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Rosyjskie modele zdań ze znaczeniem żalu w konfrontacji z językiem polskim

Author(s): Zofia Czapiga / Language(s): Polish Issue: 131/2010

The article discusses Russian sentences of the adverbial-predicative type with the meaning of mercy, with Dative of the subject, in comparison with Polish language. The main model with predicates жалко, жаль, обидно, неприятнo (N (Pron)d cop Adv) undergoes certain structural and semantic alterations: 1. N (Pron)d cop Adv Na/g; 2. (cop) Adv; 3. N (Pron)d cop Adv Inf; 4. N (Pron)a cop Adv; 5. Nn Adv Vf; 6. Adv, что... In most cases Polish material preserves this type of structures, but other models can appear as well. In such cases usually it is the type of subject that differs, not its semantic features. Russian predicates with the meaning of mercy have in Polish language, apart from lexical, also textual equivalents, e.g. another adverb (usually a synonym), adjective, noun or verb.

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Problem przekładu wykrzykników

Author(s): Iwona Malinowska / Language(s): Russian Issue: 130/2010

Interjections very often turn up to be neglected by translators. The analysis aims to illustrate the various ways of translation of exclamations, including total omission of them. The aim of the article is to distinguish three groups according to different adequacy of translation. Examples show a very wide range of exclamations translation ways for a translator. The collected material for the research is taken from the original Russian and Polish literary works that range from 19th to 21st century and their renderings.

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Prawostronna łączliwość rzeczowników odczasownikowych z formantem zerowym w polskich i rosyjskich tekstach naukowych

Author(s): Zofia Czapiga / Language(s): Polish Issue: 127/2009

The article discusses the problem of right-hand collocations of verbal nouns with zero formative in Polish and Russian academic writings. Nominalisation, as an implicational predicate, is a very useful tool for the sentence compression, and therefore it is widely used in academic style. Such lexical items open free space to their right for other nouns, among which Genitive case forms without a preposition are dominant. Prepositional collocations are quite diverse: do, bez, z Ng; na Na; z, za, w, między Ni; o, na Nl in Polish and с, из, для, без, от Ng; к, по Nd; на, в, под Na; с, между Ni; на, в, при Nl in Russian. In single cases the forms of Instrumental case without a preposition appear, and — in Russian texts only — the form of infinitive. The dependent elements introduce subjective, objective and attributive meanings.

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Ekwiwalencja polskich czasowników przyjechać, dojechać, zajechać i czasowników rosyjskich приехать, доехать, заехать

Author(s): Leokadia Strycz-Przebinda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 128/2009

The article deals with three verbs — zajechać, dojechać and przyjechać — in Polish and Russian. The meaning, syntax and — partially — word-formational character is concerned here. Although the mentioned verbs seem to be very similar in both of the languages, the meaning is not totally the same. As for Polish, in some cases they can be used alternatively in specific syntactic contexts. In Russian, however, this concerns only two of those: приехать and доехать. It’s also distinctive here that заехать does not have the basic meaning of reaching the border.The work indicates as well ways of expressing that same meaning in other Slavonic languages, those that are more similar to Western ones. Polish and Russian language are analyzed more precisely concerning meanings created by prefixes in verbs dealing with move. The way of describing these verbs in dictionaries has also been included. Леокадия Стырч-Пшебинда

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Subiekt semantyczny w rosyjskich zdaniach typu никому нельзя верить w porównaniu z językiem polskim

Author(s): Anna Rudyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 128/2009

The article deals with the way of expressing a semantic subject in Russian sentences of the type Никому нельзя верить and their Polish equivalents. The semantic subject can be conveyed explicitly in the form of the dative case. It can also appear from the context or remain unnamed due to meaning generalization or the absence of information concerning its referent. The personal flexion of the verb can express the subject in Polish translations well.

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GLOTTODYDAKTYCZNA WARTOŚĆ TEKSTU HYBRYDALNEGO W NAUCZANIU JĘZYKA OBCEGO (NA MATERIALE JĘZYKA ROSYJSKIEGO I POLSKIEGO)

Author(s): Halina Kudlińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2013

The subject of the analysis is hybrid (creolized, multicode) text as a genre belonging to the so called new culture of writing, whose characteristic feature is the domination of visuality, of pictorial representation in the production of texts. Nowadays, creolized texts exert significant influence on textuality and on the cultural communication process in the young generation. They also have a considerable educational value in the process of foreign language teaching. The examination of selected sub-genres of Russian and Polish hybrid messages (demotivators and public service ads) has proved the following: 1) creolized texts usually play the ludic and the attractive (fascination) function; 2) despite their miniature, compact form they constitute an integrated verbal-visual unit of expression of big semantic capacity; 3) information arrangement (narrative structure) is built through a peculiar way of configuring verbal and iconic signs, such that accounts for a whole cultural system of their potential references. The textual category under scrutiny seems to comply with the model of “integrating didactics”, which takes into account the holistic character of learning processes since it enables the learners to fully engage in the didactic process and facilitates the forming of linguistic knowledge as well as sociocultural and communicative competence.

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TEKSTY PUBLICYSTYCZNE W PROGRAMIE KURSU JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO DLA GRUPY EKONOMICZNEJ

Author(s): Grażyna Balkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2013

The article includes the review of the newest handbooks used in teaching economy and Polish in business. It justifies the need of including journalistic texts in the language course program. It also proposes a set the criteria of texts selection: currentness of the topics, connection with the area of future studies, making use of students' knowledge and language skills determined by vocabulary, syntax complexity, reality knowledge, clarity of reasoning, the manner of dispute. The article lists the positive effects of including journalistic texts. They include the broadening of students' knowledge, the development of particular language skills, the improvement in teacher-student relationship, the enhancement of motivation, and the development of students` intellectual independence. The author describes different lesson plans with the use of journalistic texts, at the same time stressing the possibility of introducing various learning strategies and techniques.

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TEKST REKLAMY NA LEKCJI JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO JAKO OBCEGO

Author(s): Marta Skura / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2011

The paper discusses the use of advertising texts in Polish language classes for foreigners. These kinds of advertisements constitute an interesting pedagogical tool because they contain a multitude of themes, and serve as a rich grammatical-lexical vehicle providing social and cultural knowledge about Poland.

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NAZWA WŁASNA JAKO TEKST KULTURY W NAUCZANIU JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO JAKO OBCEGO

Author(s): Beata Afeltowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2011

Language is the most important component of culture. Teaching a foreign language is, to a large extent, introducing information on the lexical system of language, which also includes proper names. Using them, a teacher of Polish can provide information about all the material and spiritual achievements of Poles. This article aims to show the components of the Polish culture, encoded in the onomastic layer of the Polish language (in antroponyms, toponyms and other categories of proper names) that are curricular content of the Polish language courses for foreigners at the A1 level. The source of language material was the textbook Hurra!!! Po polsku 1 by Małgorzata Małolepsza and Aneta Szymkiewicz. The analysis of names present in this manual leads to the conclusion that the introduction of information about these names completes the teaching process with intercultural education. What is more, it also contributes to a better understanding of and respect for the student’s own culture and cultures of other nations.

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TEKSTY W NAUCZANIU UKRAIŃCÓW ŁĄCZLIWOŚCI LEKSYKALNO-SEMANTYCZNEJ CZASOWNIKÓW POLSKICH

Author(s): Ałła Krawczuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2011

The article deals with the problem of lexical and semantic collocations – systematic, normative, and idiomatic. The focus is on the analysis of collocations which are problematic for Ukrainians studying Polish, and the most frequent types of mistakes made by Ukrainian students are analyzed. Text exercises using lexical and semantic collocations including prefixal verbs are proposed for advanced Ukrainian-speaking learners.

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BŁĘDY INTERFERENCYJNE W PRACACH PISEMNYCH SŁOWEŃCÓW UCZĄCYCH SIĘ JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO JAKO OBCEGO

Author(s): Katarzyna Bednarska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2011

The article describes the role that a learner’s native language plays in his second language acquisition. It is based on the results of an analysis of morphological errors performed on a corpus of papers written by Slovene students of Polish Philology at the University of Ljubljana. The results show that students make numerous errors caused by negative language transfer. The conclusion is that the analysis of these mistakes may help predict and eliminate some of them.

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ZINDYWIDUALIZOWANA METODA KOMUNIKACYJNA NAUCZANIA JĘZYKÓW SŁOWIAŃSKICH A NAUCZANIE JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO JAKO OBCEGO

Author(s): Danuta Gałyga / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2011

A. Awdiejew’s individualized communicative method is focused on developing speaking and listening skills. The teaching material contains authentic journalistic texts from radio and TV programs, in the sound and graphic version. The teacher’s role is to choose interesting, effective materials that would encourage communication. This method emphasizes creative exercises that promote spontaneity and improvisation and take into consideration the needs and interests of the students.

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Этнонимы в русских и польских лексикографических работах

Author(s): Leonarda Dacewicz / Language(s): Russian Issue: 14/2014

Comparative analysis of Russian and Polish ethnonyms shows both similarities and distinctions of lexical strata in these cognate Slavic languages. One of the reasons of discrepancy in Russian and Polish ethnonymical vocabularies is different suffixes, which are used in ethnonyms formation. The most productive suffix in Russian is -ец, in Polish – -czyk. There are ethnonyms in the dictionaries of the Russian language but there are not ones in the dictionaries of the Polish language (for instance, Słownik języka polskiego, red. M. Szymczak). There are three grammatical forms of Russian ethnonyms (forms of masculine and feminine gender and the plural form) and two forms of Polish equivalents (only the forms of masculine and feminine gender) in Russian-Polish Dictionaries. It is difficult to form the plural of less known Polish ethnonyms. One have to find these forms in special dictionaries (Słownik nazw własnych).

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Osobliwe konstrukcje składniowe w polszczyźnie kowieńskiego tygodnika „Chata Rodzinna” (1922–1940), analogiczne do struktur rosyjskich

Author(s): Tamara Graczykowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2014

The article presents the peculiar syntax structures excerpted from the weekly “Chata Rodzinna” published in Kaunas from 1922 to 1940. The language of the “Chata Rodzinna” is characteristic of numerous divergences in relation to obligatory rules of general Polish in a 20–year period between the First and Second World Wars. We can observe many differences in syntax compared to general Polish in discussed period. The most of them appeared under the influence of Russian language. Only a portion of origin syntax structures are demonstrated here; only those that were unknown at the earlier stages of the Northern Borderland Polish language. The author listed 28 peculiar syntax structures analogous to Russian structures. Almost all the features still function in the Postwar Northern Borderland Polish language. 18 structures were registered in the interwar period and only 6 in the Kaunas and Żmudzki sources.

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Nazwiska Polskie Derywowane Od Nazw Narzędzi Rolniczych

Author(s): Zenon Lica / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2014

The aim of the article is to analyse appellatives, recorded in the Dictionary of surnames used in Poland in the 21st century, which were derived from Polish and German names of agricultural tools. Personal names created in this manner indivisualised a person, indicating his profession according to the metonymic model DOER FOR INSTRUMENT. The surnames subject to analysis were: Brona, Ger. Egge, Cep, Ger. Flegel, Kosa, Ger. Sense, Lemiesz, Ger. Pflugschar, Pług, Ger. Pflug, Radło, Ger. R¨uhrpflug, Sierp, Ger. Sichel, Socha, Ger. Hakenpflug. At the moment of their creation, these surnames were characteristic of lower social strata: peasants or craftsmen. The nominainstrumenti carrier could have been the user or the maker of a given tool. The surnames are then vehicles of content and values connected with a particular individual, thus fulfilling the culture-forming function.

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XV Międzynarodowa Konferencja Slawistyczna „Polsko-wschodniosłowiańskie kontakty językowe, literackie, kulturowe. Historia, stan obecny i perspektywy rozwoju”

Author(s): Marzanna Karolczuk,Anna Romanik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2014

Place: Olsztyn Date: 28-29 June 2013

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O pojęciu konotacji w lingwistyce (na przykładach polskich i rosyjskich)

Author(s): Elżbieta Bogdanowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2013

The paper focuses on the notion of connotation functioning in linguistics at the level of syntax and semantics. Whereas syntactic connotation is the foundation of sentence formation within syntax connotation has two different meanings as regards semantic linguistic facts. Firstly, in opposition to denotation, it is the content corresponding to the name of the concept (logical and philosophical approach). Secondly, connotation refers to associative properties, complementary ones, in the semantic structure of the word (lexicographical-linguistic approach). Connotation within semantics is a direct application of the basic premise of cognitive linguistics, the statement that semantic description shows how speakers of the language understand a word. Therefore, the semantic structure of separate words includes both the features intuitively considered relevant, distinctive and typical of the denoted item, the ones essential for identifying words clearly, as well as connotative elements such as knowledge of irrelevant attributes that speakers bring to mind.

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Imiona chrzestne w metrykach chrztów parafii rzymsko-katolickiej p.w. św. Jozafata w Korczówce (lata 1928–1938)

Author(s): Anna Kuchta / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2013

This paper focuses on baptismal names of the inhabitants of Korczowka village from 1928 to 1938.The anthroponymic material was selected from the baptismal certificates of St Jazafat Martyr’s Roman Catholic Parish. The full list of registered names in the investigated certificates allows to state that the majority of names are derived from Christian anthroponymic system. The most popular names of both generations are typical of the culture of the West or belong to a common Catholic and Orthodox set of Christian name giving. One of the characteristic elements of this period is giving the younger generation double names. However, double names are not registered in the baptismal books in the generation of fathers and mothers. It should be emphasized that traditional names were more commonly given to boys rather than girls. It might have been connected with the status of a male offspring in a family. Family tradition was linked to the tradition of giving derived names in many cases. What is interesting, female names were inherited from fathers and male names from mothers. The correlation between the Catholic population and Eastern Slavic tradition in the investigated period is not only indicated by the appearance of common to both religions names. Not only may it be caused by the presence of the nomination of the Orthodox saints’ names, but also by phonetically and graphically transformed name forms e.g. Eugenjusz, Marjan. Such name giving may result from the fact that people could not easily adapt to legal and language changes in a new historical and political situation. The processes occurring in the Catholic name giving from Korczowka and its region in the interwar period (1928–1938) do not differ in their basic principles from the processes in other Christian groups. The derived Christian names co-exist together with native inherited ones. The rule is that rarely given names or the ones not used in the naming system of the older generation, gain more popularity in the younger generation in the diachronic approach (Marjan, Jadwiga – ranked second most popular). The appearance of new, secular or not previously used names results from historical phenomena, social and cultural changes.

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Od leksykalnej homonimii międzyjęzykowej do paronimii

Author(s): Krzysztof Rutkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2013

The problems involved in separating Polish-Russian interlingual paronyms from a group of homonyms are described in this article. The aim of the research is to elaborate on specific criteria for selection of such lexical units. The most common articulation differences – including explanations of their reasons – are defined and discussed in the pairs of words that have both similar pronunciation and the same root. Finally, criteria for the selection of Polish-Russian paronyms are developed on the basis of regularly repeating (the most typical) phonetic asymmetries that could be interpreted from a historical perspective, e.g.: Pol. ó / Rus. o ≤ Pr.-Slav. *o (nałóg – налог), e/o ≤ * ˚ ъ (nosek – носок), -y/-ый, -ой ≤ * ˚ ъja ь (pozorny – позорный).

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Z zagadnień motywacji nazw roślin leczniczych w języku polskim i rosyjskim: nazwy motywowane warunkami środowiskowymi roślin

Author(s): Wanda Małgorzata Stec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2013

The paper refers to the issue of medicinal plants, their names and motivation. Linguistic nomination of the discussed group – with environmental conditions as motivational factors – is illustrated with numerous Polish and Russian examples (both botanical and common names), as well as Latin ones (scientific names). The author believes that the choice of a nomination model is not fortuitous. Specific features of plants and places where they grow influence word formation processes and provide information about the plant species in question.

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