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In this paper I try to sketch a brief history of new realism. Starting from nineteenth century idealism, I then move on to discuss twentieth century postmodernism, which, I argue, is the heir of idealism and the theoretical enemy of new realism. Finally, I offer a reconstruction of how and why contemporary new realism came into being and propose a few remarks on its future perspectives.
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The study lists the methodological changes that have modified the historiographical approach in the history of Hungarian philosophy in the last 30 years. Based on these, it formulates the hypothesis that the history of Hungarian philosophy can be reconstructed and presented not within the framework of a single narrative, but along discourses that exist side by side and one after the other. One such form of discourse is local discourse, such as Upper Hungarian philosophy. The determining form of this was the school philosophy, which developed along the Catholic–Lutheran dichotomy. School philosophy lost its decisive role here only during the 19th century, and besides it appeared the so-called public philosophy, and one of its forms of discourse, national philosophy. However, this was mainly characteristic of the emerging Slovak philosophy.
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Tocqueville’s thought-world is decisively influenced by the conviction that modern democracy that is based on the will of the majority is rather appropriate for creating equality than freedom. Moreover, the mass democracy leads to oppression if the coercive force of the public opinion is extended over all the aspects of social life. Democracy in America discusses in two different contexts the problem of totalitarianism supported by the public opinion. The tyranny of majority is supplemented by the hypothesis of soft despotism, by recognizing that the horizontally extending oppression can be generated by a state power that is manipulating the democratic ideas. The administrative despotism reconciles the omnipotence of the public opinion with the centralizing tendencies and under the aegis of the benevolent state power will take control over private lives. The individuals isolated from each other are less capable of restraining its power, therefore it is essential that the exertion of individual rights and freedom has to be supplemented with collective values.
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This article interprets Eckhart’s contradictions by presenting them as a result of an existential search for salvific power. It is shown that power is ambivalent in nature: it is the power of what is and the power of (self)overcoming (of what is). Just because power is in itself ambivalent and the process of searching for it existentialist (so not completely conscious), Eckhart’s mystical texts are full of contradictions and the German mystic is apparently not aware of it. The sample of them is shown in this article with regard to his ideas on God and man. Three other interpretations of Eckhart’s (“apophatic,” “educational,” “methodological”) are presented and argued against.
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The article discusses the issue of possibilities in the context of Abbagnano’s perspective on traditional philosophy. Following the founder of the philosophy of possibilities, certain philosophers were selected who in the opinion of the Italian existentialist had a significant impact on culture and philosophical tradition. Therefore, only three figures are discussed: Augustine, Descartes and Kant.
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Makale, ünlü sufi ve düşünür Celalaeddin Rumi’nin XIX yüzyıl Azerbaycan düşünürü A. Bakıxanov’la ilgili edebi konuların ilmi tahlilini konu edinir. Yazıda, Azerbaycan’dakı ilim adamları ve eleştirmenlerin konu ile ilgili düşünceler üzerinde durulmuş, A. Bakıxanov’un eserlerinde Mevlana’dan yapılmış alıntılar tespit edilmiştir. Her iki düşünürün eserlerinde konu, yapı ve didaktik amaç bakımından benzerlikler araştırılmıştır. Manevi sansür karşısında Bakıxanov’un Mevlana sanatından nasıl faydalandığı üzerinde durulmuştur.
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Prikaz / The review of: Trond Berg Eriksen, Niče i moderna / Nietzsche and Modernity, Karpos, 2014, sa norveškog prevela Jelena Loma.
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The article examines the fundamental premises of Alexandre Kojeve’s interpretation of Hegel’s philosophy, the source of his views on the genesis of humanity and history. The paper is focused on the French philosopher’s attempt to explain how Homo sapiens becomes a human being. This explanation can only be understood within the framework of his dualistic anthropology, which is reconstructed in the article. Kojeve’s philosophy of history is discussed only in so far as it helps to understand his anthropology. The article reveals the paradoxes of Kojeve’s dualistic anthropology. According to his provocative assertions, at the end of history human beings will return to the state of animality. Kojeve left us with only short fragmentary assertions about the idea of the end of history, however, today he is most widely known for this provocative idea.
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Mintis arba siekis sukurti žmogiškojo pažinimo sistemą, arba kitaip ir tiksliau tariant – siekis į žmogiškąjį pažinimą žvelgti kaip į sistemą ir vienovę, be abejonės, iš anksto numato tai, jog pirmiausia ir pats savaime žmogiškasis pažinimas nėra sistema – ἀσύστατον – tai, kas nėra vienovėje ir veikiau yra vidujai susipriešinęs pats su savimi. Norint suvokti šį nesistemiškumą, šį nepastovumą ir nevientisumą, tai, kas yra tarsi žmogiškojo pažinimo bellum intestinum (kadangi šis vidinis susipriešinimas turi būti atskleistas), žmogaus protas turėjo būti išmėgintas visomis galimomis kryptimis.
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Kritika, kad ir kokioje meno ar mokslo srityje būtų taikoma, reikalauja kriterijaus, kuris būtų nepriklausomas nei nuo sprendžiančiojo, nei nuo paties dalyko, apie kurį sprendžiama.Ji reikalauja tokio kriterijaus, kuris būtų išvestas ne iš kokio nors paskiro reiškinio arsubjekto ypatybės, bet iš nekintančio ir amžino paties dalyko provaizdžio (Urbild). Kaip kad vaizduojamojo meno idėja nėra sukuriama ar atrandama meno kritikos dėka, o veikiau yra jos suponuojama, taip ir filosofinės kritikos atveju pačios filosofijos idėja yra jos pirminė prielaida ir sąlyga. Be šiosidėjosji vieną subjektyvybę tik supriešintų su kita ir niekad patį absoliutą su tuo, kas sąlygota.
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This paper is dedicated to the interpretation of the works of Leonarda Jekentaitë (1946-2008), in which she analyses the views of non-classical philosophers. They speak about the reality and the human existence and the style of their writings is more artistic than theoretical. The first article is about the philosophy of Kant. Although it has been two hundred years since this thinker, the main ideas of his anthropology continue to be urgent, makes us to go back to the categorical imperative of Kant and rethink it in the epoch of jazz. The impact of A. Schopenhauer's philosophy is felt in the writings of contemporary French postmodernists, particularly in those of Gilles Deleuze. As most important among the non-classical philosophers is considered S. Kierkegaard. One of the most significant trends of Lithuanian art can be characterised using Kierkegaardan terminology, as demonic aestheticism. The force of expression rises from mental experiments and self-destruction which are signs of longing after the lost sense of the certainty of reality and faith in God. Interpreting F. Nietzsche's philosophy she emphasizes the uncompromising critique by him of the theoretical attitude to life and proclamation of the will to power. Nietzsche saw a descrepancy between two levels of consciousness in European mentality: the superficial level of Judeo-Christian virtues and Pagan values, authentic but condemned.
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In the article Kierkegaard’s concept of the tragic as it is presented in his early work The Tragic in Ancient Drama Reflected in the Tragic in Modern Drama is considered. The author shows that Kierkegaard reveals the tragic not on the first level of reflection, i.e. while constructing its “concept”, but on the second level, i.e. while rejecting an already constructed “concept” as incapable of visualising the tragic and by doing so to make it perceptible. This rejection of the conceptual is understood by the author of the article not as an action of nihilist thinking but as an action of tragic thinking present in all Kierkegaard’s works.
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It is undoubted that the two recent centuries are marked by nihilism. In a popular and even literary sense; nihilism signifies a reference to experience, the main characteristic of which could be emphasized as the highest estimation of individual self-recognition in a chaotic, unintelligible world full of anxiety. The very first philosophical meaning of this phenomenon is usually linked with Nietzsche’s name. This thinker sees nihilism already as “historical motion in the direction of Nothingness”. Nietzsche’s thought, which opens up the philosophical perspective of nihilism, allows Heidegger to uncover the beginning of nihilistic thinking and to link the history of nihilism with the history of Nothingness. What is the place in this history of Kierkegaard? Was Kierkegaard a Nihilist? Looking for answers to such questions, we could consider the notion of Faith in Kierkegaard’s philosophy. Nihilistic points of Kierkegaard’s philosophy arise first of all in the nature of the questions themselves. In consideration of certain nihilistic points in Kierkegaard’s philosophy, let us search for the connection of this thought with the apophatic tradition in the history of philosophy (Pseudo Dionysius and Master Eckhart) and with the contemporary tradition of apophatic thought as well. Kierkegaard’s description of the motion of faith is not an explication of experience, but a link to immediate experiential relations with reality. By saying that Abraham sacrifices Isaac in the name of nothing, which means in the name of God, he draws a perspective of nihilistic thinking showing the limits of the reflection. Still differently from the mystical tradition of negative theology, he doesn’t attempt even to describe the dimension of faith as the dimension of experience by using the figures of an annihilative character. Kierkegaard’s nihilism, according to the direction of the annihilative step, structurally coincides with the nihilism that is operating in a negative theology discourse. Although in a Kierkegaardian perspective the apophatic theology appears as approaches of the same limit, the limit of discoursiveness and reflection, the real intention of negative theology is to transcend this limit towards the dimension of experience. And that is exactly the reason for Johannes de Silentio’s “dizziness “ and his “blackout”.
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The paper’s point of departure are Nietzsche’s lectures prepared for the students of classical philology. While scrutinizying them I am trying to demonstrate that Nietzsche drew far more from the ancient philosophy than we usually assume. I believe he had a good reason to be concerned with rhetoric, even if the subject was considered of lesser importance in his days and downplayed. By asking about the importance of rhetoric he could, in anexemplary manner, realize the program delineated in his „Untimely Meditations” – he showed certain historical phenomenon, firmly rooted in the past, and confronted it with the contemporary situation; his lectures on the history of rhetoric are used to confront the modernity, as evidenced in his criticism of Victor’s Hugo left -wing demagoguery. Preserved notes and lectures show how young professor worked and the list of those subjectshe was focusing on and those he omits clearly illustrate his philosophical and aesthetic preferences. Fragments of translations of Rhetoric of Aristotle, his way of reasoning and peculiar lack of dispute with the Sophists prove that Nietzsche „enters”, so to speak, in the language of Stagirite, thus taking over his valuation of rhetorical enthymem. Consistent with the intuitions of Aristotle is Nietzsche’s assessment of the social role of the rhetoric itself. In the ideal case it is intended to establish consensus in the situations where it is impossible to know something for certain, in the case of abuse – rhetoric boils down to plain cheating. Nietzsche develops the issue of working out decision by asking about the talk itself and more precisely – about the cognitive status of the language. Lectures also shed new light on Nietzsche’s style, or, if you want, Nietzsche’s styles. On the one hand, they reveal his appreciation for the simplicity and clarity (as evidenced by the attic style preference), on the other hand – they demonstrate his knowledge of the classic figures of thought which means that the so-called „great”, bombastic style was for him a sign of irony. If you follow this path of interpretation, „Zoroaster” would be a reflection of his teachings i.e. as ironic, it would instruct to keep the distance.
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In this paper the author analyses Aristotle’s and Marx’s explanations of the basic parameters of atomistic physics, particularly Democritus’ specific theory of atoms and void. Actually, different historical and spiritual views of the two philosophers also determine their differentiated attitudes towards major segments of atomism. When Aristotle’s insights are concerned, it can be concluded that on the one hand necessity and eternity of the motion of atoms, as well as the emancipation of Leucippus and Democritus from animistic and teleological interpretations characteristic for some of their predecessors, would make looking for the efficient and final cause in their learning unnecessary, but, on the other hand, their mentioning of atoms and void, especially of the dual and mixed nature of atoms, enables the Stagirites to look at the doctrine of the atomists from a perspective of his own material as well as the formal cause. In his thesis Marx, then, by comparing Democritus and Epicurus, destroys the common opinion that there is no essential difference between the physics of the two philosophers, and at the same time emphasizes what they have in common and that the principles, atoms and void, are undoubtedly the same. The author, finally, is on the standpoint that Marx’s dissertation is crucial for studying the philosophy of nature of the two thinkers, especially the part on Epicureans, primarily because it elaborately presents the major results of investigation of complex issues, and, secondly because it seriously and scientifically discloses the relation between Democritus and Epicurus, as well as the uniqueness and originality of the latter philosopher.
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Arthur Schopenhauer’s Mirror: the Will, the Suffering, the Compassion as Philosophical Challenges. In philosophy, the celebration of Arthur Schopenhauer has already ended. Only the last year was anniversary (of his birth and of the publication of the first volume of The World as Will and Representation), but the importance of this non-conformist creator is never superfluous to highlight.In this article, there is, certainly, a very limited/selective focus on the thinking of Schopenhauer, and no biographical approach: the goal is only to stress two aspects of his philosophy in their logic. Schopenhauer was an enthusiastic Kantian: first of all, by taking over his maestro’s seminal paradigm, the constructivism (that does not pertain only to the ‘theory of knowledge’, but marks the entire existence analysed at different philosophical levels). Secondly, by the ethical focus and accent, continuing Kant’s exceptional emphasis of the ultimate reason of the tableau of the world, the human reason and its power to treat the others in moral manner. And certainly, Schopenhauer was not an epigone, but a creator, using and at the same time giving other content to the Kantian form of ethical revolution.Schopenhauer had, obviously, contradictory ideas – as that between his constructivism and his metaphysical treatment of the will, i. e. as the only principle explaining the world – and also with disputable significance, including for the actual life and thinking. But he had a “bad publicity” from the dominant philosophy – namely, some of his ideas (as that of the moral of compassion) were, and still are, absolutely ignored, while other ones were simplified or transformed in the “conception of Schopenhauer”, reducing this one to some ideas out of context – and even nowadays this tradition is dominant. And it’s pity, because Schopenhauer’s philosophy was and represented a dramatic moment in the history of the 19th century thinking and culture: as it is a strange mirror for the present much graver situation.In order to critique the present it’s not necessary to do it from Schopenhauer’s perspective. However, just his contradictory ideas and pathetic accent on compassion show better than ever that neither philosophy – as theoretical position – nor the urging for moral activism are more than vox clamantis in deserto: if the historical facts, which include this urging and the spring of thinking but are not confined to them, are missing.
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Duh to nije izvršio. Zna se da pojam sistema u svojem emfatičkom hegelovskom slogu, koji, dabogme, ne odgovara deduktivnom pojmu pozitivnih znanosti, zahtijeva da bude shvaćen organski kao međusobno urašćivanje i međusobna urašćenost svih djelomičnih momenata snagom cjeline koja je već sadržana u svakom od njih.
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Kronologijski povod kao što je stodvadesetpeta godišnjica Hegelove smrti mogao bi navesti na ono što se naziva ocjenjivanjem. Ali je pojam ocjenjivanja, ako je uopće ikada nešto vrijedio, postao nesnosan.
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The goal of this paper is to present aspects of the problem of theoretical and practical in the philosophy of Hegel and Kangrga. The presentation is focused primarily on Hegel, but also on practical action of individual (individuality and subjectivity) from the standpoint of universality, which is fundamental for Hegel’s thought. For Hegel, reality is logic. Path to Hegel is thus shorter via Spinoza, than any other philosopher. However, Spinoza’s pantheism remains in the field of theoretical, that is, it has no subjectivity. The level of mind is reached via self-consciousness. This cancels otherness. In his work, Hegel primarily relied on ethical-practical thought in Kant and Fichte. Kangrga’s partical critique of Hegel, because of the identification of speculation with dialectics, mostly refers to Ficthe’s disposition regarding the spontaneous identity of subject and object. Thus, according to Kangrga, after Fichte, mind is by its essence practical.
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In the present paper two issues are enunciated. The first part consists brief analysis of Soloviov’ s metaphysics. In the second one, main aspects of Russian philosopher’s legal theory and the relation between his metaphysical and legal conceptions are presented. The aim is to indicate originality of Soloviov’ s thought, especially in the context of the paradigm which ruled in Russia in 19th century.
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