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The article aims at a comprehensive presentation of the title topic, based on the vast literature on the subject, a significant part of which comprise the previous publications by the article’s author. The author points to our insufficient knowledge concerning the latest period of Polish language history, Modern Polish.
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The article presents the results of a linguistic and stylistic analysis of 500 Polish-language slogans used during street protests of the Youth Climate Strike in years 2019-2020. The primary goal of the study was to show the treatments that transform street slogans into viral content and internet memes spread on social media. The analysis determined the constructs of the sender and receiver used, types of speech acts, rhetorical figures, mechanisms of language games and intertextual references.
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The article presents the figure of Nikita Ilyich Tolstoy, the founder of the Moscow School of Ethnolinguistics, a historical philologist, linguist, and ethnologist. Nikita Tolstoy researched in the history of Slavic cultures and languages, Slavic comparative linguistics, folk studies, ethnography, and mythology. In his approach, he jointly considered language and spiritual culture, the language of creative activity of a community, and the relationships between them. The article presents and discusses the main ideas of Tolstoy’s rich body of research.
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This article will present the longtime research by Nikita I. Tolstoy in the history of pre-standard Slavic literature. That research was based on his concept of Slavia Orthodoxa as a homogeneous cultural area. Its culture was taken to be very different from the cultural paradigms of non-orthodox Slavia or Western Europe. Tolstoy´s approach is compared here with the official Soviet doctrine of the history of Russian literary language (this view is still being subscribed to). A comparative approach of this kind will hopefully help discover methodological leaks of the Soviet doctrine and will also underpin the need for a broad and comparative approach that includes the whole area of Slavia Orthodoxa.
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The paper presents a pilot study of stylometric analysis of Czech Church Slavonic texts. The aim of the study is to measure similarities / differences among texts based on selected quantitative characteristics. Specifically, the average token length (ATL), moving average type-token ratio (MATTR), and text distances determined by normalized frequencies of the most frequent words (MFW) are applied. For the analysis, we used a corpus of twelve Church Slavonic literary writings attributed (with various probability) to Czech authors in the 10th and 11th centuries. In addition, two more textual sources were added (Codex Suprasliensis and the Life of St. Methodius) to compare the results and get a more complex view of relationships among texts. The results show the plausibility of the application of methods on this specific sample of texts.
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The survey is focused on the presence of essays regarding Slovene culture and language in the Italian journal “Ricerche slavistiche”, during its full seventy years of history, from the beginning to the present time. More specifically, it will establish the amount, typology and continuity of those contributions, trying at the same time to determine how their presence unfolded and developed. Although basically a descriptive survey, an attempt to evaluate the meaning of their presence in the journal will also be made. There were forty Slovene-focused essays published in the journal, unevenly distributed over the time period considered: just a dozen in the first fifty years, whereas in the last twenty years (from 2003 on) there is a very sharp increase in number,entirely due, we must say, to the publication of two special issues, both covering the proceedings of two conferences on Slovene Studies. On the other hand, data clearly shows that the scientific value is constantly high and the typological range constantly wide, throughout the seventy years of life of the journal. From the very beginning, in fact, we find names of prominent scholars, together with younger ones that will become well-known in due time. In both cases, they published interesting and groundbreaking work. In the survey, in the case of people (and research) more distant in time, we provided a detailed context, investigating their relationships, even the personal ones, with Slovene scholars in Italian universities (such as Rome, Padua, Naples and, obviously, Trieste), or viceversa. Instead, in the case of colleagues closer to us in time, we thought it more useful to describe – although in a cursory and rather sketchy way – the content of their research. To summarize, we can say that the oldest Italian journal of Slavic Studies seems to mirror the familiar state of affairs of Slovene Studies in Italy: although scarce in quantity, especially in the first five decades, and somewhat discontinuous, nonetheless the value is good or even excellent, thanks to scholars working either in Slovenia and in Italy, or even in both countries.
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The article is devoted to the research of the semantic scope of the word родина/homeland in modern Slavic languages and its representation in concepts of “the community of people related by kinship”, “a group of close relatives living together” and “the place where a person was born”. The comparison of cultural concepts is aimed at clarifying what semantic transformations this word has undergone in the history of the Russian language. The research has shown that the word родина is still closely related to the word род from which it is derived, not only by word-formation connections, but also by semantic relations that determine the intersection of the concepts in which they participate. As a result of comparative analysis, it was revealed that in some languages the word родина was assigned to one concept; in some it serves two concepts, and in only one language it is spread across all concepts. Only a few languages retained the original affiliation of the word родина with the concept of “a group of close relatives living together”. At the end of the research, it was concluded that in the Russian language the word родина has moved from the concept of “a group of close relatives living together” to the concept of “the place where a person was born”. However, despite the fact that in Russian this word has lost its original meaning of “family”, native speakers of the Russian language continue to intuitively feel it, distinguishing it from other words included in the concept “the place where a person was born”.
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In memoriam Prof. dr hab. Kwiryny Handke (1932–2021).
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It is only over the last several years that Polish-Latin bilingualism has been explored in depth by the historians of the Polish language. Yet, research in this area has been limited to a rather small corpus of texts, mainly Kazania Świętokrzyskie (‘The Holy Cross Sermons’) and some legal texts. Such research data do not enable making generalisations or spotting a variety of relationships between Polish and Latin in the Polish Middle Ages. The aim of the article is to outline the perspectives for further research on Polish-Latin bilingualism in the Middle Ages, which will be carried out from two points of view: textual (based on the available material) and linguistic (that sees bilingualism as a significant factor in contact-induced change), for which a starting point will be the findings of the latest European research on language contact in medieval Europe.
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In the article, I review the most recent monographs on Slavic mythology published in the Slovak academic sphere. Since the research in the field of mythology is actively done mostly by linguists and literary scholars, I focus on the contributions from these disciplines. The most fundamental works are the papers and monographs by Martin Golema. In the study, I consider his influence on the contemporary Slavic Studies and young researchers. Special attention is paid to the monograph by Ľubomír Gábor, whose methodological approach is based on Golema’s works. Among the authors, who contributed to the recent research of Slavic mythology in Slovakia, Martin Pukanec is worth mentioning. Pukanec’s work is therefore further discussed in the article. Analyzing his work allows us to see the current state of Slavic mythology from the Slovak perspective and further discuss it.
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Review of: Michał Kondratiuk, "Material Culture in Bialystok Countryside and Its Changes in the Light of the 20th Century Folk Dialects", graphic design, technical editing and composition by Roman Sakowski. Bialystok: Prince Konstanty Ostrogski Foundation, 2021, p. 398.
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The article discusses derivational nests of Polish nouns ‘wiosna’, ‘lato’, ‘jesień’, ‘zima’ in comparison with their Russian equivalents ‘весна’, ‘лето’, ‘осень’, ‘зима’. The analysis shows that in both languages the nests include nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, and that the most productive method of word formation is the attachment of a derivational suffix. The semantics of the derivatives is influenced by the primary meaning, i.e. the name of the season. The main difference lies in the number of derivatives based on ‘zima’ / ‘зима’. In the Polish language there are 21 lexemes against 62 in Russian. Also, derivational nests in Russian contain a greater number of verbs, as well as deverbal nouns and adjectives.
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A review of: Sosnowski, Wojciech. A Comparative Study of Bulgarian, Polish and Ukrainian Phraseology. Warsaw: Institute of Slavic Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences & Slavic Foundation, 2021 (series: Works in Slavic Studies. Slavica 152). ISBN 978-83-66369-45-0, 216 pp. [In Polish: Sosnowski, Wojciech. Studium konfrontatywne frazeologii bułgarskiej, polskiej i ukraińskiej. Warszawa: Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk & Fundacja Slawistyczna 2021 (seria: Prace Slawistyczne. Slavica 152).]
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The aim of this article is showing the presence of Polish post-1989 prose in the teaching of Polish as a foreign language. The article examines the problem of literary canon in teaching foreigners. The author inquires into the reasons for the lack of adequate teaching aids in the form of modern anthologies of Polish prose. The second part of the article presents techniques of working with a written text, used in teaching methodology, and considerations on the significance of reading skills and literary education in language teaching. Finally, the author presents an analysis of Polish language coursebooks, paying special attention to the presence of post-1989 Polish prose. The article is concluded with a question about the reasons of such a limited usage of Polish modern literature in teaching foreigners.
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The paper analyses the use of names of shapes as verbs in English and Polish. In particular, the use of circle and square as verbs in English and the verbs related to the Polish names of these shapes, koło/okręg and kwadrat, is studied. The analysis shows that in English both circle and square function as verbs (often phrasal verbs), while in Polish these nouns cannot become verbs. Still, several verbs formed from the names koło and okręg were found while there is no verb related to kwadrat. In many cases the meaning of these “shape verbs” manifests a semantic relation to the shape itself.
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The paper presents the guidelines for contrastive teaching of Polish to the learners from the East, that is, the users of East Slavic languages: Ukrainians, Belarusians and Russians. The presentation of the fundamental assumptions of contrastive teaching, which are advantageous in terms of enhancing one’s linguistic competence, is accompanied by a short analysis of the content of the author’s two coursebooks, that is, Po polsku bez błędu. Zbiór ćwiczeń z gramatyki języka polskiego dla studentów ukraińskojęzycznych (A1–B1), and Polski dla nas 1: Польский для нас 1. Deklinacja i składnia kontrastywnie dla Słowian wschodnich (A2–B2). On the basis of these two publications, the practical aspects of teaching certain grammatical issues with the use of the contrastive method, the stages of teaching, their aims and prospective goals are discussed.
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Prof. dr. sc. Dubravka Sesar (rođena Dorotić), dugogodišnja profesorica Filozofskoga fakulteta, profesorica emerita Sveučilišta u Zagrebu od 2019., vodeća hrvatska bohemistica i ugledna slavistica, članica suradnica u Razredu za filološke znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti (od 2014.), znanstvenica i prevoditeljica uzorna opusa, preminula je u Zagrebu 26. kolovoza 2023.
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This paper concerns the usage of the linguonym mowa chachłacka (Khakhol language) in Galicia, Podolia and Volhynia during the first half of the 20th Century. Therefore, it can be considered in the realm of historical sociolinguistics. The source material is comprised of interviews, recorded 1992–2006, with over 100 forced migrants from eastern voivodeships of the interwar Second Polish Republic. After World War 2, the respondents were resettled from their home towns into the new borders of post-war Poland, areas which belonged to Germany until 1945. The research method chosen was partially standardized interviews, which were first recorded and then written down. The paper is focused around the following issues: 1) which linguistic variety was referred to as mowa chachłacka in the interwar period within the researched communities, 2) whether this name contained a value judgement, 3) what was the prestige of mowa chachłacka in these communities. The first chapter of the paper concerns the history of the Russian lexeme хохол/хaхол, which forms the basis of the linguonym mowa chachłacka, and which has been used since the 17th Century to refer to Ukrainians. The article takes into account ideas concerning researching social attitudes to a language, such as standard language ideology and monoglossic ideology.
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The aim of the article is to explore whether the image of the crow and raven in Lithuanian phraseology and ethnic culture is similar to that of its Slavic neighbors or exhibits distinctive characteristics. The research material includes phraseological units in Lithuanian, Polish, Belarusian, and Russian with the components crow and raven. The analysis encompasses phraseologisms found in both vernacular and literary sources, applying the theory of conventional figurative language and the comparative method. Special attention is given to the portrayal of crows and ravens in folklore and folk beliefs. The findings reveal a predominantly negative perception of both birds in Lithuanian and Slavic phraseology and ethnic culture. The main features of the image of a crow and raven, which have developed in Lithuanian and Slavic phraseology and ethnic culture, are based on such characteristics as: black feathers, predatory behaviour, an unpleasant voice (the cry is mythologized, and it is associated with misfortunes and death). The image of the crow is often ironic and comical, while the image of the raven is much more negative. The crow is a cultural symbol of foolishness, while the raven is associated with wisdom. However, both Lithuanian and Slavic phraseology have their own peculiar images of the crow and the raven.
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The era of Czech National Revival took place between 1770 and 1850. This was the time of formation and affirmation of Czech science. Language was considered as a mark of the nation. J. Jungmann continued the work of J. Dobrovsky. However, in practice he diverged from Dobvrovsky’s classic concept of literary language. J. Jungmann’s views on literary Czech language are a continuation of the efforts of the first generation of Czech revivals. Jungmann’s work, as well as that of his followers, can be considered as a stage in which the social possibilities of the Czech language expand through a complete transformation of the language system.
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