A Possible Slavic Etymology of Hungarian komor ‘gloomy’ and komoly ‘serious’

Author(s): Ádám Galac / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

The Hungarian words komor ‘gloomy’ and komoly ‘serious’ are of unknown origin. The present paper aims to elucidate this question from various angles: it gives an overview of what the Hungarian etymological dictionaries say on this topic, shows that komoly is a relatively late development out of komor, spread by the language reformers (especially by Ferenc Kazinczy) at the end of the 18th century, and presents the attempts to prove the Turkic origin of komor. Finally, it offers a Slavic etymology based on the Slavic stem *chmur-, demonstrates that semantically the two words match perfectly, and dissolves the phonological doubts that may arise at first sight.

A Contrastive Analysis of Hungarian and Croatian Idioms Containing the Component Head

Author(s): Nina Spicijarić Paškvan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

This paper analyzes selected examples of idioms containing the component head in Croatian and Hungarian. Despite the fact that Hungarian and Croatian are not cognate languages, due to the universal experiences and to the fact that they belong to a common cultural circle, these languages have a large correspondence in their phraseology, which can be seen in somatic idioms as body parts represent a kind of universality. The aim of this paper is to show similarities and differences in lexical content and meaning of Croatian and Hungarian idioms containing the component head. The motivational basis of idioms is also discussed as well as the influence of basic and transferred meanings of the lexeme head on the meaning of idioms.

Izhorians: A disappearing ethnic group indigenous to the Leningrad region

Author(s): Elena Fell / Language(s): English Issue: 43/2019

There is nobody of research focusing specifically on Izhorians, a Finno-Ugrian minority group indigenous to the Leningrad region. Information about them is usually embedded in wider studies investigating Finnic minorities living at the intersection of Russia, Estonia and Finland. Consequently, it is fragmented, disjointed and marginalized, and available almost only in Russian, Estonian or Finnish. However, the most recent report on the state of the Izhorian language (which is part of a general study of Finnic minority languages in Russia) is available in English. Even though information about Izhorians lacks unity and cohesion, all researchers share the same concern, namely that Izhorians are disappearing as a distinct ethnic group. This concern manifests itself as a tendency to follow the dynamics of theIzhorian population, paying special attention to statistical data. Accordingly, this paper begins with a presentation of those data as a feature that connects all available research and proceeds to a commentary clarifying the reasons for the decline of this ethnic group. It also evaluates the current state of the Izhorian language. This review article presents a concise overview of selected research findings related to various issues concerning the study of Izhorians, including works by A. I. Kir′ianen,A. V. Labudin and A. A. Samodurov (2017); A. I. Kir′ianen (2016); N. Kuznetsova, E. Markus and M. Muslimov (2015); M. Muslimov (2005); A. P. Chush′′ialova (2010); F. I. Rozhanskiĭ and E. B. Markus (2013); and V. I. Mirenkov (2000).

Русско-венгерские паремиологические параллели (в поисках национальной специфики)

Author(s): Valery Mikhailovich Mokienko,Nikitina Tatiana Gennadievna / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2019

Proverbs and sayings, which have always been considered the favourite genre of folklore and the representatives of the national mentality proper, have recently attracted particular attention of linguists. These are attempts to objectively establish the so-called “paremiological minimum” of different languages, the desire to measure the cognitive potential of the parеmias, and a broad comparative study of the proverbs and sayings of related and unrelated languages as well as a characteristic of the pragmatic capabilities of the latter. The present paper offers a comparative typological analysis of proverbs and sayings in the Russian and Hungarian languages. Despite their different genetic origins, it is in paremiology that there is a fairly large number of parallels of different types. The purpose of the paper is to identify such parallels and their classification by origin. The sources of such parallels are different: above all, longterm interaction with the paremiological systems of German and other European languages, including Slavic. Slavic paremiology, on the one hand, was a “donor” of borrowing in the form of tracing, on the other hand, it itself absorbed many Finno-Ugric paremias. That is why Hungarian paremiology and paremiography are of particular importance for comparative studies. And not only because the Hungarian language has historically absorbed a pan-European (including Slavic) paremiological heritage but also because Hungarian paremiography has long been one of the richest treasures of Hungarian and European small folklore. These collections of Hungarian proverbs and sayings against a broad interlanguage background are one of the most significant paremiological traditions. The rich paremiological collections accumulated by Hungarian researchers provide an opportunity for a detailed comparison of Slavic and Hungarian proverbs and sayings against a common European background and at the same time to trace the traces of direct Slavic–Hungarian contacts. Of particular importance in such a comparative study is the dialectal material, both in Hungarian and Slavic. When comparing the paremias of Russian and Hungarian languages, linguistic details are especially important, allowing to demonstrate the adaptation of the common European heritage to the Slavic and Finno-Ugric languages and to determine the proportion of similarities and differences between the respective paremias. It is not only genetic inertia but also the field of variation of borrowed proverbs and sayings that forms their national specificity. A comparative study shows that the Slavic variant proverb series look more compact and almost unchangeable. The variation of the Hungarian proverbs reveals a much wider amplitude, although it also retains the “classical” version as the main one. Some of them can be considered nationally specific despite the universality and globality of the range of some proverbs. The quota of national specificity for each of the options is different but it is the paremiological details that contain the national colour reflected in the language.

In memoriam Prof. Dr. István Nyomárkay

Author(s): Đuro Blažeka / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2020

Kielisillan rakentamista 1980-luvulla – Lähivertailua ja Lähivertailuja

Author(s): Hannu Remes / Language(s): Finnish Issue: 30/2020

Maaliskuussa 1982 Joensuun korkeakoulun suomen kielen ainelaitokseen tuli Tampereen yliopistosta professori Heikki Paunosen ja tutkija Valma Yli-Vakkurin allekirjoittama kiertokirje, jossa tiedusteltiin halukkuutta osallistua suomen ja viron lauseopillisen tutkimushankkeen suunnitteluseminaariin. Seminaari oli määrä toteuttaa huhtikuun jälkipuoliskolla Helsingin yliopiston eläintieteellisellä tutkimusasemalla Tvärminnessä, ja osallistujiksi ajateltiin “lauseopin, morfologian ja semantiikan tutkijoita, viron kielen opettajia ja kieltä taitavia viron kielen ystäviä, jotka haluaisivat edistää projektia”. Lisäksi kaavailtiin parin kontrastiivisen kielentutkimuksen asiantuntijan mukanaoloa. Paunonen ja Yli-Vakkuri saivat hankkeen ideointiin arvokasta tukea työtoveriltaan, yliopistossa viron lehtorina toimineelta Ellen Uuspõllulta. Suomalaisvirolaisen tutkimushankkeen taustalla olivat epäviralliset keskustelut, joita oli käyty Turussa viidennen kansainvälisen fennougristikongressin yhteydessä elokuussa 1980.

Understanding Estonian phraseological units on the basis of Finnish: Contributing and misleading factors

Author(s): Pirkko Muikku-Werner,Jarmo Harri Jantunen / Language(s): English Issue: 30/2020

Finns reading Estonian texts have a variety of strategies to make sense of them. One is priming, which means that language users consciously or unconsciously rely on previous knowledge of associations that occur in phraseological units. We studied how the distance between a prime and its target and theme affects the understanding of unknown words and false friends, and how the restricted semantic category affects uncovering the target. The data of the study consist of translations of Estonian texts into Finnish, produced by native Finnish speakers with no theoretical or practical knowledge of Estonian. The participants were also asked about the process of reaching certain translation equivalents. The Finnish Language Text Collection was consulted for L1 patterning, in order to reveal whether the phraseological combinations in translation tests have counterparts in target language usage. The analysis revealed that there are several factors that affect understanding source text lexemes: external similarity, the distance of the items in a phraseological unit, the limitedness of the semantic category and, finally, world knowledge. The participants often mentioned orthographic similarity as a starting point in revealing the meaning. Other factors that contributed to understanding a foreign text were mentioned as well: context and semantic relations, which base on internalised metalinguistic knowledge, facilitated to associate the prime and the target. Finally, similar collocations to translation tests were found in the L1 data.

Language comprehension strategies of German language speakers with receptive skills in Hungarian

Author(s): Isabel Zins / Language(s): English Issue: 30/2020

This article deals with language comprehension strategies of German language speakers with receptive skills in Hungarian. This study explores how they come to terms with understanding two short Hungarian texts. To achieve this goal, I chose an introspective method of thinking aloud to visualize internal processes and strategies of comprehension. The results show that contextual knowledge and general knowledge of the world are highly important when it comes to (text) comprehension. In addition, the pronunciation of words must be properly memorized for the participants to be able to recognize them. Furthermore, the so-called “lack of contrast” plays an important role in the results, meaning that the participants often find the words familiar but are not able to access their meanings.

L2 Knowledge Facilitating L3 Learning: The Role of Russian Linguistic Factors in Understanding of Ukrainian by Estonians

Author(s): Anna Branets,Ad Backus / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This paper reports on an empirical investigation of how knowledge of L2 Russian can facilitate the acquisition of passive knowledge of L3 Ukrainian by speakers of L1 Estonian. The experiment was conducted with 30 speakers of Estonian as L1, who first filled in a sociolinguistic questionnaire, then completed a C-test in their L2 Russian, before carrying out a task testing their understanding of L3 Ukrainian words and texts, and providing some feedback in a debriefing session. We pay specific attention to the performance on the Russian C-test and how participants’ scores correlate with their results on the Ukrainian tasks. We also made an inventory of the grammatical and lexical elements that proved easy or difficult. The results show a positive correlation between the scores on the C-test and performance on the Ukrainian tasks. However, this correlation was lower for text understanding in Ukrainian than for understanding separate Ukrainian words. This suggests that a C-test score does not predict participants’ ability to understand the Ukrainian texts to a full extent, while it has better predictive value for the understanding of individual Ukrainian words. These findings suggest that learners use resources beyond just L2 lexical-grammatical knowledge in forming an understanding of texts in an L3 that is closely related to the L2.

Eesnimekasutuse reguleerimine ja selle mõju. Eesti ja Ungari näide

Author(s): Annika Hussar,Tiina Rüütmaa / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 1/2020

Estonian and Hungarian given name usage can be said to be at opposing ends of the name regulation scale: the almost regulation-free Estonian versus the very regulated Hungarian. Speaking of what determines what is accepted and what is not accepted in given name usage, we have to take into consideration on the one hand official regulations and on the other the traditions that have developed over centuries. The historical background of the given name usage of Estonia and Hungary is somewhat similar: both countries have gone through a period of the language modernisation, a period of conscious language development as well as a period of formation of native name stock, all connected to the rise of the national selfconsciousness. In this context the Hungarian name stock renewal can be seen as an indirect example to Estonia. The paper discusses the development as well as the current situation of the given name regulations in both Estonia and Hungary in comparison to the regulations of some other European countries. We can see similarities between the Estonian, Finnish and Swedish laws, all of which have few restrictions. This is in contrast to the Hungarian name law, which has features in common with that of Latvia – both require that names be spelled in accordance with spelling conventions of the respective national language, and also with Icelandic regulations, whereby given names can only be chosen from an approved list and traditions date back many generations. Estonian and Hungarian name practices have been influenced by certain features, among which the most important has been the timing. The tradition of spelling names in accordance with Hungarian spelling convention dates back to the end of the C18th and beginning of the C19th, and has changed little since. This is in contrast to Estonia, where the current spelling system was introduced only as late as the second half of the 19th century. At this time the replacement of traditional loan names by new foreign names had begun, which was then followed by the recommendation to adopt native names. The quick change in the name stock within some 50 years made it impossible to determine a list of given names to choose from and people had already got used to both the free name creation and a huge variety of different names.

Eesti ja saksa aktiivse värvisõnavara võrdlus

Author(s): Karin Zurbuchen / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 1/2020

The objective of the study that forms the basis of this article was to determine the active colour vocabulary in Estonian and German using cognitive and linguistic methods and to ascertain possible similarities and differences in colour words in both languages. The colour adjectives in Estonian and German were analysed from a word formation aspect with regard to both morphological structure and semantics. The comparative analysis was based on the results from an empirical study of two samples, one of which consisted of twenty native Estonian speakers and the other of twenty native German speakers. The morphological and semantical analysis and comparison of colour terms in Estonian and German helped highlight the differences and similarities in the formation of colour adjectives and in the active colour vocabulary in the two languages. The morphological analysis determined which colour adjectives took productive affixes and derivatives, which forms were preferred by the informants and which colour words belong to the active vocabulary of each language. The dominant terms for naming colours in both samples were basic colour terms. In the use of compound colour terms, both languages displayed more similarities and usage consensus than differences. The article also presents a semantical analysis of source-based compound colour terms, highlights the most common sources for comparison in the two languages, and shows which basic colour terms form the largest number of compound colour terms.

Август Альквист: трудности этнолингвистического перехода

Author(s): Aleksei Ye. Zagrebin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 02 (37)/2020

August Engelbrecht Ahlqvist (1826―1889) was a key figure in the Finnish, Finno-Ugric and Ural-Altaic linguistics of the second half of the 19th century who remained in the shadow of other well-known researchers for a long time. A. Ahlqvist formed as a scholar, political figure and writer under the influence of the Finnish national awakening movement. J. V. Snellman, the founder of the Finnish philosophy school, E. Lönnroth, the compiler of the epic poem “Kalevala”, and the romantic poet J. L. Runeberg were among his mentors. A. Ahlqvist spent his first expeditions in 1845―1855 taking down runic poems, lyrical songs, collecting speech samples, and making ethnographic observations among the Finns, Karelians, Vod's, Estonians and Veps. For the next three years he studied the languages and lifestyles of the Chuvash, Mordvins, Mari, Mansi, and Khants in the Middle Volga region and Western Siberia. His advanced ideas and field work experience allowed him to become a Professor of the Finnish language and literature at the Imperial Alexander University in Helsingfors in 1863. His book on “cultural words” in the Western Finnish languages brought linguistics and ethnography closer together. A. Ahlqvist was elected a corresponding member of the Imperial Saint-Petersburg Academy of Sciences in recognition of his achievements in the study of the Finno-Ugric peoples. Continuing his field research in 1877 and 1880, he visited the Khants and Mansi again, publishing his ethnographic notes in a separate volume. A. Ahlqvist founded the Finno-Ugric Society together with like-minded O. Donner and J. R. Aspelin in 1883, and the following year he was elected the Rector of the University in Helsingfors. A. Ahlqvist linked the past and future of the Finno-Ugric studies; he became one of the Finnish literary language creators. No less significant are A. Ahlqvist’s ethnographic observations, which contributed to establishing Finno-Ugric ethnography as an academic discipline.

Глагольная морфология в памятнике марийской письменности «Начатки христианского учения...» (1839/1841)

Author(s): Maria Klyucheva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 01 (40)/2021

The article deals with the verbal morphology in the monument of Mari writing “The Beginnings of Christian doctrine...” (published in Kazan in 1841). Among the earliest publications in the Mari language, this is one of the most voluminous texts, including Concise Sacred History and Catechism. The dialectal basis of the considered text is a Meadow dialect, at the same time the verbal morphology (mainly in the plural forms) differs significantly from the literary norm of the contemporary Mari (Meadow-Eastern) language. As a result of comparison with dialectological data, the correspondence of the verbal morphology in the monument to the conjugation in the western subdialects (Volga, Yoshkar-Ola) of the Meadow dialect is revealed. (These dialects turned out to be peripheral during the formation of the literary Meadow-Eastern Mari language in the 20th century. The verbal morphology of the literary language is based on the Morki-Sernur subdialect of the Meadow dialect and the Eastern dialect of the Mari language.) At the same time, the specific verb forms of Western subdialects of the Meadow dialect revealed in the monument and described in the article largely correlate with the conjugation in Western Mari dialects (Hill and North-Western), including the literary norm of the Hill Mari language. In general, the analysis of the verbal forms (with preliminary consideration of phonetic and vocabulary data) allows us to define the “The Beginnings of Christian Doctrine…” (1839 / 1841) as a most important early written monument of the Volga subdialect of the Meadow dialect and a valuable source on the historical dialectology of the Mari language.

Графический анализ вокализма первого слога в ненецких словарях из архива А. М. Шёгрена

Author(s): Polina I. Li / Language(s): Russian Issue: 01 (40)/2021

This article describes the graphic features of the first syllable vowels in Pustozersk and Obdorsk dictionaries from A. M. Sjögren’s archive. The graphic analysis is carried out against the background of the Proto-Samoyed reconstructions by J. Janhunen, Nenets current literary norm, “Nenets-Russian Dictionary” by N. M. Tereschenko, “A Morphological Dictionary of Tundra Nenets Language” by T. Salminen, and “Dialectal Dictionary of the Nenets Language” by S. I. Burkova et al. The dialectal features of the dictionaries are compared to the modern ones. The area of the Pustozersk region is referred to as the territory where the central (Bolshezemelskiy) dialect is spoken. In one word the graphic representation of the 18th century Pustozersk dictionary coincides with the form of the modern Eastern dialect word. At the same time, in another word, the Western variant is attested. The territory where the Obdorsk dictionary was recorded is the territory where the speakers of the Eastern dialects of the Nenets language reside. In the Obdorsk dictionary, a variant that coincides with the Eastern variant is recognized. Some outstanding consonant features of the first syllable are also taken into consideration. For example, in the Pustozersk dictionary, the initial /ŋ/ is not represented graphically, as in Proto-Samoyedic reconstructions. The Obdorsk dictionary contains three graphic variants of the modern initial /ŋ/. The results are presented in comparison tables. The word examples are presented accordingly. In many ways, the reflexes presented in the Pustozersk dictionary correspond with modern ones. The reconstructed diphthongoids are graphically represented by the diphthongs in the Pustozersk dictionary, which is not the case for modern dictionaries. In comparison with modern dictionaries, reflexes in the Obdorsk dictionary are more diverse. The diphthongs are also used in the place of reconstructed diphthongoids.

О водско-ижорской конвергенции и внутриидиолектном континууме (на примере одной кумулятивной руны)

Author(s): Fedor Rozhanskiy / Language(s): Russian Issue: 01 (40)/2021

This paper analyses different variants of the Votic chain rune Kuza piippu? “Where is the pipe?” in the context of Votic-Ingrian convergent processes. The main focus is made on the alternation between the lexemes “granary” and “fence”, and the structure of postpositional phrases containing these lexemes. The analysis is based on 13 variants of the rune published by several researchers, and three variants of the same rune recorded by the author in the village of Luuditsa of the Kingisepp region. In different variants of Kuza piippu?, three lexemes alternate within the same line: ratiz ‘granary’, aitta ‘granary’, and aita ‘fence’. The paper concludes that the first variant is the original Votic lexeme meaning ‘granary’, the second one is an Ingrian word that was not fully adopted by Votic, and the third variant emerged as a substitution of the unfamiliar Ingrian word with the phonetically closest Votic word. The Ingrian influence is observed also in the postpositional phrase with the discussed lexemes (‘under the granary ~ fence’). In the earlier versions of the rune, one finds the postposition alla ‘under’ as a separate word. In more recent variants, the head noun and postposition are usually written together as one word, with a formative n between them. This n is the Ingrian marker of the genitive case that was later re-analyzed as the initial consonant of the postposition (alla > nalla). The research has revealed that even in the variants recorded from the same speaker, the combination of Votic and Ingrian elements is almost arbitrary. The Votic-Ingrian ratio is not as much a characteristic of the idiolect, but rather a characteristic of a particular text. Therefore, the idiolect cannot be considered as a minimal sociolinguistic object. The author introduces the notion of “variolect” as a language variant with a particular ratio of languages in contact that characterizes a given speech sample. The mixing of Votic and Ingrian in the western Votic villages is a vivid example of iterative convergence. The Lower Luga Ingrian that emerged as a convergent variety on the basis of several Finnic languages (Ingrian and Votic, most of all), gives birth to new contact varie ties when acquired by Votic speakers.

Фонетические особенности ненецких заимствований в обско-угорских языках

Author(s): Anna Yu. Urmanchieva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 01 (40)/2021

The article deals with the Nenets borrowings in the Ob-Ugric languages: Khanty and Mansi. The main list of these borrowings was compiled by Wolfgang Steinitz in a work published more than half a century ago. In the paper I focus on phonetic features of the borrowed words. These borrowings represent predominantly the cultural vocabulary and are geographically quite limited being presented only in the northern dialects of Mansi and Khanty. Despite of this many of these words retain very archaic features of Nenets phonetics. This allows us to consider linguistic contacts between the Ob-Ugrians and the Nenets as rather old. Consideration of the corpus of the borrowings also allows to shed some light on the relative chronology of historical sound changes in the Nenets language. In the paper all Nenets loans in Mansi and Khanty are compared with their possible sources in Tundra Nenets and in Forest Nenets. This comparison shows that in Forest Nenets a potential corresponding word is often missing or looks phonetically too different and therefore can not be regarded as the source of borrowing. Thus, the donor language was definitely the Tundra Nenets, and not the Forest Nenets language. Mansi and Khanty words borrowed from Tundra Nenets may reflect the following archaic features of Nenets historical phonetics: final vowels (before reduction into °); final consonants, changed into the glottal stop in modern Nenets; intervocalic -m-, changed into - w- in modern Nenets; final glide -w, disappeared in modern Nenets. All words borrowed in Ob-Ugric languages from Nenets can be divided in two groups with respect to these parameters: some of them definitely preserve a more archaic state of Nenets phonetics, whereas others are phonetically much closer to modern Nenets words. Another feature that allows to evaluate the relative age of borrowings is the labialization of vowels in Kazym Khanty and in Mansi: in earlier borrowings Nenets vowel a has changed in Kazym Khanty and Mansi into a labial vowel, whereas in later ones it has preserved its original quality.

Словари пермских манси «аборигенов Сибири», собранные П. С. Палласом в XVIII веке

Author(s): Julia V. Normanskaja / Language(s): Russian Issue: 03 (38)/2020

As shown by J. Gulya, 18th-century Mansi dialects lacked the dialect traits which developed in the 19th—20th centuries and which have been described in detail by L. Honti. To the best of our knowledge, P. S. Pallas’s dictionaries of the Perm Mansi dialects have not been previously examined thoroughly from this point of view. This article identifies the place of the Perm Mansi dialects in the existing dialect classification. The analysis of the Perm Mansi dictionaries collected by P. S. Pallas allowed: 1) to refine the reconstruction of two PMans. phonemes: namely, the shape of the areas which preserve the reflexes a < PMans. *ā, ē̬ < PMans. *ī̮ indicates their innovative development. Thus, their PMans. forms should be reconstructed as *o and *ä instead; 2) to ascertain that two innovative developments in the Perm dialects are similar to the southern (Tavda) dialect: PMans. *o (*ā according to [Honti 1982]) > a, PMans. *u > o. However, the development of PMans. ɣ > 0, which takes place in the Perm Mansi dialects, is preserved only in the eastern and some of the western Mansi dialects, but not in the southern or northern dialects. In other cases, the Perm Mansi dialects preserve the archaic Proto-Mansi state. For instance, the Perm Mansi data make it possible to pinpoint the time of the PMans. change *u > o, which took place in the southern dialects. All in all, the analysis shows that the existing classification of the Mansi dialects describing their division, which took place about 1000 years ago, should be changed as it does not account sufficiently for the Perm dialects. According to this classification, some of the features place the Perm dialects into the southern Mansi group whereas other features identify these dialects as eastern or western. Furthermore, the article proposes that the development of PMans. *-ɣ should no longer be used as a criterion for classification since there is no PMans. reflex *-ɣ in all the northern Mansi texts of the 18th—19th centuries. Moreover, according to the field data, such a development is also present in the modern northern Middle Ob dialect. Thus, this feature does not divide genetically different dialect groups, but has an areal specificity. As for the other innovative features, the extinct Perm Mansi dialects are closest to the Tavdin dialect and should probably be assigned to this group. It becomes patent then that the currently extinct southern dialects extended almost 300 km westward to the Sverdlovsk region even as late as in the 18th century.

Дискуссионная заметка к статье Н. В. Сайнаковой и С. В. Ковылина «Материалы по топонимике Кетского Приобья как основа для выявления границ расселения диалектно-локальной группы šöšqum/šöšqup и подтверждения промежуточного статуса среднеобского...

Author(s): Julia V. Normanskaja / Language(s): Russian Issue: 03 (38)/2020

The discussion note shows that the classification of toponyms proposed by N. V. Saynakova and S. V. Kovylin does not seem entirely reliable from the point of view of southern and central dialectal features. This is due to the fact that, as the analysis of monuments in the 18th and 19th centuries shows, most of the features at that period did not allow to reliably distinguish between southern and central dialects, in particular, 1) southern t́ ~ central č́, 2) southern -j ~ central -l / -l'. The discussion note provides an alternative classification of toponyms based on reliable well-known dialectal features. As a result, we can conclude that the number of examples is not sufficient for convincing toponyms’ assignment to southern or central dialects or for proof of the dialects’ intermediate status. Only for the dialect of Ivankino village the intermediate status looks reliable, but it was known earlier.

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫЕ СУФФИКСЫ -NDU/-NDY/-ND(E) И -HINE В ЛИВВИКОВСКОМ И ЛЮДИКОВСКОМ НАРЕЧИЯХ КАРЕЛЬСКОГО ЯЗЫКА (НА ПРИМЕРЕ НАИМЕНОВАНИЙ БОЛЕЗНЕЙ)

Author(s): Tatiana Vladimirovna Pashkova,Aleksandra Pavlovna Rodionova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2021

The article examines one of the morphological aspects of the Karelian language, nominal suffixal word formation, with special focus on the Livvi and Ludic dialects. The research novelty is determined by the lack of studies of this matter using the Karelian materials. The relevance of the study is seen in the fact that morphology is one of the basic sections in the study of any language, and currently the Livvi dialect of the Karelian language is actively taught in the educational institutions of the Republic of Karelia, while the Ludic dialect is at the initial stage of the revitalization process. Since the aforementioned adverbs are closely related to each other, the conducted comparative study can lay the foundation for further research of their grammatical structure, namely the morphological word formation in the Karelian language. The research was carried out using comparative method and comparative historical analysis, for which the authors selected the names of illnesses and diseases from the dictionaries of the Karelian language, samples of the Karelian oral language, and the Open Corpus of Veps and Karelian languages (VepKar), as well as the corresponding lexical units collected from the speakers of the Livvi dialect. This choice of study material can be explained by the fact that the analysis of the names of illnesses and diseases makes it possible to trace the meaning and usage (attachment) of the suffixes -ndu/-ndy/-nd(e) and -hine, which the authors managed to achieve as the result of the study. Having examined the suffixes -ndu/-ndy/-nd(e) and -hine in the names of illnesses and diseases from the Livvi and Ludic dialects of the Karelian language, the authors concluded that they had identical meanings: the suffixes -ndu/-ndy/-nd(e) denote the result of an action or an action process, while the suffix -hine denotes the names of living and mythical creatures or phenomena (in this particular case, mythological diseases). It is interesting to note that when a complex deverbal affix -ndahine/-ndähine comprised of two suffixes (-ndu/-ndy/-nd(e) + -hine), each with its own semantic specifics, is added, they acquire the same semantic meaning: one part of lexemes starts meaning the result of an action, while another – a mythological creature or, as in this case, a certain mythological disease.

Finnish-Russian Thematic Dictionary for Healthcare Interpreters: The Principles and Challenges of Compilation

Author(s): Igor Kudashev,Olga Semenova / Language(s): English Issue: 27/2020

Increasing internationalisation has resulted in a growing need for community interpreting worldwide. Healthcare is one of the most challenging domains for community interpreters, as misunderstandings, especially those caused by the use of incorrect terminology, may at worst cost lives. In this paper, we describe the process of compiling the Finnish–Russian Thematic Dictionary for Healthcare Interpreters. We start by describing the theoretical background of dictionary planning and analysing the information needs of the target groups. We then justify the selection of dictionary sources, describe the mega-, macro-, and microstructure of the dictionary, and briefly report the details of the technical implementation of the project. Finally, we reflect on some challenges encountered in this project as well as its future prospects.