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Sarn ja sarnane

Author(s): Lembit Vaba / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 02/2015

The Estonian sarn ‘cheekbone’ belongs to the words with still no satisfactory etymology. The same applies to the word sarnane ‘similar; coll. such’. Although to-day the word sarn is considered a natural part of the North-Estonian based common and standard language, its historical area of distribution refers it to South Estonian. The word does not occur in other Finnic languages, nor in more distantly related languages. The article suggests a Slavic etymology. The assumed source word is the pre-pleophonic *skorńa, which has descendants in East, West and South Slavic languages, e.g. Russian скоронь f. ‘temple’, Church Slavonic скрания (-ья) ‘cheek; temple; forehead; jaw’, скрань ‘cheek; cheekbone; side of face; jaw’ etc. The word sarnane has been offered different etymologies. One of them suggests that it has the same root with sarn ‘cheekbone’. However, this etymology is called into question by the historical South Estonian distribution of sarn, whereas sarnane occurs all over Estonia. According to the other etymology sarnane has a Finnic-Permic of Finno-Ugric root, with such Finnic descendants as, e.g., Finnish saarna ‘sermon’, Karelian šoarna ‘fairy tale’ etc. The semantic relationship has been quite credibly substantiated by Julius Mägiste, arguing that sarnane has originally meant ‘in question, similar to the object of talk’.

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Създаване на софтуер за обучение по специализиран превод

Author(s): Reneta Kileva-Stamenova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

The paper describes the structure and functionalities of the Multilingual terminology database of the Faculty of Classical and Modern Philologies (FCMP) at St. Kliment Ohridski Sofia University which was developed as a result of two applied science projects. Also presented are the ways the didactic potential of this modern technology tool can be used for developing market-relevant competencies for professional translators in specialized translation courses offered at FCMP, in particular as a part of the BA/MA program in German studies.

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XVI международен конгрес на славистите: между традициите, иновациите и предизвикателствата към бъдещето

Author(s): Tsenka Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2018

The International Slavic Scholars Committee held its regular world congress in Belgrade from 20th August to 27th August 2018, attracting nearly 1000 participants from 43 countries. The large-scale, well-organized congress provided a forum for 115 sessions with papers, 32 thematic blocs, 9 Round Table Discussions, 3 special topics, 5 plenary papers, over 20 additional events: a slavicist literature exhibition between the two congresses, celebrations of anniversaries related to Slavic cultures, birth anniversaries of distinguished Slavic scholars etc. The overview provides detailed information about the event, emphasizing the participation of lecturers from the University of Veliko Tarnovo. Its conclusion offers a critical commentary on Bulgarian national policies with regard to Slavic scholarship.

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Формант -ъtь и склонение слов типа nogъtь, olkъtь, degъtь, desętь и dьnь в праславянском

Author(s): Mihail Nikolaevich Saenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2019

The article analyses the formation of the characteristic Proto-Slavic nominal declension paradigm, which originally included the words *nogъtь ‘nail’, *olkъtь ‘elbow’, *degъtь ‘tar’, *desętь ‘ten’ and *dьnь ‘day’, later enriching itself mostly with derivatives with the formant *-ъtь. The author looks at the history of the formant as well as its combinatory power, depending on the final consonant of the stem, which in its turn can help determine articulatory characteristics of the late Proto-Slavic language *l. Apart from that, derivates with the formant *-ъtь are subdivided according to corresponding chronological layers and a number of details related to their history are analysed.

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Владимир Матула – штуровец, славист и организатор международных конгрессов славистов

Author(s): Miroslav Daniš,Galina Viktorovna Rokina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2022

This article commemorates the death anniversary of the famous Slovak Slavist Vladimir Matula (1928–2011) and covers the main milestones in his life, research work, and activities as a founder of Slavistics in the Slovak Academy of Sciences. The scope of his studies was analyzed, and the results obtained reveal that he was mostly focused on the life and work of Ľudovít Štúr, the founding father of the Slovak nation, and on the Slovak–Russian relations in the spheres of science and culture during the 19th century. Based on the historiographic sources and ego-documents, the main stages in the formation of V. Matula’s worldview as a researcher and his contribution to the historical science in Slovakia were considered. Special attention was paid to V. Matula’s role in the organization of international scientific congresses and the institutionalization of inter-Slavic contacts. The conclusion was made that V. Matula’s research findings and his impact on the development and strengthening of the Slovak–Russian relations in science and culture have been poorly addressed in both Russian and Slovak historiography.

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Recepcja twórczości Stanisława Lema w Chinach i (nie)przetłumaczalność Cyberiady na język chiński

Author(s): Rui Mao / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2022

Stanisław Lem is a leading author of the Polish science fiction, a philosopher futurologist. His works attract great interest both in Poland and worldwide. His books have been translated into 52 foreign languages, including Chinese. The aim of this article is to discuss the reception of Lem’s works among the Chinese readers and to describe the translation problems encountered in the Chinese translation. The object of the study are the selected neologisms and archaisation created by Lem in Cyberiad, and their counterparts, or lack thereof, in the Chinese language. The provided examples demonstrate the possible equivalents in genetically very distant languages and describe attempts to search for the principle of compromise, a golden mean, between the fidelity and creativity during the translation of Cyberiad into the Chinese.

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Globalizacija i njeni refleksi na tvorbu riječi u slavenskim jezicima

Author(s): Amela Šehović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 14/2021

Review of: Глабалізацыя і славянскае словаўтварэнне / Globalization and Slavic word formation, ur. Аляксандр Лукашанец, Нацыянальная акадэмія навук Беларусі – Інстытут мовазнаўства імя Якуба Коласа – Беларускі камітэт славістаў – Камісія па славянскім словаўтварэнні пры Міжнародным камітэце славістаў, Афармленне, ВТАА Права i эканомiка, Мінск, 2019.

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Кризис славистики и возможные пути его преодоления посредством международных научных проектов. Памятная записка

Author(s): Petar Bunjak / Language(s): Russian Issue: Suppl./2012

The author of the memorial commentary connected with the discussions with and the ideas of the prominent Yugoslav and Serbian slavist Bogoljub Stanković describesthe contemporary situation of Slavonic studies at European universities and the crisis in this field of humanities together with new proposals and several ways how to solve it. The proposals consist in the formation of the freely concei-ved centre of international Slavonic studies based on concrete research projects and the international net of scholarly cooperation.

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Polska slawistyka i jej problemy we współczesnym świecie

Author(s): Bożena Tokarz,Emil Tokarz / Language(s): Polish Issue: Suppl./2012

This article presents the general situation of Slavonic studies in the academic curricula of Polish universities from historical perspective with a particular focus upon recent years of our century. The authors attempt to propose new models of education based on the proposals of several university centres in Central Europe (universities in Austria (the Karl-Franzes University, Graz; the Alps Adriatic Uni-versity of Klagenfurt/Celovec)), in Italy (the University of Trieste), in Hungary (the Eötvös Loránd University of Budapest), in Poland (the University of Bielsko-Biała), and in Slovenia (the University of Maribor). The proposed project, coordi-nated by the University of Maribor, called SLANG MASTER (The Slovenian LANGUage and Literature Post-graduate Programme), is an interuniversity di-dactic project preparing Masters program IInd level Slovenian studies. It may be fundamental for discussions on modernising and enhancing Slavonic studies in Europe.

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Организация славистических специальностей – уход от филологии?

Author(s): Libor Pawera / Language(s): Russian Issue: Suppl./2012

The author first lists the so-called mega-trends for the twenty-first century, inspired by the theses of the Spanish prognosticator J. L. Abellan. He shows the problem of literacy in the context of the OECD report on the issue (especially in the countries of central Europe). As with the ongoing mega trends, declining literacy and other phenomena affect the development of „small“ philology, which includes the study of Slavic languages and literatures.

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Прошлое, настоящее и будущее международной славистики: проблемы, требующие решения (К приближающемуся 10-му юбилею переворота в Чешском комитете славистов)

Author(s): Ivo Pospíšil / Language(s): Russian Issue: Suppl./2012

The author of the contribution deals – on the occasion of the approaching 10th anniversary of the takeover in the Czech Committee of Slavists in 2003 as a star-ting point of the institutional crisis in international Slavonic studies – with the International Committee of Slavists and with the forms and methods of its activity. He presents a set of proposals to bring a necessary change concerning the special commissions, the participation of young researchers, the system of management etc.

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Imiesłów przymiotnikowy czynny u poljskom jeziku i njegovi hrvatski prijevodni ekvivalenti

Author(s): Paulina Pycia-Košćak / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 94/2022

Polish and Croatian inherited some of the participles from the Old Slavonic language, significantly narrowing their number and simplifying their forms. Their development was different, due to the peculiarities of each language system. One of them, participium praesentis activi (Pol. imiesłów czasu teraźniejszego czynny, Cro. glagolski prilog sadašnji aktivni / aktivni particip prezenta) developed in Polish into two separate (morphologically, syntactically and semantically different) verb forms: invariable imiesłów przysłówkowy współczesny with the suffix –ąc and the variable imiesłów przymiotnikowy czynny with the suffixes –ący for the masculine gender, –ąca for the feminine gender and –ące for the middle gender. While the first of them has its unambiguous equivalent in the Croatian language, glagolski prilog sadašnji with the suffix –ći, the second forces the translator to find some other solutions. Among them are various transformations at the formal level aimed at conveying the content of the original text. The paper examines translation equivalents on the example of contemporary Polish and Croatian prose (see Literature) in such a way that constructions in the original language are opposed their equivalent structures in another language and their formal and semantic properties are described.

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Prescriptum. Polonistyka nie tylko po polsku

Author(s): Jolanta Tambor / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

The Prescriptum entitled Polonistyka nie tyko po polsku [Polish Studies not only in Polish] explains the origin of the multilingual issue of “Postscriptum Polonistyczne” that crowns the 30th anniversary of the periodical as an international publication. It was thirty years ago, in fact, that the journal, back then still a newsletter of the School of Polish Language and Culture at the University of Silesia, featured the first article by a foreign Polish studies scholar, Halina Klimsza from the Czech Republic. This text provides a very brief historical account of how the periodical became internationalised, describing the stages of its development that led to the transformation from a newsletter to a “journal of Polish and foreign Polish studies scholars”, and reporting on the editors’ most recent decisions to accept papers for publication also in the English language. The Prescriptum explains the motivation for creating this issue as a collection of Polish studies texts in the native/first languages of the foreign Polish studies scholars who wrote them. We wanted and still want to make sure that knowledge about interesting phenomena and research from Poland and in the field of Polish studies can reach all those who are curious about the world and who would otherwise not be able to obtain such information in their respective countries due to the language barrier. Moreover, we keep in mind young members of the Polish diaspora, who do not always understand the language of their ancestors.

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Apprendre le polonais. Remarques théoriques et pratiques à l’attention des étudiants et des enseignants

Author(s): Hélène Włodarczyk / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2022

The author proposes that teachers of Polish as a foreign language should keep track of the development of contemporary general linguistics. However, in the process they need to focus on the specific problems of Polish while initiating students only into the necessary general linguistic knowledge, using it first and foremost to draw the students’ attention to their own native language, in order to be able to compare it with the second language. An important premise of the proposed method is that when teaching any foreign language we should constantly revisit traditional grammatical theory and terminology. In this way, conflicts resulting from differences between knowledge of one’s national language and a foreign language may be avoided. A specialist in a foreign language should be able to describe it in such a way that people who do not yet know either this language or its respective grammatical terminology are able to build in their minds some representation of it comparable to other languages they already know. Unfortunately, in contemporary general linguistics we do not usually have at our disposal concepts and theories for adequate description of a great variety of languages (except in fields such as phonology and morphology). Therefore, the final and decisive element of successful learning of a foreign language remains the passion and commitment of the learners themselves.

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Što je zajedničko hrvatskom cvrčku i poljskom hruštu? Odabrane razlike u glasovima i grafiji između hrvatskog i poljskog

Author(s): Miroslav Hrdlička / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2022

Croatian and Polish, being genealogically related languages, share a lot of features, yet there are certain differences in the sound systems and alphabets of the two languages. Both languages use the Latin alphabet and share most of the letters but some graphemes and sounds differ. Therefore, the goal of the paper is to provide an overview of the main differences between Croatian and Polish sound and graphemic systems as illustrated by two selected poems (respectively, Cvrčak [Cricket] by Vladimir Nazor and Chrząszcz [Beetle] by Jan Brzechwa). Some of the differences may be explained from a historical perspective. Thus, it is demonstrated how in the two languages in question, which both come from Proto-Slavic, some sounds developed in discrepant ways. What is more, the modern Croatian and Polish are also dissimilar when it comes to accent, which is briefly discussed in the text.

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Kalbų vartojimas ir kalbinės nuostatos: mokyklų lenkų mokomąja kalba atvejis

Author(s): Nida Poderienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 95/2022

The article presents the results of a questionnaire-based study of the most commonly used home language, the choice of language in relation to other languages in different communicative situations and linguistic attitudes towards Polish, Lithuanian and English languages based on the survey analyzing responses of student groups of grades 3–8 in two schools with the Polish language of instruction. Research data in relation to the age groups was analyzed regarding aspects such as the dominant language in communication with family and friends, the choice of language preference over other languages, i.e. in which language students choose to watch movies, search for information on the Internet, read books, write SMS and communicate on social networks. Students’ language attitudes were studied in terms of language learning motivation, social value and personal relationship with the language. In some aspects, the research results were compared with the data of the study of students’ linguistic attitudes and language dominance in everyday use conducted a few years ago in schools with the Lithuanian language of instruction focused on the same age groups. Research data on language dominance show that the majority of students communicate in Polish at home, although for some of them Polish is not the only language used in the family. Out of all the students who participated in the study, 42% indicated that they speak Polish at home, more than a third of students specified that they usually communicate in several languages in the family, out of which the largest part (25%) speak in Polish and Russian and 26% of students indicated that they communicate in Russian at home. Less than a tenth of students, in addition to Polish and Russian, noted that they often use Lithuanian in their home environment. Research data on the choice of language in relation to other languages in different communicative situations revealed that two languages – Polish and Russian – predominate, and Russian is especially strongly used when searching for information on the Internet and watching movies. Reading is the type of activity where Polish and Lithuanian languages prevail. The results of the research demonstrate the high status of the Lithuanian language’s social value, as students believe that it is important to know the Lithuanian language in order to achieve both social and professional life objectives. The results of the study show a statistically significant positive correlation between motivation to learn the Lithuanian language and liking Lithuanian lessons (Pearson coefficient 0,729). English is considered a prestigious language and the results show the highest motivation to learn it, in comparison to Polish and Lithuanian languages. The results of the study revealed that students feel a strong connection with the Polish language of instruction as part of their identity. A third of the students consider Lithuanian their own language and approximately the same number do not have an opinion or disagree. The conducted exploratory research covers several municipal schools and, therefore, does not make general conclusions about the linguistic preferences and language dominance of students in the majority of schools with the Polish language of instruction. The study shows trends regarding language choice, valuation of Polish, Lithuanian and English languages and learning motivation.

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Radość z bilingwizmu, czyli zapożyczenia angielskie w twórczości Piotra Szmidta

Author(s): Włodzimierz Moch / Language(s): Polish Issue: 95/2022

The work of Piotr Szmidt, not only as a rapper, but also as the author of a contemporary novel (Two dogs survived), is proof of the intensity of the penetration of English borrowings into the Polish language in recent years. The fact that we are dealing, to a large extent, with new vocabulary results from the processes taking place within contemporary culture, not only popular culture (e.g. specialist vocabulary). These phenomena cause the emergence of new lexical forms, both original and resulting from neo-semantization or calqueing. The lexical material includes: neologisms (prank ‘trick’; slow motion ‘tasting, not immediate consumption’; brifowanie ‘summarize’), neo-semantisms (fejmy ‘famous people’, zombie ‘a drugged-up man’), calques (gównoburza < shitstorm), replacements of Polish words and phrases (bez pomysłu na futurę ‘no idea for the future’; ta damulka jest camera shy ‘this lady is camera shy – feature or behavior of a person who doesn’t like to be photographed’), complementing phrases in Polish (ta jego no problem mentality ‘bezproblemowa mentalność’ nie pozwoliłaby mi… ‘his no problem mentality wouldn’t let me ...’), phraseological elements of phrases ((Back in the days ‘kiedyś, dawno temu’ podstawową walutą był szacunek ‘back in the days, the basic currency was respect’). In Mes we are dealing not only with older and newer English vocabulary, adapted rather smoothly to Polish, but, what is equally interesting, with new phenomena in terms of syntax. For example, the fashion of starting sentences in Polish and ending them in English or vice versa (I’m sorry my book ‘przepraszam moja książko, pamiętniku’, jutro do ciebie zajrzę ‘I’m sorry my book, I’ll look at you tomorrow’) requires careful study. English borrowings, similarly to other languages, although to a much lesser extent, serve to renew the resources of the Polish language, to ennoble both their users and the spheres of life they concern, as well as broadly understood pop culture, which has a profound impact on the daily lives of young people. Their use is motivated by snobbery, but above all by the joy of being a bilingual person, of code-switching, so visible in Mesa. Noteworthy are his metalinguistic remarks on borrowings into Polish, a voice that initiates an interesting discussion, which I hope will develop.

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Международная научная конференция «Пограничья Славии на переломе XX–XXI вв. Язык – общество – культура – идентичность» (Вильнюс, 8–10 сентября 2022 г.)

Author(s): Elena Konickaja / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2022

On September 8–10, 2022, the VI International Scientific Conference of the Commission on Sociolinguistics, accredited to the International Committee of Slavists, from the series “Slavic languages in a Sociolinguistic Aspect” was held at the Faculty of Philology of Vilnius University. The conference was organized by the Centre of Polish Studies of the Faculty of Philology of VU. 71 reports discussed the most pressing problems of sociolinguistics, ethnolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, widely and diversely reflecting the wide range of questions of the conference. Information about the conference, theses of the participants' presentations are available on the website http://www.sociolingvistika2022.flf.vu.lt/

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Kalki semantyczne, strukturalne i kolokacyjne z języka rosyjskiego w gwarach polskich na terenie Rosji

Author(s): Sergiej Skorwid / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The paper presents a study of immigrant Polish dialects in Russia that have been strongly influenced by the dominant language spoken in the area. The author discusses issues related to identifying Russian semantic and structural calques in the examined dialects, in particular differentiating between calques and adapted borrowings. The difficulties result from the close affinity of the Russian language and the influenced dialects, which have a common Slavic root. The article suggests a solution to this problem, namely observing various aspects of calque formation, taking into consideration the fact that the border between the analysed phenomena is blurred and the calques are often firmly bound with certain collocations. To this end, the author introduces the notion of “collocation calques” in order to describe these units adequately.

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Wykładniki ekwiwalencji w wybranych inwentarzach z XVIII wieku

Author(s): Błażej Osowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The article presents the exponents of equivalence by means of which equivalence is determined in atext. The intrasystem relation (within asingle language), disregarding equivalence in translation, has been considered. Equivalence is asemantic relationship that connects at least two elements (equivalents). The equivalents are corresponding in atext i.e. they have acommon reference (e.g. Yankees = Americans), and may assume the form of single words or longer phrases (e.g. Japan = The Land of Cherry Blossoms). Dialectologists can find equivalence useful as it can be applied in atext to juxtapose literary and dialectal units. Syntactic, punctuation and lexical means have been distinguished.

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