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КОЛИЧЕСТВЕННАЯ РЕДУКЦИЯ ГЛАСНЫХ НА МЕСТЕ ГРАФИЧЕСКИХ «А» И «О» ПОСЛЕ ТВЕРДЫХ СОГЛАСНЫХ В РУССКОЙ РЕЧИ В ЛИТВЕ

Author(s): Danutė Balšaitytė,Vitalijus Kodzis / Language(s): Russian Issue: 27(32)/2015

This article analyses the absolute duration (ms) of stressed Russian vowels /a/, /o/ (graphs: “a”, “o”) and their allophones in unstressed positions after the hard consonants in the pronunciation of native and non-native Russian speakers in Lithuania. The results of the conducted spectral analysis reveal the specificities of quantitative reduction in the speech of the Russian speakers in Lithuania and the Lithuanian speakers that are learning the Russian language. These specificities are influenced by the two phonetic systems interaction. The speakers of both languages by the realisation of “a” and “o” violates the relation of unstressed vowel duration that is peculiar to the contemporary Russian language: the post-stressed vowels in closed syllables are shorter than the pre-stressed vowels; the first pre-stressed syllable differs from the second pre-stressed and post-stressed syllables by a longer voice duration. Both Russians and Lithuanians pronounce vowels longer in poststressed syllables than in the pre-stressed syllables. This corresponds to the qualitative reduction of the Lithuanian language vowels /a:/ and /o:/. There are certain differences between the pronunciation of qualitative vowels “a” and “o” reduction among the native and non-native Russian speakers in Lithuania. The Russian speakers in Lithuania pronounce the second pre-stressed vowel longer than the first pre-stressed vowel; this corresponds to the degree of reduction of pre-stressed vowels “a” and “o” in the standardised Russian language. These degrees of quantitative reduction in the Lithuanian pronunciation are peculiar only for “a” in the Russian language. According to the duration ratio, the unstressed allophones “a” and “o” in the Russian language are closer to the unstressed /a:/ and /o:/ in the Lithuanian language in the pronunciation of Russian-Lithuanian bilinguals than in the pronunciation of Lithuanian speakers.

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СЕМАНТИЧЕСКАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ЗООНИМОВ, МОТИВИРОВАННЫХ ПЕСТРОЙ ОКРАСКОЙ ЖИВОТНОГО (НА ПРИМЕРЕ КЛИЧЕК КОРОВ В ПОЛЬСКОМ И УКРАИНСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ)

Author(s): Olga Solodushko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29(34)/2016

The article presents semantic and comparative analysis of the cattle names motivated by piebald and skewbald colouring and the patterns on the coat in Polish and Ukrainian dialects. The problem is to define the general picture of the colour perception in the minds of the two related language speakers by the means of coloured folk zoonyms. The article presents a brief description of the research in the field of traditional Zoonomastics. Lexical units that image the coloured animal coat concept in dialects are considered. In this article, there is provided a cow names classification based on the lexical and semantic features. A comparative analysis of the Polish and Ukrainian lexemes, from which zoonyms were derived, was conducted in all the groups. It has been found that the similar, sometimes identical, lexemes are used as a base for the derivation of cow names in Polish and Ukrainian; the same motivational component is observed too. The author of the article concludes that the expression of colour perception by the linguistic recourses is quite similar for the speakers of both languages.

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ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ КАК СРЕДСТВО ПЕРЕКЛЮЧЕНИЯ ЯЗЫКОВОГО КОДА

Author(s): Irina Vitalievna Matytsina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5-6/2019

The paper focuses on the features of the Russian and Swedish languages of formal business communication and transformations that are used while translating business texts from Russian into Swedish (and from Swedish into Russian). Transformation is understood as different types of changes of the phrase structure. The study was performed to show typological differences between Russian and Swedish that are indicated by the choice of correspondences used as translation solutions. The comparative and contrastive analyses showed similarities and differences in the semantics and structure of the studied units. Examples were provided to demonstrate that, in case of Russian-Swedish translation of formal texts, transformations in the phrase typically include changes in sentence and speech parts. Translating from Russian into Swedish favors, firstly, strengthening of the nominative, static component in the Russian translation as compared to the Swedish original, and, secondly, verbalizing of the syntactic structure, conversion of nouns (primarily, abstract ones) into verb forms.

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Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės kanceliarijos veikla vadovaujant Leonui Sapiegai (1585–1623 m.)

Author(s): Vita Diemantaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 45/2020

After the reforms that took place in 1566 the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Union of Lublin began its new phase of life in 1569. During this phase The Chancellery of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania played an essential role. At the time the institution was comprised of Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor and its most important employees – clerks – people of average nobility that had a chance to show their knowledge working at a chancellery. Leon Sapiega was one of such people. While examining the works of other historians we can notice that L. Sapiega has a variety of biographies, but not including the clerical aspect, they can be considered to be a collection of chronological presentation of facts and not a comprehensive biography of a high-ranking official. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to answer the question of how L. Sapiega as a person influenced the development of the Chancery of the GDL. Institutions are usually represented by leaders and each leader leaves a footprint in the institution’s history. L. Sapiega was not an exeption as his office had undergone several stages of development.

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Kvalijos struktūrų modifikacija vartojant santykinius lietuvių, rusų ir vokiečių kalbos būdvardžius

Author(s): Vasiliy Glushak,Vilma Kaladytė,Olga Gowin / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 38(43)/2020

Relative adjectives are immediate nominal explicators (nouns) that play a key role in meaningful structures in the Russian, Lithuanian, and German languages. This article investigates the semantic representation of a noun in an attribute group with relative adjectives comparatively using the Qualia structure and its modifications. The most commonly used 150 relative adjectives in the electronic corpora of the Russian written language were selected for analysis. They are compared with Lithuanian and German examples. Relative adjectives are classified as quality structures and are considered to imply objective constitutive properties (matter and origin), formal attributes (physical parameters, colour, time, and place) and telic attributes. Other correlating linguistic units, namely, genitive constructs and composites, are also analysed describing the expected realizations of Qualia structures in the noun group.

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Три книги на латински език от български автори от началото на XIX век

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Три книги на латински език от български автори от началото на XIX век

Author(s): Yanko Dimitrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

I found three books in Latin language written by Bulgarian authors, students of the Urban College in Rome. These are speeches on the occasion of Pentecost, delivered in presence of the Pope and subsequently printed by the Holy Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith in 1804, 1805 and 1816. The first two books are in the British Library, they are digitized, the names of their authors are Carolus Pancio and Marinus Razdillovich. A third similar book can be found in the library catalogue of Biblioteca Palafoxiana in Puebla, Mexico, but the book itself is not digitized. The author's name is Franciscus Draganus, the book is printed in1816.

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English-Language Advertising Slogans and Their Ukrainian Translations: Comprehension Among Ukrainians

Author(s): Dmytro Bilhunov,Ernest Ivashkevych / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2021

The article deals with the study of advertising slogans. A selection of English-language slogans and their translations into Ukrainian are presented. Their categorisation according to phonetic, lexical and syntactical principles facilitates the comparison between the inner meaning of the English slogans and their reflection or transformation into Ukrainian variants. The article attempts to investigate the perception and understanding of advertising slogans in English and their Ukrainian variants by the general Ukrainian-speaking public.

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POLSKIE, REGIONALNE MORZYĆ W KONTEKŚCIE HISTORYCZNYM I SŁOWIAŃSKIM

Author(s): Błażej Osowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 69/2021

In literary Polish, the verb morzyć has the meaning ‘to kill’, ‘to torture’, there are also collocations morzyć głodem ‘to starve’, kogoś morzy sen ‘someone is sleepy’. Meanwhile, in Wielkopolska (Greater Poland) there is an additional meaning - ‘lose hardness, become soft under the influence of salt’, which refers to vegetables. The article seeks to answer the question about the source of the above-mentioned meaning from Greater Poland and to define its geographical range. For this purpose, an online survey was conducted, historical and contemporary dictionaries of general Polish were reviewed, and data from the Slavic languages were consulted.

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Carnivalisation of Carnival

Author(s): Volha Damarad / Language(s): English Issue: 01 (11)/2018

The article presents a historical overview of political satire shows from the USSR period (both TV and print) and contemporary political satire TV shows. Particular concern was given to the existing Russian TV shows and Russian-language political satire shows popular on Facebook and YouTube (Derzhites’ Tam, Laisvės TV, Lithuania, and Zapovednik, DW, Germany). Bakhtin’s idea of the carnivalesque was used to exemplify the reproduction of the Soviet narratives in the modern political satire selected for the analysis (“carnivalisation of carnival”).

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KORPUSY JĘZYKOWE W POLSKO-ROSYJSKIM PROJEKCIE LEKSYKOGRAFICZNYM ARCHITEKTURA I URBANISTYKA

Author(s): Maria Mocarz-Kleindienst / Language(s): Polish Issue: 177/2022

The article describes the usefulness of the language corpus resources and the corpus platform during the creation of the Polish-Russian dictionary „Architecture and urban planning.” The following tools were used: National Corpus of Polish Language, National Corpus of Russian Language, Polish-Russian Corpus of the University of Warsaw and Sketch Engine platform. It has been shown that the implementation of resources proceeds with varying intensity at different stages of dictionary development Language corpora (together with available tools) are most helpful at the first stages, i.e. building dictionary entries (basic entries and their derivatives). To a much lesser extent, language corpora are used in the process of searching for Russian equivalents due to the relatively poor collection of specialised and even applied texts available in parallel corpora. Often the results obtained have only a probing value. It is important to combine data obtained from different corpus resources in order to obtain information relevant to the content of the headword article of the designed dictionary.

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KOMPETENCIJE I ULOGE NASTAVNIKA RUSKOG JEZIKA KAO STRANOG

Author(s): Amela Ljevo-Ovčina,Linda Prugo-Babić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2016

U ovom radu autorice se bave pitanjem savremenog modela nastavnika ruskog jezika kao stranog, koje je interesantno kako s aspekta profesionalnih kompetencija, tako i s aspekta njegovih uloga. Različiti pristupi podučavanju jezika sastavni su dio kompetencija nastavnika, s čime je povezano i kontinuirano obrazovanje koje mora težiti približavanju evropskim standardima i razvijanju komunikacijske i interkulturalne kompetencije. Teorijska saznanja o predmetu istraživanja autorice dijelom potkrepljuju primjerima iz vlastitog iskustva u nastavi. Na motivaciju kod studenata utječe i odabir metode učenja/podučavanja jezika, što se izravno manifestira na različit obim razvijanja jezičkih djelatnosti. Kako u što većoj mjeri podjednako ovladati znanjem o jeziku i znanjem jezika te ih prenijeti na učenike?

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PhytoLex, bază de date cu nume de plante: rezultate şi perspective

Author(s): Valeria B. Kolosova,Kira I. Kovalenko,Georgy A. Molkov / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 14/2021

Russian plant names are a semantic group poorly represented in historical dictionaries. During the project “Russian phytonyms in diachronic aspect (11th– 17th c.)” (2017–2020), the PhytoLex database was created, which contains plant names recorded in Russian texts of the 11th–17th centuries. The population of the database was accompanied by research work devoted to various issues relating to the representation of plant names in the Russian language in general, and in particular in relation to some specific genres: herbals, documents of the Apothecary Chancery, business documents, church literature and lexicons. Some earlier unknown plant names were identified. These database materials will be the basis for the dictionary of Old Russian plant names, draft word entries for which have been compiled. Technical solutions will be used during the creation of a further database representing plant names recorded in later periods of the Russian language.

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Gorazd: Portal digital al limbii slave vechi și studiile slavo-române

Author(s): Vladislav Knoll / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 14/2021

The aim of this paper is to present the utility of the Gorazd: An Old Church Digital Hub for scholars working with Old Romanian and Slavonic texts written on the territory of today’ s Romania. The Gorazd Project was realized during the years 2016–2020 and it includes an Old Church Slavonic Card Index and three Old Church Slavonic lexical databases, among which the largest one is represented by the digitized and updated version of the monumental Lexicon linguæ palæoslovenicæ (vol. I–IV, 1958–1997) composed by the Institute of Slavonic Studies of the Czech Academy of Sciences. As the Gorazd Project uses English as meta-language, its application is not limited to narrowly specialized Slavic philologists, but it is also open for scholars of neighbouring fields. The dictionaries within the Gorazd Digital Hub can serve as a reference tool not just for the oldest attested Slavonic vocabulary and its semantics, but also for the biblical concordance of the Slavonic oldest Bible redaction and the oldest attested Old Church Slavonic morphological forms.

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Gorazd: An Old Church Slavonic Digital Hub and the Romanian Slavonic studies

Author(s): Vladislav Knoll / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2021

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Nieostrość określenia język prostyna pograniczu Bałtycko-Słowiańskim z perspektywy języka Litewskiego

Author(s): Koji Morita / Language(s): Polish Issue: 94/2021

This paper deals with the so-called język prosty which has been used for ages by various national groups living in the Balto-Slavic border region. This homely and unofficial language functions among the lower social classes only as a vehicle for verbal communication within multilingual communities. The author also mentions the fact that in the past there existed a language called by a similar name. From the 16th century to the middle of the 17th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania there functioned a written language referred to as prosta mova. It was then the official literary language, apart from Old Church Slavonic. It also served as a communication tool for the upper social classes in the multilingual country. The main goal of this paper is to highlight the ambiguity of expression simple language in the Balto-Slavic border region, paying more attention to the interpretation of the meaning from the perspective of the Lithuanian language. There are actually two different languages, while the circumstances of their creation are similar. The author enumerates the similarities between język prosty and prosta mova:1.They can be contrasted with languages of higher status in the linguistic hierarchy: in the past it was Old Church Slavonic, whereas nowadays these are the Polish, the Russian, the Belarusian and the Lithuanian literary languages. At the same time, they indicate the position in the social hierarchy of their users; 2.They are hybrids created so as to enable communication within multilingual communities, in the past as a written language, and today as a spoken language;3. Without being directly related to any nationality, they allow for the maintenance of the ambiguity of linguistic and identity boundaries in disputes between different nationalities. The communicative group using numerous languages which developed out of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania exists till today and is continued in the Balto-Slavic border region by the still used expression prosty. In the conditions of the multilingualism and multiculturalism, the ambiguity of language and identity boundaries plays an extremely important role.

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ACQUISITION OF DIMINUTIVES IN TYPOLOGICALLY DIFFERENT LANGUAGES: EVIDENCE FROM RUSSIAN AND ESTONIAN

Author(s): Victoria V. Kazakovskaya,Reili Argus / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2021

The comparative paper considers diminutives at the early stages of development based on the longitudinal data of typically developing monolingual children, aged up to three years old, acquiring languages which are different in terms of diminutive systems, i.e. rich (in Russian) and poor (in Estonian). The impact of such factors as word formation and inflectional productivity, transparency, input frequency and semantic diversity on the acquisition of diminutives is discussed. From these factors, word formation and inflectional productivity are considered to have the most evident impact on the acquisition of diminutives in both languages. Being a powerful trigger for the development of early derivation and morphology, diminutives are prominent at the beginning of the acquisition of derivation in Estonian as the only derivation category, whereas they develop constantly alongside other derivatives in Russian.

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Soome- ja venekeelsete õppijate A2- ja B1-taseme keelekasutusmustritest: varieeruvus vs. stereotüüpsus

Author(s): Pille Eslon / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 31/2021

Comparative analysis of the language use patterns of Finnish- and Russian speaking learners of Estonian as a target language reveals different tendencies in their A2- and B1-level written production. This article discusses the development of lexico-grammatical variability and stereotypicality which may relate to some factors that influence language learning, such as learning and teaching strategies and the used learning resources. The presented study aimed to explore preferences in combining parts-of-speech, the choice of vocabulary and grammatical forms by native Finnish and Russian speakers learning Estonian, compared to native users of Estonian. Relying on the frequency of part-of speech n-grams as well as the morphosyntactic variability and lexical diversity within these recurring patterns, the analysis indicates that the vocabulary of Finnish-speaking learners expands, while lexico-grammatical stereotypes become rooted in the writings of Russian-speaking learners. The formation of stereotypicality is caused by a) lack of adverbs in the learners’ lexicon (Finnish learners have a richer vocabulary in terms of adverbs) and limited use of lexical verbs (varies more in the texts written by Finnish learners); b) functional deviations in combining parts-of-speech and grammatical forms in text when compared to native speakers (concerns Russian learners). Diverse vocabulary also extends the constraints of morphosyntactic variability.

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Eesti ja vene õppekeelega kooliõpilaste kirjutamisoskus emakeele e-tasemetööde katsetuse tulemuste põhjal

Author(s): Anne Uusen,Helin Puksand / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 31/2021

The Covid-19 pandemic has significantly changed something in society and at school. Communication is increasingly taking place in a hybrid form, and therefore the ability to communicate one’s thoughts in a comprehensible way to a communication partner in writing, i.e., relevant writing skills, is becoming more and more important. Research has shown that mother tongue skills, and more specifically the ability to write in the mother tongue, provide input and help to acquire a second language and/or the language of the learner. Consequently, when preparing for the full transition to Estonian-language education, it is important to know how the writing skills of current first and second stage students of Estonian and Russian speaking basic school are similar and different. The opportunity to compare the writing skills of the students of two school types a little more precisely arose from the basis of the general results of the writing part of the e-tests tested in October 2019 in the 1st and 2nd level of basic school. The definition of the construct to be assessed was based on the definitions of several authors, which can be summarized as complicated and complex activity of creating high-quality writing, which consists of different stages. To assess writing skills, it must be established in advance how, what and for what purpose will be assessed. As in standard-determining tests it is possible to assess the result of writing or text, the assessment guide was based on a product approach and, more narrowly, on an analytical assessment model. At both school levels, there were two writing tasks in Estonian and Russian: the task of writing communication and writing the narrative text. The analysis showed that the tasks were generally reliable and measured what was expected. The reliability of the tasks of writing a narrative text was rather low in the first stage test of Estonian and in both stage tests in Russian. This shows that as many aspects as possible should be assessed at least in the narrative text. In both text creation tasks, three aspects were assessed: text creation or content, orthography, and digital writing skills, and in the written communication task, also the ability of written communication.

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НОВЫЕ НАХОДКИ ПАМЯТНИКОВ ДРЕВНЕПЕРМСКОГО ЯЗЫКА И ПИСЬМА

Author(s): Vadim V. Ponaryadov,Alexander I. Grishchenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (43)/2021

The paper for the first time publishes monuments of the Old Permian language written with Abur, or the script of St. Stephen of Perm; these sources are previously unknown or have not been introduced into academic circulation. They are published here as facsimiles, with transliteration, transcription, and Russian translation. Perhaps the oldest of these inscriptions (from the 1460s - the early 1470s?) is the postscript written in a mixture of Old Permian and Russian at the end of the Church Slavonic Homilae by St. Gregory the Great: it was copied in the Ferapontov Monastery, in the White Lake area, perhaps by the hand of St. Martinianus of White Lake (Belozersky). The next earliest of the Old Permian documents — and the earliest to be dated precisely - is scribal marginalia on a manuscript book with the spiritual homilies of St. Isaac the Syrian in a Church Slavonic translation; it was copied in Ust-Vym (the Komi area) in 1486 by Gabriel (Gavrila) the Deacon (Kįldaš). Other Old Permian postscripts were made at the court of the archbishop of Novgorod the Great in the early 1490s in two volumes with the new Church Slavonic translations from the Vulgate; they were prepared in the circle of Archbishop Gennady of Novgorod and Pskov. Finally, the last word of the late 15th - early 16th century inscription in the Church Slavonic Corpus Areopagiticum has been re-attributed as Old Permian rather than Slavic cryptography in Abur; this book was donated to the Annunciation Church of Ust-Vym by St. Pitirim, bishop of Perm. The total number of new texts is 37 word-forms, including lexemes that were not previously recorded for this period - this is significant for the Old Permian corpus of the 15th - early 16th centuries. Although from the graphic, phonetic, grammatical, and lexical points of view, these texts basically represent the same linguistic system found in previously known Old Permian monuments, they demonstrate, on the one hand, the inclusion of Old Permian scribes into the activities of professional Old Russian scriptoria and, on the other, they testify to the emergence of interest on the part of East Slavic bookmen in “indigenous” languages. Knowing these languages could be a sign of belonging to a special intellectual stratum that included both the creators of the first Church Slavonic complete biblical collection (the Gennady Bible) and members of the so-called heresy of the Judaizers.

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ISSUES OF THE LANGUAGE POLICY OF FAMILIES WITH UKRAINIAN ORIGIN IN THE ESTONIAN EDUCATIONAL SPACE

Author(s): Elvira Küün / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The article addresses the family language policies of multilingual families (FLPs) with Ukrainian roots, describing, among others, the language practices of families in different areas. The analysis of the study is based on semi-structured interviews with newly arrived Ukrainian immigrants living in Tallinn. The language ideologies of families in relation to the choice of languages of education are examined. The secondary objective is to find the reasons why some families manage to maintain their national language and culture and others do not. The article shows that the desire to integrate into Estonian society has influenced the choice of language of instruction of the school among newly arrived immigrant parents, whereas, depending on different cases, the choice was both Estonian and Russian-language school. The article also shows the language management of parents of the studied families implemented with a view to maintaining their language of origin, among which, for example, participation in the Sunday school for the study of Ukrainian language and culture is also in focus alongside the language of instruction in a general education school.

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