove smrti, Ex libris, Rijeka 2014.

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Mišljenje religijskih sukoba kao sukobljavanje epistemologija

Author(s): Safer Grbić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2018

This paper will show the following: the distinctions among belief, religious belief, religion, and theology as religious instruction in belief; an explication of the concept of religious conflicts; the (im)possibility of realizing the ideals of theological epistemology; and the view of religious conflicts as a clash of epistemologies. As a proposition that is presumed to be true so that it could be used in explaining certain facts or as a presumption based on facts, a hypothesis is reflected in the assumption that religious conflicts are realized as a clash of epistemologies if we move from the area of the phenomena with which religions generally operate onto the area of principles on the basis of which these phenomena are realized as such. Thus, religious conflicts will be observed on the basis of the question of theological epistemologies, which can be differentiated into three basic ones: theologia fundamentalis, which has a Revelation or a Sacred text as the source of faith; theologia rationalis, which has reason as the source of faith; and theologia spiritualis, which has a personal maturation or revelation as the source of faith. Although the topic of this paper is the concept of religious conflicts as a clash of epistemologies, there will also be given, as it turns out, a necessary consideration of specific religious phenomena, which are given as such on the basis of one of the theological epistemologies, in accordance with the necessity of understanding the phenomenal area in which religious conflicts are realized. Nevertheless, the main tendency of this paper remains the idea of a clash among theological epistemologies as the explication of religious conflicts.

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Wszyscy jesteśmy Judaszami

Author(s): Sebastian Duda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 674/2018

W Filozofii dramatu Tischner pozostawił jeden ze wspanialszych w światowej myśli wywodów na temat zdrady. Trudno znaleźć coś innego, co tym Tischnerowskim stronicom mogłoby w tej materii dorównać. W książce tej widać jednak, jak autor próbuje zacierać ślady własnego przerażenia.

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