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200 godina Friedricha Engelsa

Author(s): / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian / Publication Year: 2020

This anthology book is published on the occasion of the bicentennial of the birth of Friedrich Engels, an exceptional thinker and theorist of the revolution. Editors Maroje Višić and Miroslav Artić gathered renowned domestic and international scientists who tried to reevaluate Engels' works and his scientific contribution. The idea behind the book is to point out the everlasting value and significance of Engels’ revolutionary philosophy. Contributing authors offered analytical reading of Engels' ideas, addressing pressing issues in economics, politics, religion, feminism, ideology and in other segments of contemporary society. The papers in an anthology are organized under the chapters: The Reception of Engel’s Philosophy, Actuality of Engels Today with subchapters on working-class and precariat, peasantry as the subject of change, early Christianity as an inspiration; and the last chapter is Revalorization of Family and State. The first chapter tackles the questions if Engels was more than an interpreter of Marx or simply the first Marxist who contributed to the banalization of Marx. It then investigates reception of Engels’ philosophy in ex-Yugoslavia specifically and in philosophical theory in general. The second chapter demonstrates actuality and relevance of Engels today by discussing the topics of working-class and precariat, by making comparison between early industrial society and contemporary society and by tracking development of socialism from utopia to a science. Chapter also deals on the peasantry whose role as a subject of change is thoroughly problematized. Special part of the chapter is dedicated to the influence of the practice of early Christianity on the formation of Engels’ revolutionary idea and to what extent original Christian community served affected the development of Engels’ thought. Final chapter brings papers that, under new circumstances, re-examine the understanding of the state-family relation and their dynamic. This comprehensive anthology attempted to revalorize and appraise Engels’ own contribution to science and philosophy 200 years after his birth. For this it was necessary to “divorce” Engels from Marx so that the fallacy of statement that Engels was second violin to Marx becomes striking.Chapter one tackle the question of whetherEngels was more than an interpreter of Marx or simply the first Marxist to contribute to the banalization of Marx.= Engels' reception is then examined both in the former Yugoslavia and in philosophical theory in general.Special part of the chapter is dedicated to influence of the practice of early Christianity on the formation of Engels’ revolutionary idea. That is, to what extent the examples of the original Christian communities influenced the development of Engels' thought

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A Brief History of New Realism

Author(s): Maurizio Ferraris / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2016

In this paper I try to sketch a brief history of new realism. Starting from nineteenth century idealism, I then move on to discuss twentieth century postmodernism, which, I argue, is the heir of idealism and the theoretical enemy of new realism. Finally, I offer a reconstruction of how and why contemporary new realism came into being and propose a few remarks on its future perspectives.

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A filozófia Felső-Magyarországon

Author(s): András Mészáros / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 3/2020

The study lists the methodological changes that have modified the historiographical approach in the history of Hungarian philosophy in the last 30 years. Based on these, it formulates the hypothesis that the history of Hungarian philosophy can be reconstructed and presented not within the framework of a single narrative, but along discourses that exist side by side and one after the other. One such form of discourse is local discourse, such as Upper Hungarian philosophy. The determining form of this was the school philosophy, which developed along the Catholic–Lutheran dichotomy. School philosophy lost its decisive role here only during the 19th century, and besides it appeared the so-called public philosophy, and one of its forms of discourse, national philosophy. However, this was mainly characteristic of the emerging Slovak philosophy.

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A többség zsarnokságától a szelíd önkényuralomig

Author(s): Vasile Prahovean / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2019

Tocqueville’s thought-world is decisively influenced by the conviction that modern democracy that is based on the will of the majority is rather appropriate for creating equality than freedom. Moreover, the mass democracy leads to oppression if the coercive force of the public opinion is extended over all the aspects of social life. Democracy in America discusses in two different contexts the problem of totalitarianism supported by the public opinion. The tyranny of majority is supplemented by the hypothesis of soft despotism, by recognizing that the horizontally extending oppression can be generated by a state power that is manipulating the democratic ideas. The administrative despotism reconciles the omnipotence of the public opinion with the centralizing tendencies and under the aegis of the benevolent state power will take control over private lives. The individuals isolated from each other are less capable of restraining its power, therefore it is essential that the exertion of individual rights and freedom has to be supplemented with collective values.

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A Trial of Interpretation of Meister Eckhart’s Thought on God and Man through the Analysis of Its Paradoxes

Author(s): Zbigniew Kaźmierczak / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2017

This article interprets Eckhart’s contradictions by presenting them as a result of an existential search for salvific power. It is shown that power is ambivalent in nature: it is the power of what is and the power of (self)overcoming (of what is). Just because power is in itself ambivalent and the process of searching for it existentialist (so not completely conscious), Eckhart’s mystical texts are full of contradictions and the German mystic is apparently not aware of it. The sample of them is shown in this article with regard to his ideas on God and man. Three other interpretations of Eckhart’s (“apophatic,” “educational,” “methodological”) are presented and argued against.

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Abbagnanowska krytyka tradycyjnej filozofii: Augustyn, Descartes, Kant

Author(s): Jakub Bartoszewski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2016

The article discusses the issue of possibilities in the context of Abbagnano’s perspective on traditional philosophy. Following the founder of the philosophy of possibilities, certain philosophers were selected who in the opinion of the Italian existentialist had a significant impact on culture and philosophical tradition. Therefore, only three figures are discussed: Augustine, Descartes and Kant.

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ABBASQULU AĞA BAKIXANOVUN YARADACILIĞINDA CƏLALƏDDİN RUMİ İRSİNİN ƏKSİ

Author(s): Vüqar İsmət Teymurxanli / Language(s): Azerbaijani / Issue: 3/2009

Makale, ünlü sufi ve düşünür Celalaeddin Rumi’nin XIX yüzyıl Azerbaycan düşünürü A. Bakıxanov’la ilgili edebi konuların ilmi tahlilini konu edinir. Yazıda, Azerbaycan’dakı ilim adamları ve eleştirmenlerin konu ile ilgili düşünceler üzerinde durulmuş, A. Bakıxanov’un eserlerinde Mevlana’dan yapılmış alıntılar tespit edilmiştir. Her iki düşünürün eserlerinde konu, yapı ve didaktik amaç bakımından benzerlikler araştırılmıştır. Manevi sansür karşısında Bakıxanov’un Mevlana sanatından nasıl faydalandığı üzerinde durulmuştur.

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Agnieszka Bednarek-Bohdziewicz, Homo capax, capax hominis. Z problematyki antropologicznej w późnej twórczości Adama Mickiewicza, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, Gdańsk 2019, ss. 256 (rec.)

Author(s): Miłosz Puczydłowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2021

Some fragments of the book (threads about the "weak God") may bring to mind the philosophy of Gianni Vattimo, who makes a very interesting reinterpretation of the Catholic tradition, but in a secularized and completely immanent version. A deeper consideration of this could enrich the book that is already extremely erudite and very professionally written.

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Aktuelnost Ničeove misli

Author(s): Dobrica Gajić / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 1-2/2015

Prikaz / The review of: Trond Berg Eriksen, Niče i moderna / Nietzsche and Modernity, Karpos, 2014, sa norveškog prevela Jelena Loma.

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Alexandre’o Kojeve’o filosofinė evoliucija: nuo hėgelizmo į natūralizmą

Author(s): Linas Jokubaitis / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 11/2016

The article examines the fundamental premises of Alexandre Kojeve’s interpretation of Hegel’s philosophy, the source of his views on the genesis of humanity and history. The paper is focused on the French philosopher’s attempt to explain how Homo sapiens becomes a human being. This explanation can only be understood within the framework of his dualistic anthropology, which is reconstructed in the article. Kojeve’s philosophy of history is discussed only in so far as it helps to understand his anthropology. The article reveals the paradoxes of Kojeve’s dualistic anthropology. According to his provocative assertions, at the end of history human beings will return to the state of animality. Kojeve left us with only short fragmentary assertions about the idea of the end of history, however, today he is most widely known for this provocative idea.

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Ambivalencija S. Kierkegaard’o nerimo (Angest) sampratoje

Author(s): Justinas Grigas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 99/2021

The paper considers two problems related to the interpretation of S. Kierkegaard’s conception of Angest. Firstly, a tendency to interpret Kierkegaard’s Angest as a “fear without an object” and to posit its similarity to Heidegger’s Angst is put in question. Questioning this interpretation, an analysis of The Concept of Anxiety is undertaken, in order to reveal ambivalence as the primary feature of Kierkegaard’s conception of Angest. Secondly, the question of translating Angest into Lithuanian is addressed, criticizing the established tradition of translating Angest as “baimė” (fear) and supporting translator’s I. Tomaševičiūtė’s choice of “nerimas”. The aforementioned ambivalence of Angest serves as the basis for the critique, revealing Angest as a paradoxical attraction to that, which frightens. The first part of the paper expounds on the moment of ambivalence in the descriptions of Angest, found in The Concept of Anxiety. The second part compares and underlines the differences between the philosophical approaches of Kierkegaard and Heidegger. It is shown that Kierkegaard’s attention to the ambivalence of Angest is related to the practical bent of Kierkegaard’s philosophy and the problematics of personal individuation.

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An Analysis of Selected Upbuilding Discourses in the Works of Søren Kierkegaard in the Context of Evangelical Homiletics

Author(s): Maria Urbańska-Bożek / Language(s): English / Issue: 13/2019

The article focuses on two upbuilding discourses in Søren Kierkegaard's Late Works, translated by Karol Toeplitz. The sermons were included in For Self-Examination: Recommended to the Present Age (1851). The article first discusses the material dimension of the discourses, treating the sermon as a way to speak on a specific topic, taking the form of an annunciation of the truths of the faith. The second part is dedicated to the formal aspect of the upbuilding discourses and focuses on working with the text of the Scripture as well as on the process of the stylistic construction of the sermon.

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Anthropological Aspect of Charles Sanders Peirce’s Metaphysical Cosmology

Author(s): Volodymyr Melnyk,Andrii Synytsia / Language(s): English / Issue: 27/2021

The article demonstrates how Charles Sanders Peirce built cosmological ideas based on the analysis of the specifics of a human being. It is proved that the possibility of a certain degree of anthropocentrism in Peirce’s cosmological conception was laid down in the categorical system, including the level of the Firstness, Secondness, and Thirdness. It is shown why according to his scientific metaphysics, for everyone, the concept that corresponds to human nature is more true than other ones, as well as why a person instinctively feels the truth. This situation is possible because the laws of thought are formulated in accordance with the laws of nature. Human nature reflects what is in the world. Thus, through self-knowledge, a person also discovers reality itself as a dynamic universe in which the physical and the mental, the real and the ideal are subject to the same laws (habits-regularities). However, human beings do not know all of them, but only those that correspond to the level of their understanding and interests. Subsequently, science and technology are built on the basis of individuals’ own intentions. Human beings realize that the universe is boundless and not everything they are able to understand and justify. This makes fallibilism inevitable. It is analyzed how to solve the difficulties of fallibilism; Peirce proposed to use the concept of practical certainty as a basic criterion for recognizing the system of knowledge about the world as true. It is shown that the concepts of tychism, synechism, and agapism, which reveal the meaning of Peirce’s cosmological theory of evolution, are also based on the principles of anthropocentrism and anthropomorphism. Thus, it is argued that human being becomes the key to understanding Peirce’s metaphysical cosmology.

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APIE FILOSOFIJOS KAIP MOKSLO PRIGIMTĮ

Author(s): Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 91/2017

Mintis arba siekis sukurti žmogiškojo pažinimo sistemą, arba kitaip ir tiksliau tariant – siekis į žmogiškąjį pažinimą žvelgti kaip į sistemą ir vienovę, be abejonės, iš anksto numato tai, jog pirmiausia ir pats savaime žmogiškasis pažinimas nėra sistema – ἀσύστατον – tai, kas nėra vienovėje ir veikiau yra vidujai susipriešinęs pats su savimi. Norint suvokti šį nesistemiškumą, šį nepastovumą ir nevientisumą, tai, kas yra tarsi žmogiškojo pažinimo bellum intestinum (kadangi šis vidinis susipriešinimas turi būti atskleistas), žmogaus protas turėjo būti išmėgintas visomis galimomis kryptimis.

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APIE FILOSOFINĖS KRITIKOS ESMĘ IR JOS SANTYKĮ SU ŠIUOLAIKINĖS FILOSOFIJOS SITUACIJA

Author(s): Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel,Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 92/2017

Kritika, kad ir kokioje meno ar mokslo srityje būtų taikoma, reikalauja kriterijaus, kuris būtų nepriklausomas nei nuo sprendžiančiojo, nei nuo paties dalyko, apie kurį sprendžiama.Ji reikalauja tokio kriterijaus, kuris būtų išvestas ne iš kokio nors paskiro reiškinio arsubjekto ypatybės, bet iš nekintančio ir amžino paties dalyko provaizdžio (Urbild). Kaip kad vaizduojamojo meno idėja nėra sukuriama ar atrandama meno kritikos dėka, o veikiau yra jos suponuojama, taip ir filosofinės kritikos atveju pačios filosofijos idėja yra jos pirminė prielaida ir sąlyga. Be šiosidėjosji vieną subjektyvybę tik supriešintų su kita ir niekad patį absoliutą su tuo, kas sąlygota.

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Apie Neklasikinę Filosofiją Neklasikiniu Stiliumi (Leonardos Jekentaitës Kûrybos Interpretacija)

Author(s): Bronislovas Kuzmickas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 59/2009

This paper is dedicated to the interpretation of the works of Leonarda Jekentaitë (1946-2008), in which she analyses the views of non-classical philosophers. They speak about the reality and the human existence and the style of their writings is more artistic than theoretical. The first article is about the philosophy of Kant. Although it has been two hundred years since this thinker, the main ideas of his anthropology continue to be urgent, makes us to go back to the categorical imperative of Kant and rethink it in the epoch of jazz. The impact of A. Schopenhauer's philosophy is felt in the writings of contemporary French postmodernists, particularly in those of Gilles Deleuze. As most important among the non-classical philosophers is considered S. Kierkegaard. One of the most significant trends of Lithuanian art can be characterised using Kierkegaardan terminology, as demonic aestheticism. The force of expression rises from mental experiments and self-destruction which are signs of longing after the lost sense of the certainty of reality and faith in God. Interpreting F. Nietzsche's philosophy she emphasizes the uncompromising critique by him of the theoretical attitude to life and proclamation of the will to power. Nietzsche saw a descrepancy between two levels of consciousness in European mentality: the superficial level of Judeo-Christian virtues and Pagan values, authentic but condemned.

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Apie tragiškumą ir jo alternatyvos galimybę Kierkegaard'o mąstyme

Author(s): Rita Šerpytytė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 36/2004

In the article Kierkegaard’s concept of the tragic as it is presented in his early work The Tragic in Ancient Drama Reflected in the Tragic in Modern Drama is considered. The author shows that Kierkegaard reveals the tragic not on the first level of reflection, i.e. while constructing its “concept”, but on the second level, i.e. while rejecting an already constructed “concept” as incapable of visualising the tragic and by doing so to make it perceptible. This rejection of the conceptual is understood by the author of the article not as an action of nihilist thinking but as an action of tragic thinking present in all Kierkegaard’s works.

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Apsolut kao subjekat? Ka Hegelovoj teoriji spekulativnog stava

Author(s): Stanko Vlaški / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 34/2020

While the traditional logic reflected the structure of proposition assuming separation and persistence of concepts of subject and predicate, Hegel, by his conception of a speculative proposition, has allowed philosophy to grasp a dialectical nature of the relation of those concepts. The author considers the radical change that happens in the logical reflection of the essence of the proposition in the light of the crucial requirement of the whole Hegel’s philosophy to think and express the Absolute as the subject. After the introductory comments on the groundbreaking epochs in the history of philosophical thinking due to which the logical problem of proposition became one of the central ontological issues, the birthplace of Hegel’s theory of speculative proposition is found within his early critique of philosophies of the first principle such as Fichte’s. In the central part of the text, the theory of the speculative proposition is thematized considering Hegel’s insight into the difference between a philosophical proposition and propositions and knowledge that originate from the other spheres of spirituality. After that, the proposition that expresses the Absolute as the subject from the Preface of Phenomenology of Spirit is interpreted as the manifestation of the speculative nature of the philosophical proposition, because, from the other side, the speculative proposition could be interpreted as the expression and the way the Absolute exists, too. As the speculative proposition, however, the proposition “the Absolute is subject” reveals reasons why the philosophical system, not the isolated proposition, has to be understood as the true element of existence of truth in Hegel’s thought.

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Ar Kierkegaard'as buvo nihilistas?

Author(s): Rita Šerpytytė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 33/2003

It is undoubted that the two recent centuries are marked by nihilism. In a popular and even literary sense; nihilism signifies a reference to experience, the main characteristic of which could be emphasized as the highest estimation of individual self-recognition in a chaotic, unintelligible world full of anxiety. The very first philosophical meaning of this phenomenon is usually linked with Nietzsche’s name. This thinker sees nihilism already as “historical motion in the direction of Nothingness”. Nietzsche’s thought, which opens up the philosophical perspective of nihilism, allows Heidegger to uncover the beginning of nihilistic thinking and to link the history of nihilism with the history of Nothingness. What is the place in this history of Kierkegaard? Was Kierkegaard a Nihilist? Looking for answers to such questions, we could consider the notion of Faith in Kierkegaard’s philosophy. Nihilistic points of Kierkegaard’s philosophy arise first of all in the nature of the questions themselves. In consideration of certain nihilistic points in Kierkegaard’s philosophy, let us search for the connection of this thought with the apophatic tradition in the history of philosophy (Pseudo Dionysius and Master Eckhart) and with the contemporary tradition of apophatic thought as well. Kierkegaard’s description of the motion of faith is not an explication of experience, but a link to immediate experiential relations with reality. By saying that Abraham sacrifices Isaac in the name of nothing, which means in the name of God, he draws a perspective of nihilistic thinking showing the limits of the reflection. Still differently from the mystical tradition of negative theology, he doesn’t attempt even to describe the dimension of faith as the dimension of experience by using the figures of an annihilative character. Kierkegaard’s nihilism, according to the direction of the annihilative step, structurally coincides with the nihilism that is operating in a negative theology discourse. Although in a Kierkegaardian perspective the apophatic theology appears as approaches of the same limit, the limit of discoursiveness and reflection, the real intention of negative theology is to transcend this limit towards the dimension of experience. And that is exactly the reason for Johannes de Silentio’s “dizziness “ and his “blackout”.

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Ar konstitucijai aktualūs Hegelio dialektikos dėsniai?

Author(s): Gediminas Mesonis / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 106/2021

Dialectics is not a new, but rather a familiar and seemingly understandable concept. However, a deeper discourse on the subject or an observation of on-going discourses when looked at from outside shows that for many people dialectics is a complex construction, and its meaning is often perceived superficially or distorted. Hence, the article recalls the content of the concept of dialectics, and only then is it applied as a method of looking at aspects of the concept of the constitution. The connection between dialectics and the constitution is shown in the article to be not by accident. The basis for such an academic synthesis is that a portion of constitutional regulation at the level of both expressis verbis and constitutional jurisprudence – a form of the expression of the concept of the constitution – is claimed to be unchangeable, non-replaceable, unquestioned, and self-evident. This is serious because it is a claim to eternity. The article notes that in a constitutional regulation, some forms of expression both on the level of the constitution and of constitutional jurisprudence can be perceived as negating dialectics, i.e. dialectics as the continuous development and change of the world and society.

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