Secondary predication in the Baltic languages: a preliminary overview

Author(s): Benita Riaubienė / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2016

The paper discusses semantic and morphosyntactic features of secondary predication in Lithuanian and Latvian. The types of secondary predication, viz. depictives, resultatives and adverbials, are distinguished according to the semantics: adverbials are event-oriented, while depictives and resultatives are participant-oriented (the former denote an event which is simply simultaneous with the main event, while the latter denote an event which is related to the main event via causal relation). However, a rigid delimitation of the three types is impossible as there is a number of constructions which oscillate between them both semantically and morphosyntactically. It is proposed that the zone between depictives, resultatives and adverbials is occupied by transitional, or borderline, types of secondary predication. The borderline types analysed in the paper include posture constructions, “grow up” constructions and “slice” constructions. In order to visualize the relationships between the main and the borderline types the principles of the semantic map method are applied and an extended preliminary semantic map of secondary predication is proposed.

Aristoteļa „Runas mākslas” („Rētorikas”) latviskošanas pieredze – sengrieķu substantivējumu tulkošana

Author(s): Mārtiņš Laizāns,Ojārs Lāms / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 4/2014

The focus of this article is on the prolific and variegated translation possibilities of the substantivations of Ancient Greek in the text under translation into Latvian – Aristotle's „Rhetoric”. The potential translations of Ancient Greek substantivations are examined from the viewpoint of conversion, elliptic substantivations and substantivated sentences and wider linguistic formations in an attempt to establish an experience-based, motivated system for translating Ancient Greek substantivations into Latvian. In the course of this inquisition the authors come to the conclusion that it is only partially possible to translate directly the Ancient Greek substantivations, but for the most part one has to find an equivalent syntactical construction that has no signs of a substantivation in the Latvian language. Thus the inquiry into the translation of substantivations summons a larger-scale discussion about the difficulties of translation, causing to thoroughly think over the sought for translational harmony both of the thought and grammatical expression.

Eesti-läti koodikopeerimine: adaptsioon ja impositsioon

Author(s): Elīna Joenurma / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 1/2016

Priedēkļi kā internacionālismu „nacionalizācijas” līdzekļi

Author(s): Daiki Horiguchi / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 3/2013

Prefixation of borrowed verbs (mostly internationalisms) in Latvian is an active word-formational process, where we find the activity character of prefixation as linguistic activity and the speaker’s involvemnent in derivation of new prefixal derivatives based on analogy. We discuss prefixation of internationalisms in Latvian in contrast to the culture of language, because this question has not been enough discussed neither in aspectology nor word-formation, but only evaluated negatively in culture of language. Further we focus on two prefixes no- and pa-.Prefix no- is most productively added to borrowed verbs (40,0%) and most criticized in culture of language for its redundant accentuation of perfectivity, which is not desirable for most borrowed verbs. Prefix pa- is criticized in culture of language because it adds an unserious meaning to the action. Just like diminutives denoting some subjective evaluation besides the smallness of object, pa-verbs express the smallness of action and the speaker’s subjective evaluation.Prefixes include borrowed verbs in the lecixal system of the language, adding at the same time to the verbs certain way of recognizing the world – in these cases with no- and pa- the aspectual viewpoint and subjective evaluation – and "latvianize" therefore foreign words. Paradoxally, however, the culture of language manifests itself against this linguistic activity, because the prevalence of individualization of text (expression of aspectual opposition, expression of subjective evaluation, expressivity, creativeness of prefixation) is inherent for this kind of prefixation.

Słowiańskie zapożyczenia wśród nazw pierogów w języku łotewskim

Author(s): Brigita Bušmane / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2016

Food is an essential part of the material culture of every nation. It frequently preserves national traditions and old names longer than other spheres do, additionally, it lets observe the influence of other cultures. According to dictionary data, dumplings were known in Latvia already in the 18th century. Many names for them have been attested in regional subdialects of Latvian; borrowings usually cover wide areas. In this article, basing on ethnographic and linguistic material notations of different antiquity thus tracing the use of names for dumplings almost a century long and referring to dictionary data from 18th–19th century, the author tried to reveal the use and distribution of names for dumplings of Slavic origin in subdialects of Latvian, as well as to offer fragmentary data on the use of particular Slavic borrowings in neighboring languages. The Slavic borrowings kļocka, zacirka alongside variant names are widespread in Eastern Latvia, i.e. in a rather narrow or wide area of the High Latvian dialect. In Eastern Latvia, the names klučki, klučkas derived from the Germanic borrowing kluči, with insertion of the consonant k under influence of Russian, have also been registered. From the semantic angle, the borrowings kļockas, klučkas and their variants are denoting dumplings made of various raw materials (e.g., different kinds of flour, also pea-flour, potatoes). Further references to ingredients of this food and its preparation are included in the explanation of the Slavic borrowing zacirka and its variants most typical for the peasants vocabulary in Latgale.

Języki słowiańskie i litewski w korpusach równoległych Clarin-PL

Author(s): Violetta Koseska-Toszewa,Roman Roszko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 51/2016

The Clarin Eric and Clarin-PL strategic scientific purpose is to support humanistic research in a multicultural and multilingual Europe. Polish researchers put the emphasis on building a bridge between the Polish language and Polish linguistic technologies and other European languages and their linguistic technologies. So far, the Polish scientific community has mainly focused on Polish-English connections. Clarin-PL has been developing the first and only multilingual corpora of the Polish language in conjunction with other Slavic languages and the Lithuanian language: the Polish-Bulgarian-Russian Parallel Corpus and the Polish- Lithuanian Parallel Corpus. The parallel corpora created by the ISS PAS Corpus Linguistics and Semantics Team break through the existing “canons” and allow scientists access to interlinked multilingual language resources – in the first phase limited to the languages of the three Slavic groups and the Lithuanian language. In the article, the authors present very detailed information on their original system of the semantic annotation of scope quantification in multilingual parallel corpora, hitherto unused in the subject literature. Due to the system’s originality, the semantic annotation is carried out manually. Identification of particular values of scope quantification in a sentence and the hereby presented attempts of its recording are supported by long-term research conducted by an international team of linguists and computer scientists / mathematicians developing the issue of quantification of names, time and aspect in natural languages.

Nelietuviški XIX a. galo – XX a. pradžios katalikų katekizmų terminai

Author(s): Aušra Rimkutė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 12/2005

Lithuanian Christian terminology is one of the oldest fields of terminology – the old borrowings (for instance, bažnyčia (church), gavėnia (Lent), krikštas (baptism), kūčios (Christmas Eve), Kalėdos (Christmas), Velykos (Easter)) came into Lithuanian before the official conversion of Lithuania to Christianity – in 10th-12th centuries. The beginnings of Lithuanian terminology are found in extant manuscripts of prayers (Viešpaties malda (The Lord’s prayer), Angelo pasveikinimas (Hail Mary), Tikėjimo išpažinimas (The Nicean Creed) written down in Vilnius diocese in the 16th century, which are the oldest of all presently known texts and the first printed Lithuanian book – an evangelical Lutheran catechism Catechismvsa prasty Szadei written by Martynas Mažvydas in 1547. This article analyses one-word non-Lithuanian origin terms of religion used in Catholic catechisms from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. This period is not a random choice, because the literature of the Church and its language at that time were corrupt with barbarisms.From four Catholic catechisms published at that period – Mokslas Rimo Kataliku (Teaching of Roman Catholics) (1879), Trumpasis Кип. Filochowskio katekizmas. Vaiszganto verstas (Short Catechism by Priest Filochowski. Translated by Vaiszgantas) (1901), Katakizmai katalikiszki (Catholic Catechisms) (1903) and Tikybos mokslas (Šv. Istorijos ir Katekizmo) (Teaching of Religion (Holy History and Catechism)) (1916) by the priest Kazimieras Paltarokas – 1158 one-word terms of religion and their variants, were picked up. Some terms were the same, so it made 613 different terms and 125 their variants. The majority of one-word terms – 439 terms – were of the native origin. This article investigates 141 different terms of non-Lithuanian origin and 33 hybrid terms of foreign origin.Non-Lithuanian, i.e. terms of religion of the foreign origin are so called international words (34 terms), barbarisms (71 term) and old borrowings (36 terms). The absolute majority of international terms (33 terms) are derived from classical languages – Latin (aktas (act, note) TFK 43, ostija (host) KK 30, MRK 322, TM 123, sakramentas (sacrament) MRK 16, 79, 138, TFK 9, KK 22, TM 72, 85) and Greek (antifona (versicle) TM 11, balzamas (balsam) MRK 315). Some international terms came through Slavonic (Belorussian, Polish) languages, for instance, altorius (altar) MRK 176, TM 110, adventas (advent) MRK 79, 333, TM 109, angelas (angel) TM 12, 76 and other.The origin of old borrowings varies. These catechisms have majorily old borrowings from Slavonic languages, for example, bažnyčia (church) MRK 25, TFK 20, 25, KK 19, TM 7, 88, grabas (coffin) MRK 75, KK 15 and other. This is the oldest layer of Lithuanian terms of religion.There are many barbarisms in earlier mentioned catechisms (71 term): Polonisms (abrozas (picture) MRK 79, dūšia (spirit) MRK 29, TFK 8, KK 11, tajemnyčia (mystery of rosary) MRK 50), Slavonicisms (apieka (care) KK 10), Belorussianisms (тūkа (suffering) MRK 57, TFK 11, 25, KK 46) and germanisms (podžiai (godparents) TM 120).The end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries is the period of the fast creation of common language. At that time terms of religion were already established, but the language was corrupted with barbarisms and was not pure. In the beginning of the 20th century there were attempts to normalize terms of religion – barbarisms were changed, international terms and old borrowings were left. In the work of the priest K. Paltarokas Tikybos mokslas (The Teaching of Religion) even 82% of terms are purely Lithuanian. In this catechism there is only one barbarism from German language – podžiai (godparents) TM 120. Furthermore, barbarisms, used in catechisms published in 1879-1903, were changed, for instance, dirmavonė MRK 108, TFK 9, KK 27 – sutvirtinimo sakramentas TM 120 (confirmation), čysčius MRK 63, TFK 17, KK 16, 37 – skaistykla TM 89 (purgatory) and others. After the bishop Paltarokas the terminology of Lithuanian catholic catechisms hardly changed.

Gydymo priemonių pavadinimai daktaro Antano Vileišio medicinos knygelėse

Author(s): Palmira Zemlevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 12/2005

This article analyses the names of treatment means (over 400) collected from sixteen books of popular medicine by doctor Antanas Vileišis (1856–1919) according to their meaning, expression and origin.In respect of meaning these names differ. Six notional groups were identified – names of medications for internal and external use, bandaging means and medical dressings, first aid means, disinfecting or anti-bacterial means, medical implements and manipulation treatment.In respect of expression the majority of names of treatment means are complex terms, mainly two-word terms (200), also there are quite few three-word terms (nearly 80). A variety of means of expression is characteristic to specific elements of those terms.In respect of origin Lithuanian words prevail, though there are quite a lot of words of foreign origin – international words and barbarisms. In some cases barbarisms were substituted with Lithuanian equivalents, though sometimes the author gives a barbarism next to Lithuanian word – presumably trying to adjust his language to the lexicon used by target readers. The abundance of borrowed words possibly has been influenced by the language, style and terminology of foreign authors, because most of doctor Vileišis books were translations of works of Russian, Polish or German authors or were prepared using such works.The names of treatment means have synonyms and variants. Most frequently two Lithuanian words or a Lithuanian word and non-Lithuanian word are used synonymously.Popular medical books by doctor Antanas Vileišis are the important source for the history of Lithuanian medical terminology.

Asmenis įvardijantys teisės terminai 1918–1940 m. Lietuvos kodeksuose

Author(s): Alvydas Umbrasas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 12/2005

Sources for the research in this article are unofficial translations of Russian legal codes, which were valid in Lithuania between 1918 and 1940, into Lithuanian. The article analyses terms of law for naming persons. Part of these terms could be attributed to the jurisprudence, other part – to the legal practice. They are names of persons connected by the legal relations and persons performing legal functions. There were about 800 such terms found in the earlier mentioned codes. About half of them are one-word terms, a half of them – complex terms (mainly two-word terms). Terms are discussed according to their origin and word-formation.A characteristic feature of law terms of that period naming persons is their Lithuanian origin. Names of persons, which are separable in respect of word-formation, are rare in those codes, most of them are derivatives. Some of them are coined specially for the needs of law terminology, most of them are terminologized. It is quite difficult to mark strictly terminologized formations from new formations. If a derivative, which is systematically possible, did not get into the earlier lexicography, it is not possible to conclude that such word did not exist. Most of law terms naming persons are derivatives with suffixes -to-jas, -a and -ėjas, -a, which on the whole are very common and productive. It is possible that exactly because of the commonness some terms made with the suffix -tojas, -a were replaced with derivatives with the suffix -ovas, -ė. More clearly new words were made with the suffix -ininkas, -ė.The article singles out a distinctive type of law terms naming persons – substantivized participles, mostly of the passive voice of the present tense. This is quite convenient way of a short expression. Some of the terms of this type are usual until nowadays.Borrowings make quite a small part of law terms naming persons in these codes. Almost all borrowings are international words. An absolute majority of them are of the Latin origin. The Lithuanization of a very few international words differs from the present one, variations are rare. Hybrid terms are close to borrowings, though such way of naming persons in these code was not popular at all.

Some lexicological aspects of terminology and terminography

Author(s): Valentīna Skujiņa / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2008

Per beveik penkis šimtmečius latvių, kaip ir lietuvių, kalba pasiekė tokį lygį, kad dvidešimtojo amžiaus pabaigoje mūsų kalbos buvo visiškai pasirengusios atlikti visas aktualias valstybinės kalbos funkcijas savo šalyse. Reguliarūs latvių ir lietuvių kalbininkų kontaktai prasidėjo nuo dvidešimto amžiaus septintojo dešimtmečio, kai buvo pradėtos rengti terminologijos ir kalbos kultūros konferencijos. Septintasis dešimtmetis – tai laikas, kai terminologija, iki tol laikyta leksikologijos šaka, dėl gausių teorinių tyrinėjimų tapo savarankiška tarpdalykine mokslo sritimi, besiplėtojančia lingvistikos ir keleto gretutinių sričių – logikos, filosofijos, kognityvistikos, ontologijos, komunikacijos mokslų – sandūroje. Leksiniu atžvilgiu terminologija laikoma specifiniu kalbos leksinės sudėties sluoksniu, kreipiant dėmesį į terminų ir ne terminų santykį, terminų ir profesinių, socialinių, teritorinių, istorinių, stilistinių ir kitų leksikos sluoksnių sąsajas. Leksinę kalbos sandarą atskleidžia žodynai. Teoriniai ir praktiniai žodynų sudarymo aspektai – leksikografijos, kaip kalbotyros šakos, tyrimų objektas. Viena iš žodynų rū- šių – terminų žodynai. Bendrinės kalbos ir terminų žodynų lyginimas leidžia apibūdinti terminografiją kaip gretutinę discipliną, esančią leksikologijos, leksikografijos ir termi- nologijos sandūroje. Terminų žodynų specifika atsiskleidžia atrenkant žodynų straipsnių antraštes ir leksiškai bei gramatiškai aprašant. Terminų žodynuose vyrauja daiktavardžiai, kadangi jie pavadina pačias įvairiausias realijas – daiktus (objektus), procesus, savybes, kiekius, aplinkybes ir kt. Daiktavardžiai geriausiai įvardija sąvokas. Kitos kalbos dalys, pavyzdžiui, būdvardžiai, dalyviai (t. y. veiksmažodinės formos) paprastai atlieka termino apibūdinančio dėmens funkciją. Kartais, pavyzdžiui, kai kuriuose ISO standartuose, pasitaiko antraščių ir su daiktavardžiais, ir su veiksmažodžiais: display – „vizualinis pateikimas“ ir to display – „pateikti vizualiai“ (apibrėžčių vertimas pateiktas straipsnio autorės). Kaip matyti iš apibrėžčių, abiem atvejais kalbama apie tą pačią sąvoką, skiriasi tik žodžio gramatinės formos pasirinkimas. Toks dubliavimas yra netikslingas. Pakaktų išreikšti sąvoką daiktavardžiu, o veiksmažodis, reikalui esant, gali būti vartojamas tekste. Skirtingų kalbos dalių vietą ir vaidmenį terminologijoje padeda nustatyti terminema, kurios pagrindinis dėmuo yra daiktavardis, o kitos kalbos dalys (susijusios su ta pačia są- voka) – antraeiliai dėmenys (plg. перевод – переводить, переведен, переведенный ir pan.). Pastaruoju metu terminologijoje ieškoma naujo požiūrio, pabrėžiant kompleksinį terminologinių vienetų pobūdį, tačiau tai nereiškia, kad atsisakoma tradicinio požiūrio. Dėmesys turi būti skiriamas ir reprezentacinei, ir komunikacinei termino funkcijai, t. y. termino sistemiškumui terminų sistemoje ir vartosenos įvairovei, atsižvelgiant į kontekstą.

Белорусская и литовская терминографии: сравнительный аспект

Author(s): Vyacheslav Shcherbin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 15/2008

The article considers the results of the comparative research of the Belarusian and Lithuanian terminographies according to a number of criteria. The advantages and drawbacks of each of the mentioned terminographies are analyzed. The necessity to introduce the amendments into modern Belarusian terminographic practice has been substantiated.

TARIAMAI FINOUGRIŠKOS KILMĖS LIETUVOS VANDENVARDŽIAI

Author(s): Simonas Noreikis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 90/2024

The study aims to verify the Finno-Ugric etymology of 40 Lithuanian hydronyms suggested by Aleksandras Vanagas and other linguists comparing them to Finno-Ugric appellatives and proper names that sound similar. However, such a comparison is not suitable as the supposed contacts took place 4000 yers ago when Baltic and Finno-Ugric languages had different phonological structures. Therefore, there was made historical-phonological reconstruction of the compared forms and scrutinised if the Lithuanian form could have been developed from the reconstructed Finnou-Ugric form. If the answer was negative, then the Finno-Ugric etymology was rejectable. It was also verified if the Finno-Ugric appellative to which a Lithuanian hydronym was compared was used in Finno-Ugric toponym formation. In case of a negative answer the Finno-Ugric etymology was rejectable. Finally, the etymology of the compared Finno-Ugric appellative was verified and in some cases it appeared that they were loanwords from other languages borrowed later than the supposed contacts between Balts and Finno-Ugrians took place in Lithuania. After investigating the suggested etymologies it appeared that all of them were wrong. According to recent archaeological data it can be claimed that there cannot be Finno-Ugric substrate in Lithuania from the Stone Age. Nevertheless, it is not excluded that in Lithuania there could be Finno-Ugric (VoticKreevin) proper names, which the author of the article is looking for in his PhD studies.

BALTIŠKŲ VARDŲ DAVIMO POLINKIAI EMIGRACIJOJE 1991-2020 M. (JUNGTINĖS KARALYSTĖS ATVEJIS)

Author(s): Daiva Sinkevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 90/2024

The article presents the tendencies of Baltic names giving to children of Lithuanian emigrants in the United Kingdom in 1991–2020. Emigrant parents often give their children names of natural phenomena, pagan deities, as well as renowned and legendary historical figures. Variations in name endings are common, euphony being often considered when giving names.

KONTEKSTINĖ SUBSTANTYVIZACIJA AUKŠTŲJŲ MOKYKLŲ IR PROFESINIO MOKYMO ĮSTAIGŲ INTERNETO SVETAINĖSE

Author(s): Lina Rutkienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 91/2024

The article addresses the questions of contextual substantivisation based on empirical material collected from the websites of 25 Lithuanian educational institutions – higher education institutions (universities, colleges) and vocational schools. After discussing the concepts of contextual substantivisation and words used in a substantive position, the general trends of contextual substantivisation in the selected sources are reviewed, and the collected examples are analyzed. The thematic groups of words used in a substantive position are identified, and their expression is discussed. Since only adjectives and participles are substantivized on the websites analyzed, the article focuses on contextual substantivisation based solely on this part of speech and verb form. At the end of the article, the reasons for contextual substantivisation in the analyzed websites are discussed.

Etymology and development of semantics of ‘Angel’ and ‘Demon’ in English, Dutch, and Ukrainian: a comparative study

Author(s): Nataliya Lemish,Oksana Kaliberda,Olena Kryzhko,Iryna Ovchynnikova / Language(s): English Issue: 45/2024

The paper deals with a dichotomy of an angel and a demon as opposed creatures that embody the good and the evil in various cultures. An interdisciplinary overview of angels and demons outlines their roles and significance in philosophy, literature, religion, and arts. Common and particular ways of ‘angel’ and ‘demon’ reflection in English, Dutch, and Ukrainian are identified with three types of linguistic analysis: etymological, componential, and that of dictionary definitions. Thus, the paper gives the results of an etymological analysis for the two key lexemes based on English (‘angel’, ‘demon’), Dutch (‘engel’, ‘demon’), and Ukrainian (‘ангел’, ‘демон’) etymological dictionary entries followed by comparison and contrast and identification of both isomorphic and allomorphic features. It also provides the semantic changes in the meanings of ‘angel’ and ‘demon’ in three languages under study. The dictionary interpretations for the studied lexemes are added to present the ideas/images of angels and demons reflected in the consciousness of the English, Dutch, and Ukrainians. In fact, the obtained data enable readers to witness similarities and differences in perception, conceptualisation and categorisation of the good (embodied by angels) and the evil (embodied by demons) by speakers of different languages. This can both contribute to improved dictionary definitions and facilitate intercultural communication making it more efficient in today’s globalized world.

Tarminio suvokimo kiekybinė patikra Kauno marių apylinkėse

Author(s): Žydrūnas Šidlauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 19/2024

The article analyses two poles of dialectal data: the subjective one (emic) and the objective one (etic). 50 hours of recorded interviews with 52 inhabitants who were evicted from the Nẽmunas valley in the 1950s when the Kaũnas Hydroelectric Power Plant was being built (the Kaũnas Lagoon was formed by flooding the Nẽmunas Valley) are analysed. The article quantitatively reveals the overlap (or no overlap) of data regarding informants, ordinary members of the language community, dialectal perception (emic) and objective (etic) data. This goal was achieved in three steps: 1) based on the features of the reconstructed local dialectal variant of the flooded settlements of the Kaũnas Lagoon, indicators of the dialecticism of the informants were determined; 2) having structured the dialectal perception responses, a quantitative model of dialect awareness was created; 3) having established the correlation between the emic and etic data, an examination of the dialectal perception and the actual usage was carried out on a vertical and horizontal continuum. The collected data shows that the language of the interviewed inhabitants is characterised by the features of the dialectal variant of the southeastern part of Western Aukštaitian of Kaũnas (Priedzūkis); however, only a part of the population considers themselves to be representatives of a dialect. The quantitatively measured level of dialecticism also varies (especially due to intermittent usage). When these indicators of dialecticism were compared with the categorised dialectal perception data, a (paradoxical) reality was determined: there is a mismatch between dialectal perception and actual usage. The mismatch results due to a variety of reasons, one of which is education: informants that have obtained higher education have a better knowledge of the dialect and/or admit it more readily (however, their language is not more dialectal).

Viešieji Vilniaus užrašai: kalbos ir tipai

Author(s): Inga Daraškienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 19/2024

This article introduces the results of Vilnius’s linguistic landscape research. The analysis focuses on which signs make up the linguistic landscape of Vilnius and which languages are used on the signage. The study material consists of 2,442 public and private signs collected from various neighborhoods in Vilnius in 2020, March-October. The research employs quantitative statistical descriptive analysis and qualitative content analysis. The data shows that 76% of all signs include Lithuanian: 49% are monolingual Lithuanian, and 27% are multilingual with Lithuanian. The remaining 24% of signs use other foreign languages. Lithuanian is used in all types of signs, and the only monolingual Lithuanian signs are road signs and street names, apart from decorative plaques with foreign languages on them. Lithuanian is the first language in most multilingual signs, followed by other foreign languages. This language pattern is usually seen on commercial establishments or public institution signage, such as opening hours or services provided. Multilingual signs where Lithuanian is not the first language account for 8.3% of all Vilnius signs analyzed in this study. English-Lithuanian is the most frequent language pattern in these signs. If Lithuanian is not the first language used on a sign, the most common language model is English-Lithuanian, and mostly bilingual English-Lithuanian signs are names of establishments. Research shows that the first foreign language used in a sign does not always play a stronger communicative function, as it may be used because of its symbolic power. The analysis of monolingual signs in foreign languages shows that the most significant proportion of such signs are stickers, shop signs, and graffiti, and the most common languages are English, Russian, Italian, German, French, Latin, and Latin.

Pagrindiniai mėlynos spalvos pavadinimai lenkų ir lietuvių kalbose: prototipai ir konotacijos

Author(s): Viktorija Ušinskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2024

The article presents the results of the contrastive semantic analysis of the main Polish and Lithuanian blueness names. The aim is to compare the collocability of color names with names of various objects and phenomena including the identification of the prototype references and connotative meanings. The research shows that the categorization of the blue spectrum is more complicated in the Polish language: in the Lithuanian language, blueness corresponds to two main names – mėlynas and žydras, while in Polish, in addition to the two basic terms niebieski ‘blue’ and błękitny ‘light blue’, the special name granatowy ‘very dark blue (almost black)’ and poetic modry ʻintense blue’ are widely used. The last two words have no direct equivalents in the Lithuanian language. The difference in linguistic categorization creates certain difficulties in translating assigned contexts from Polish to Lithuanian. In terms of synchronicity, the semantic prototype of the main Polish (niebieski / błękitny) and Lithuanian (mėlynas / žydras) terms can be considered sky, although etymologically, such a nominative model characterizes only the Polish niebieski < niebo ʻsky’. According to the primary semantics, the Polish term corresponds to the Lithuanian dangiškas < dangus ‘sky’, but it does not belong to the main names of this color. The prototype of the Polish side name siny is not a natural phenomenon, but an area of the human body that has turned blue due to cold, anger or a beating. In the Lithuanian language, in this case, the semantically close forms of the participles pamėlęs, pamėlynavęs or the main term mėlynas are used. The connotative meanings of the main names of blueness, such as ʻdistant, endless’, ‘being in heaven’, ‘divine, excellent’ have been identified for both languages. The latter meanings are characteristic of one of the main Polish terms – niebieski, and in the Lithuanian language it corresponds to the secondary, less frequently used name for blueness – dangiškas. The connotation ‘homosexual’ (žydras) occurs only in the Lithuanian language.

Funkciniai metakalbiniai komentarai skliaustuose Martino Fordo knygoje „Rise of the Robots“ ir jų vertimas į lietuvių kalbą

Author(s): Janina Gempler,Jurgita Mikelionienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 46 (51)/2024

Research on the translation of metalinguistic comments (MLCs) in parentheses is rather scarce considering the relevance of the topic. The quality of the translation largely depends on the use of translation strategies such as the omission and addition of MLCs in the target texts as well as the retention or displacement of punctuation marks based on the function of the comment in the original language and the pragmatic aspects of punctuation. The aim of the study is twofold: to determine the functions of MLCs in parentheses in a popular science text and the strategies of their translation into Lithuanian. The study is mainly based on the typology of the functions of MLCs in parentheses and the classification of translation strategies, developed by Levin and Ström Herold (2021). The results of the study revealed that MLCs in parentheses in popular science texts were mostly used for the purposes of specification and were always retained in target texts. MLCs in parentheses that appeared only in the target text included cases of additions and shifts that were used to maximise the pragmatic effect, to highlight the author’s subjective opinion or to hide information that was not particularly relevant to the target reader. Omission, on the other hand, was more of a coincidence than a tendency.

Mitoniminiai terminai pirmajame tarpukario Lietuvos psichiatrijos vadovėlyje

Author(s): Palmira Zemlevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 31/2024

The article structurally dissects the psychiatry terms made with the names of mythological creatures that appear in the 1935 Įvadas į psichiatriją (Introduction to Psychiatry) by Juozas Blažys, the famous Lithuanian psychiatrist – the first psychiatry textbook to be published in Lithuania in the period between the two world wars. Nearly all terms are derived from the classical (Greek and Latin) languages or are readily borrowed from them through intermediary languages and adapted to the system of the Lithuanian language. While writing the textbook, Blažys relied on printed work by his colleagues and most probably adopted the terms from those sources. Mythonyms of Greek and Latin origin that appear in the structure of psychiatry terms are archaic universalities with unequivocal meaning across all languages; as a result, the psychiatry terms that derive from them travel from one language to the next, constituting an important part of the international eponymic terminology of psychiatry. Most of the terms featured in the textbook are mythonyms made by way of absolute (direct, affixal, and composite) and, on very few occasions, partial appellativisation. The most common are composite appellatives (such as kleptomanija (kleptomania)) that include a component grounded on a post-positional mythonym. Among affixal appellatives, suffixal appellatives with the productive suffix -izmas (such as morfinizmas (morphinism)) have prevalence, while prefixal appellatives (such as amnezija (amnesia)) are uncommon.