Obraz kryzysu migracyjnego i migranta w prasie niemieckiej na podstawie tygodnika „Die Zeit”

Author(s): Marta Smykała / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article constitutes an attempt at analysis of the changes in the image of the migration crisis and the figure of the immigrant within the span of one year (September 2015 – September 2016), on the example of journalistic texts which came out during that time in the German weekly magazine “Die Zeit.” The journal, despite the radicalization of the social climate, attempted to remain moderate in the narrative it provided in the context of the so‑called migration crisis. The key questions for the present analysis, based on the methods of linguistic analysis of discourse, are: Did the development of the situation find its mirror in the form of more critical tone of publications? How is the multinational character of the German society protected? Did, and if so, then to what degree, the moderate, influential weekly publication change the way of reporting on immigrants and the challenges for the contemporary German society connected with an increase in the number of immigrants during that year? Those questions, coupled with analysis of keywords and the ways of conceptualizing the phenomenon, helped the author to attempt an analysis of the linguistic ways of constructing reality in and by the media.

Budowanie wspólnoty podróży na przykładzie zjawiska carpoolingu – analiza komunikatów na stronach internetowych i forach dyskusyjnych poświęconych tematyce współdzielenia przejazdów

Author(s): Beata Duda / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to the analysis of messages produced by the users of websites and message boards concerned with carpooling, i.e. sharing free places in one’s car for monetary compensation, in order to characterize and delineate the boundaries of a new travel community, which, in turn, allows to discover the characteristics of its discourse. The author presents discursively crucial characteristics of this phenomenon arising in the process of building a community that exists at the intersection between two worlds: virtual and digital. Moreover, the author points to the economic, communication and community‑forming aspects of carpooling in the context of the dominant discourses on the communication map: public and media‑oriented.

O podróżowaniu i kibicowaniu przed telewizorem, czyli kolarska podróż przez Europę

Author(s): Beata Grochala / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article touches upon the issue of sports commentary during the TV broadcast of the cycling competition Tour de France. The author focuses on those elements of the commentary which are directly related to traveling, i.e. the descriptions of landscape, landmarks, nature, which comprise a significant portion of the commentary. The commentators, then, combine sports commentary with an account of traveling across France, which, in turn, creates an uncommon, individualized broadcast, while the Tour de France commentary cannot be called a straightforward sports commentary.

Czego możemy się dowiedzieć o języku mieszkańców Czarnego Lądu na podstawie „Listów z Afryki” Henryka Sienkiewicza?

Author(s): Danuta Kowalska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to reconstruct the image of African languages presented in „Listy z Afryki” [„Letters from Africa”] by Henryk Sienkiewicz and to analyze the language consciousness of the writer in the context of historical and comparative linguistics, which experienced a period of rapid development at the end of the 19th century. „Letters from Africa” abound in meta‑linguistic digressions regarding the roots of Swahili, language migration, mutual linguistic influences and the resulting appearance of loan words. Moreover, the book includes commentary on the topic of genealogical relationships of languages, the proto‑language and language families. Sienkiewicz, according to the commonplace 19th century beliefs regarding language, understood that language reflects the culture of a particular nation and constitutes the distinguishing element which characterizes different ethnic groups according to their nationality and occupied territory. His attention to detail and dedication to realism, then, necessitates the introduction of various foreign proper names and other words, characteristic phrases or sayings, meant to familiarize the Polish reader with the realities of Africa.

Językowe sposoby opisywania (przybliżania) obcej rzeczywistości w „Listach z podróży do Ameryki” Henryka Sienkiewicza

Author(s): Magdalena Pietrzak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

“Listy z podróży do Ameryki” [„Letters from the Journey to America”] by Henryk Sienkiewicz constitute an example of a travelogue — popular 19th century literary form — which significantly contributed to the development of the genre. The aim of the article is to analyze the tendencies in descriptions of the American reality, foreign to the average reader of „Letters”. In the course of functional and genre analysis, the author has been able to determine that „Letters” are more concerned with the aesthetic factor than the information factor, characteristic of practical genres. This aestheticization can be seen predominantly in the use of the elements of the literary style (metaphors, sensory detail, epithets, similes).

Deskrypcje egzotyki krajów Wschodu w korespondencji prywatnej Sienkiewicza

Author(s): Leonarda Mariak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article analyzes eleven letters addressed to Sienkiewicz’s sister‑in‑law, Jadwiga Janczewska nee Szetkiewicz, documenting his Eastern voyages. On the basis of the analysis of their contents as well as their lexical makeup, the author presents the writer’s attitude towards the Eastern realities. In his descriptions, Sienkiewicz pays particular attention to the architecture as well as the appearance of the inhabitants of that part of the world. The value judgments evident in his correspondence paint him as an Occidentalist, fascinated by the culture of the West and strongly negating the value and beauty of the culture of the East.

„Życie podróżą jest…” – o wędrówce idei (na podstawie nieznanych, prywatnych, oryginalnych listów Jerzego Szaniawskiego z lat 1965–1970)

Author(s): Barbara Kudra / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article analyzes hiterto unknown, unpublished letters by Jerzy Szaniawski (overall 19 letters dated 1965–1970) addressed to Hans Gernot Herrmann, a German Slavic languages expert who spoke Polish. The letters reveal a private character, and they were written by Szaniawski himself, as well as (with his knowledge and permission) his wife, Wanda Anita Szaniawska, a particularly eccentric individual. The majority of the letters is concerned with the search for one Ernest Wirrwa, who espoused the ideals of “making the homeless happy,” an idea which the Szaniawski couple wanted to propagate in Poland. The author analyzes the letters in the context of the concept of neo‑sentimentalism and the so‑called roaming of ideals.

Wpływ sytuacji komunikacyjnej na kształt dialogu w „Rozmowach podręcznych dla podróżujących do Londynu Polaków nieumiejących zupełnie języka angielskiego” (1857) Franciszka Kuszla

Author(s): Irmina Kotlarska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article introduces into the study of linguistics („Rozmowy podręczne dla podróżujących do Londynu Polaków nieumiejących zupełnie języka angielskiego” [„A Phrasebook for the Polish Traveling to London Who Do Not Know English”] (1857) by Franciszek Kuszel – first handbook of English written for the speakers of Polish consisting exclusively of dialogues meant to imitate real‑life interactions. The aim of the analysis has been to showcase how the elements of the communicative situation in which the intended audience for the handbook found themselves influenced the form of the dialogues included in the book, on the formal and stylistic levels. The conducted analysis has proven that the contents and form of the dialogues was influenced not only by the aim of improving the communicative competence of the readers, but also the desire to familiarize them with the realities of 19th century London.

Konwencjonalne i niestandardowe elementy przewodnika „Warszawa kobiet” Sylwii Chutnik – perspektywa genologiczna

Author(s): Magdalena Hawrysz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to provide genre characteristic of the subgenre of a guidebook called a city walkbook. The study is based on the example of a book by Sylwia Chutnik, „Warszawa kobiet” [„The Warsaw of Women”]. The conducted analysis has shown that in each of the aspects – structural, pragmatic, epistemic, stylistic – the guidebook, apart from the typical elements, includes also several nonstandard elements. Their presence within the book is motivated by a pragmatic factor, i.e. a communicative intention which consists in reclaiming the space of women in social consciousness.

Podróżowanie na małym ekranie: od telewizyjnego magazynu podróżniczego do reality show

Author(s): Ewa Szkudlarek-Śmiechowicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author, on the basis of various TV programs concerned with travel, describes the changes occurring in contemporary television. Among the most important ones the author enumerates: the domination of the ludic function and constant updates in the means of influencing the audience, achieved through the mixing of genres, topics and aims of communication. The commercial aspect of travel in the discussed TV programs remains twofold. On the one hand, it is concerned with the medium itself: the images of traveling render the program more attractive to the viewer, while at the same time, the presented places, people and cultures become an attractive tourist product in their own right. Television, as one of the most important forms of mass media, shapes the contemporary popular culture, whose influences can be seen even in the most common and commercialized form of travel, i.e. tourism (see also expressions such as “visual consumption of places,” “tourist spectacle”). The most recent television programs which use travel (tourism) as their basic premise, such as „Holiday Diaries” (a quasi‑documentary telenovela) or „Asia Express” (a reality show) exemplify both the recent changes in contemporary television (genre, functional, thematic hybrids) as well as the more far‑reaching developments which encompass the social and cultural sphere.

Pande(me)mia – o strategiach migracyjnych memu internetowego w ujęciu genologicznym

Author(s): Alicja Bronder / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the migration strategies of the internet meme in linguistic genre perspective. This particular genre has been growing in popularity among the Internet users, while at the same time retaining its characteristic architecture, which makes it possible to establish a fairly consistent standard. Its commonality in the cyberspace is influenced by, among others, the way it migrates and disseminates among the Internet users, illustrated through the metaphor of the virus. This viral nature of the meme, which becomes almost pandemic in media communication which reaches across cultural and spatial borders, manifests itself in the unique constellation of text‑formation elements, whose organization enhances to construct of the message and decides the genre, as well as in the particular sender‑receiver combination. The differentiation of particular genre characteristics remains key for the present analysis, as those characteristics enable the deployment of the abovementioned viral migration strategy. The research material – which comprises texts available on the most popular Polish internet websites – is analyzed through the lens of textual and linguistic genre analysis, which allows to emphasize the characteristics of the pattern, which are based on the idea of constant dynamic movement and migration.

Synteza dziejów polszczyzny a możliwości integracji badań

Author(s): Stanisław Borawski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Metoda czy metodologia? Współczesne potrzeby historii języka

Author(s): Magdalena Pastuch / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author brings up important, from her point of view, problems of the history of language as a linguistic discipline. There are as follows: time and thematic limits, the question of links between historical linguistics and other scientific disciplines (interdisciplinarity, transdisciplinarity, complementarity) and the matters regarding a possibility to apply basic linguistic paradigm in historical research. The reflexion refers also to the method and methodology which are hard to differentiate in this kind of studies.

Pytając o zmianę językową. Językoznawstwo historyczne a socjolingwistyka

Author(s): Joanna Przyklenk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Joanna Przyklenk in her article devoted to the relations between historical linguistics and sociolinguistics focuses on three main issues. Firstly, she presents several ideas that are common to both disciplines. Secondly, the strong link between historical and social attitude in linguistics is considered in the shape of historical sociolinguistics, subdiscipline whose beginnings are dated back to 1980s in the West. In the paper its roots, theoretical background and the current state of research are discussed. Thirdly, the author takes an attempt to characterize the contemporary Polish studies, trying to describe these works in the context of the foregoing periodizations of the Polish studies on language history. Detecting an inspiration in historical sociolinguistics for Polish-oriented investigation, she points out these areas of diachronic enquiry that thanks to socio-lingual view could develop historical linguistics itself.

Nowe perspektywy i zadania historii języka polskiego

Author(s): Mirosława Siuciak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Studying history of language is the oldest area of linguistics, as its beginnings can be traced back to the 19th century. Hence, it has functioned and developed under changing scientific paradigms, adopting their methods of description and ways of approaching research material. The subject of interest in the discipline is particularly broad, as it encompasses the entirety of texts and phenomena that appeared in the past. The description of linguistic phenomena in broad cultural and social context remains the main objective of historical linguistics; as a result, it benefits from the insights provided by many disciplines such as history, sociology, communication studies, cultural studies, and literary criticism. The 21st century brought new opportunities for the development of historical linguistics, which was enabled by two factors: development of digital technologies and the Internet and emergence of new research methods. The former has widened the access to historical material thanks to digital libraries and the development of electronic dictionaries which register lexical resources in different stages of language evolution. The latter has made it possible to present a new synthesis of the history of Polish from the perspective of such disciplines as historical sociolinguistics, linguistic genre studies, and communication studies.

Genologia historyczna – stan, perspektywy, konteksty

Author(s): Maria Wojtak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article presents historical genre studies as one of the sub-disciplines practiced within philology, and rooted theoretically in general genre studies, as it takes over from this source the conceptual apparatus and the agreed and/or disputable theoretical problems and the methods of their solving accessible at a given time. Being a part of genre studies, it draws inspiration from a few disciplines that have already been annexed by this discipline, i.e. from textual studies, stylistics or discourse analysis, yet extending the scope of connections with history of the language. The primary object of research of the genre studies mainstream under discussion is genres of speech analyzed from the historical perspective. Detailed issues may appear in different aspects. Researchers of historical phenomena focus especially on the following problems: 1) origin (in this case, origin of genres), 2) processes of crystallization of their patterns, 3) temporally embedded metamorphoses, 4) circumstances (including causes) of changes (especially the cultural context), 5) (evolutionary or sudden) nature of transformations. Epistemic paths may be arranged in diverse configurations. A pretty expressive issue comprises history of a particular genre of speech or a set of genres related to history of a given cultural (discursive) community.

Między stałością a zmiennością. Translokacje elementów kategorii językowych

Author(s): Aleksandra Janowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In this article the author pays particular attention to the issue of translocation of elements of linguistic category. It is about the language units, which are either the residues of an old category, or they lose the relation with the primary set despite its existence. Hence, the writer is interested in the approach to language evolution in the light of [through the prism of] processes related to ripping off the units that belong to a given category. The study over the possibility of analysed transformations, determination of necessary conditions for their coming into existence, or the analysis of the reasons for the assimilations [becoming similar] (to the basic source of translocation), and, ultimately, systematising the existing knowledge will allow to make an interesting description plane of ensuing language transformations; the plane which is more different than ever, and yet diachronic in its nature.

O źródłach metajęzykowych w badaniach nad zwerbalizowaną świadomością językową minionych epok

Author(s): Krzysztof Maćkowiak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article characterizes documents that are useful in the reconstruction of the old language of thought. One can distinguish among them the source material (this is a legacy of the author or period, the status of linguistic awareness is extracted from it on the basis of the analysis of the specific forms of written documents) and metalanguage sources (these are texts expressing a direct attitude to the language). The body of the article fills the description of the latter sources. The author deals with two issues. Firstly, he presents a typology of metalanguage sources. Secondly, he discusses specific variables interpretation useful in the process of explication.

Słowniki jako źródło do badań historycznojęzykowych

Author(s): Jolanta Migdał,Agnieszka Piotrowska-Wojaczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

A starting point for the considerations presented in the article are the words by Stanisław Urbańczyk who in „Encyklopedia języka polskiego” („Encyclopaedia of the Polish Language”) writes that the task of historical dictionaries is “to depict Polish vocabulary of previous epochs” and “enable researchers to study the development of lexical resources of the Polish language”. The authors are convinced that those two opinions must be extended to include all and not only historical dictionaries. Each stock of words can provide material for historical linguistic studies, especially for the study into lexis, its history, formation and development. In order to corroborate the above thesis, the authors provide the selected examples of scholarly activities which are based on different dictionaries.

Rola źródeł historycznojęzykowych we współczesnych badaniach etymologicznych

Author(s): Jadwiga Waniakowa / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Thanks to the Internet and electronic media the etymologists today have easier access to historical-linguistic, dialectal and onomastic sources as well as to etymological dictionaries. They also better access to many etymological monographs and studies. Moreover, today the etymologist has no problems making use of analogous materials published in foreign languages, the obtaining of which in the past had posed a major problem. This will clearly accelerate progress in etymological research, thereby opening up new vistas for etymology.