A „Székely Ektiviti” és „Székely aktív” társasjátékok nyelvi anyaga – marketing és nyelvészet kereszttüzében

Author(s): Katalin Lajos / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2016

The “Székely ektiviti” or Szekler Activity parlour game was created in 2009 and has been commercialized since 2011. The main difference between the Szekler activity game and the original version lies in the linguistic content (apart from some minor differences in the rules of the game). As its name suggests it contains 100 cards with Szekler dialect words (at least considered as such). In 2012 the creators added 50 more cards, thus the game consists of a total number of 300+150 tasks. The present study aims to analyse the linguistic content of the game, namely to examine how and in what sense are the words/phrases “Szekler” and what conscious or hidden ideologies are reflected in this language corpus. In order to have a comparative overview, the paper also analyses the linguistic content of a similar game originating from the same context – the „Székely aktív” game. The two parlour games are also discussed from a marketing perspective, focusing on how they fit into the branding trends prevailing across different economic sectors in Szeklerland.

A csángó: nyelv vagy nyelvjárás?

Author(s): István Kinda / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 02/2013

Peti Lehel – Tánczos Vilmos (szerk.): Language Use, Attitudes, Strategies. Language Identity and Ethnicity in the Moldavian Csángó Villages, Nemzeti Kisebbségkutató Intézet, Kvár, 2012.

A fordítás fordítása: a émet fordítás hatása a magyar visszafordítások kommunikatív dinamizmusára

Author(s): Zsolt Pápista / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2016

The present paper explores the influence of a Hungarian text’s German translation on the communicative dynamism of such texts that present Hungarian back-translations of the German translation. The analysis was conducted on five texts with emphasis on their theme-rheme division: on the first chapter of Dezső Kosztolányi’s novel Skylark (in Hungarian: Pacsirta), its German translation, as well as three students’ translations that were the Hungarian back-translations of the German translation. The analysis concluded that the German text did not have a relevant influence on the rhematic sections of the students’ translations. It did, however, greatly affect the number of thematic sections, as it (to a lesser extent) caused certain thematic sections (that are present in the original source text) to be missing in the students’ translations, while also (to a greater extent) leading to a rise in the overall number of thematic sections.

A hungarológia térhódítási esélyei az európai tudományos szférában

Author(s): András Zselyke / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 10/2012

Két összefoglaló jellegû, lényegre törõ cikket olvashatunk a Hitel ez évi, februári és júniusi lapszámaiban.

A nyelvjárások témaköre néhány Magyarországi és Vajdasági középiskolai tankönyvben

Author(s): Krisztina Szécsényi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2016

More than half of the Hungarian children have dialectal background (Kiss 2001), a fact that cannot be ignored by the teachers of Hungarian language. In the teaching of mother tongue the norms the standard variety are preferred, but it is also intended to point out the meaningful role of the dialects and to develop a positive attitude in children towards them. Pupils can acquire knowledge about the standard and the dialects as language varieties from their teachers and their school textbooks. Textbooks at the same time provide support for the teachers, too. The subject of the paper is the appearance of the topic of the dialects in secondary school textbooks. We examine the theoretical knowledge and practical exercises they contain, and if the textbook contributes to positive attitude towards the dialects. Our study covers the most commonly used secondary school textbooks in Hungary and Vojvodina.

A nyelvváltozatok bemutatása a szlovákiai magyar tannyelvű iskolák anyanyelvtankönyveiben

Author(s): Katalin Misad / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2017

In­ my­ paper­ I analyse­ the­ question­ of­ the­ demonstration­ of­ language­ variation­ in Hungarian­ textbooks­ of­ first­ language­ intended­ for­ primary­ and­ secondary schools­ in­ Slovakia.­ This­ time­ I only­ deal­ with­ aspects­ and­ methods­ of­ treatment of­ language­ dialects­ and­ contact­ varieties­ in­ these­ textbooks.­ Summing­ up­ the experiences­ of­ the­ research,­ we­ can­ determine­ that­ the­ examined­ textbooks transmit­ almost­ exclusively­ theoretical­ information­ on­ language­ dialects,­ while most­ of­ the­ study-aids­ convey­ negative­ stereotypes­ about­ the­ contact­ varieties.

A Palóc nyelvjárás kutatása a XIX. században

Author(s): Eniko Gréczi-Zsoldos / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2016

The history of researches into the Palocz dialect goes back to studies written in the 19th century, when Fabian Szeder published his articles on the Paloczes in the contemporary scholarly journal, Tudományos Gyűjtemény (Scientific Collection). Gyula Pap’s collection of Palóc népköltemények (Palocz Folk Poetry) was published in 1865. Sandor Pinter, a lawyer in Szecseny, published his book A palócokról (About the Paloczes) in 1880. The topic of the paper is the presentation of contemporary methods of collecting dialect material and consideration of certain interrelationships between the Northern contiguous Palocz region and the Southern enclaves.

A szeretet himnuszának diakrón elemzése a Magyar Bibliafordításokban

Author(s): Brigitta Szalma / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2016

The paper analyses St. Paul’s first letter to the Corinthians chapter 13, namely the well-known anthem of love in the different Hungarian Bible translations. The aim of the research is to compare the texts of the Döbrentei and Érdy Codices, and draw a parallel between the reading of the St. Paul›s letters in the translation of Benedek Komjáthy and the translations of János Sylvester, Gáspár Károli and György Káldi. The first part of the paper – by properly contextualising the translations of the analysed text – briefly presents the given historical age, in which the translation of the examined text was made, and presents the significant linguistic phenomena of the era. According to the author, the six text corpus compared can be interpreted as phases of standardization of the Hungarian language; the religious-denominational differences influenced the spelling of the texts on a large scale, simultaneously the historical and cultural historical events had considerable effect on the formation of text translations.

Agape vastete kujunemisest eesti piiblitõlgetes

Author(s): Sven-Erik Soosaar / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 61/2015

The development of the lexicon and conceptual system of Estonian has been influenced by the translation of Bible into Estonian. In order to achieve a more precise translation, new words were created either by means of borrowings or derivation using extant word stems. One of the central concepts in Christianity is agape (love), which was translated in early Estonian texts mostly by the word ‘arm’, which was a word with a rather broad meaning. During the Bible translation in the beginning of the 18th century, a new term ‘armastus’ was derived from the same-stem verb ‘armastama’, as an exact counterpart for Greek agape. In the later development of Estonian, the meaning of this term expanded. In the article, the development of Estonian counterparts of agape and the closely related concepts charis and eleos are examined with the comparisons of Latin and German terms, which were languages also used in Estonia during the missionary work and Bible translation.

Ainsuse pika ja lühikese sisseütleva valiku olenemine morfofonoloogilistest tunnustest – korpusanalüüs

Author(s): Ann Metslang / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 60/2014

This study examines the choice between the singular long and short illative case. The research question examined is which morphophonological variables are statistically significant for choosing the long or short illative case. The variables considered were gradation, the type and direction of gradation, the quantity degree of the base form, stem-final alternation and the stem-final alternation pattern, the final sound of the base form and the number of syllables in the genitive stem. The data for the study came from the Morphologically Disambiguated Corpus of the University of Tartu. A total of 1710 illative case forms were analysed. With the help of the computer software program R, a chi-square test and standardized Pearson residuals were performed. Based on the standardized Pearson residuals, the short illative is more likely when the word has gradation or quality alternation, the word has stem-end alternation, the final sound of the word’s base form is a consonant or there are more than three syllables in the genitive stem. Likewise, the short illative is more likely when the stem-final alternation pattern has words belonging to the seminar, redel, kringel, siil, sai, lagi, nali, sõber and õnnelik types. The long illative is more likely if the word has no gradation (or has quantity alternation), the word has no stem-final alternation (or the stem-final alternation pattern has the ending -(V)s, if the word has the ending -(V)ne or -ke, if the word belongs to the suur, küünal, soolane, uus–küüs, or käsi type, the final sound of the word’s base form is a vowel or there are three syllables in the genitive stem. The direction of gradation and the quantity degree of the base form are not statistically significant factors in the choice between the short and the long illative. However, the short illative form was preferred by all morphophonological variables in the analysed data. Future studies could perform a multivariate analysis with morphosyntactic and semantic variables.

Alternatiivseid etümoloogiaid II

Author(s): Lembit Vaba / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 61/2015

The article presents alternative etymologies for the estonian words hangeldama ‘to traffic in, speculate’ and nurg : nuru ‘blicca bjoerkna’. In Estonian etymological literature, it is claimed that the German borrowing hangeldama ‘to buy up and sell at a profit, to traffic in, speculate’ (< German handeln ‘to trade’) has undergone a phonological replacement likely on the example of hankima ‘to procure, obtain’. However, the secondary -ng- in the place of the expected -nd- is observed in a number of other borrowings, which suggests that this is a widespread optional replacement. the article gives examples of this replacement in other borrowings, such as angel ‘part of the wheel and axle of an anchor, a well, or similar, around which the wheel and axle is rotated’ – andel(i) id., cf. Low German, Dutch handel ‘handhold’, German Hantel ‘handhold’ etc. the ng / nd variation appears in native stems with a particular phonological structure, with overlapping or very similar fields of meaning, e.g. kangla : kan´gla, kangli: kan´gli – kandla : kan´dla / kandle, kandli : kan´dli ‘armpit’ and others. the nk / ng : nt / nd variation is typical of onomatopoetic/descriptive stems with over- lapping or very similar fields of meaning, e.g. põngerjas – põnder / põnderjas / põnderlas ‘brat, small child’: põng(e)- and others. In Estonian etymological literature, it is claimed that the origin of the fish nurg : nuru ‘blicca bjoerkna’ is unclear. this name is quite widespread. Also recorded is the variant stem nurr, nurra- : nurrakala. Wiedemann’s dictionary also gives the variant nuuru-k[ala], which has not been recorded in later collections of dialect data. the article draws attention to the Latvian name ņura for the loach (Nemachilus barbatus), which Latvian fish name researcher Benita Laumane regards as a borrowing, from Estonian nurg. in many languages, the names for loaches include numerous variants deriving from the notion of “beard”, in reference to the barbels around the fish’s mouth. There is no doubt that the Latvian nura, of estonian origin, also has its roots in this idea, assuming an etymological connection between estonian nurg and the word family nurrud, nurru-, nurri-, nuru- and nuri/karvad ‘whiskers, moustache’. This Estonian word family derives from the German loan base Schnurr, which appears in e.g. the compound word Schnurrbart ‘whiskers, moustache’. German Schnurrbart also denotes the fish Enchelyopus cimbrius or Gadus cimbricus, belonging to the cod family. In the Latvian name ņura ‘loach’, the word-initial consonant cluster has been reduced to a single consonant, indicating that this is an indirect loan via Estonian, not a direct loan from German. This loanword is interesting, because it demonstrates that Estonian nurr / nurg could at some point have been used to refer to the loach or some other type of fish with “whiskers”. The article also draws attention to the fact that the -g in the variant nurg is non-etymological, having developed by way of proportional analogy, e.g. urg : uru = x : nuru. Non-etymological -g after r is found in Estonian in e.g. kiirg : kiira ‘crown (of the head); nape; frontal bone’, neerg ‘kidney’, suhkarg ‘dried bread, rusk’.

Anadili Rusça Olanların Türkçe Sözlü Anlatımında Karşılaştıkları Sorunlar

Author(s): Hüseyin Polat / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 166/2015

Turkish and Russian are in the different language groups of families in terms of structure and origin. This brings about native Russians language to encounter difficulties in both written and oral language of Turkish. It is known that each language has its own characteristics especially in spoken language and it can vary from region to region, even can vary from person to person. In this study, mistakes of Russian native speakers in oral expressions of Turkish language are investigated. Research consists of the introduction, goals, methods, findings, reviews and results sections. In this search was carried in TOMER (Turkish Language Teaching Center) belong to Ankara University and Gazi University and in preparatory class in Turkey -Kirghiz University, the mistakes of Russian native speakers in Turkish language oral expression are determined. These errors were observed generally in articulation, emphasis, toning, Turkish grammar and negative transfer.

Areal Distribution of Veps ­Topographical Vocabulary

Author(s): Irma Ivanovna Mullonen,Nina Grigorievna Zaitseva / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

The paper is based on data provided by the Linguistic Atlas of the Veps Language, which is currently under preparation at the Institute of Linguistics, Literature and History of the Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences. It analyzes five linguistic maps representing the areas of some items of Veps topographical vocabulary which are etymologically closely related to the Finnic languages. Nowadays the vocabulary is rapidly disappearing due to the loss of the indigenous lifestyle and the mother tongue of the people. Therefore, our study includes not only proper lexical data, but also some place names as well as some items of the Veps lexical substrate observed in Russian dialects. This has helped us to more accurately define the historical areas of some Veps terms. Mapping has revealed many details of the lexemes areal distribution, obviously caused by ­different reasons from geographical to administrative and political ones. The study has established several etymological layers of words with topographic semantics. A few proper Veps terms (e.g. purde) are considered to be of special value as they show the ­lexical potential of the Veps language. Also, some lexemes of unclear etymology (uhring, poźe) were found, which might have existed in the pre-Veps substrate. The paper describes some possible ways to interpret their ­etymology.

Avatud küsimused suulises argivestluses

Author(s): Andra Rumm / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 11/2016

The purpose of the article is to research the social actions of wh-questions in Estonian everyday conversations and find out whether there is a connection between the form of the question and the social action. Wh-questions are formed with question words (mis ‘what’, kuidas ‘how’, kes ‘who’ etc.) and the question does not contain an answer. The material consists of 271 extracts collected from the Corpus of Spoken Estonian of the University of Tartu. The extracts were analysed using the methodology of conversation analysis. There were four social actions performed by the wh-questions analysed: Request for information (144), Rhetorical question (65), Repair (55), and Outloud (5). Hence, not all of the wh-questions are related to the prototypical role of seeking information. Moreover, a wh-question can perform more than one action at the same time. For example, it can function as a Request for information and simultaneously convey a statement. What is more, social actions have central performers among form variants. Requests for information and Rhetorical questions are typically formed as sentences and Repairs as phrases. As Repairs are closely linked to prior talk they can be formed by minimal linguistic units. However, a preferred type of Repair (viz. other-initiated self-repair) is formed as a phrase, whereas a dispreferred type – self-initiated other-repair – is formed as a sentence. While Requests for information use a different range of q-words, Rhetorical questions are formed mainly by the q-words mis ‘what’, or miks ‘why’; and Repairs by the q-words mis ‘what’, kus ‘where’, or the particle ah ‘huh’.

Between CIFU XII and CIFU XIII

Author(s): Tiina Klooster,Gerson Klumpp / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

Between CIFU XII and CIFU XIII

BULGARİSTAN’DA TÜRKOLOJİNİN GELİŞMESİNE HİZMETİ GEÇEN TÜRK DÜNYASI AYDINLARI

Author(s): Hayriye Süleymanoglu Yenisoy / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 14/2012

Turkology studies in Bulgaria in scientific context have started in the first years of the last century. In 1906 beginning with the establishment of a course of Turkish language at History-Philology Faculty of The Sofia University certain steps have been made towards scientific research. With time, the published works of turkologists from countries like Russia, Poland and Hungary have contributed to the field. After The World War II a Soviet model was buildt in Bulgaria leading to substantial changes in all fields. In the context of Y. V. Stalin’s National Question Theory certain rights were given to national minorities. Having the largest population after Bulgarians, Turkish minority was provided with opportunities for development in educational, science and cultural fields. In 1952 with the establishment of Turkish Philology at Philology Faculty of The Sofia University (afterwards renamed to Turkology) as an independent department, Turkology studies were placed on a scientific basis. Leaded by Azerbajdzanian turkologists, reputed intellectuals from Turkic World have contributed essentially to the raising of specialist among the Turks in the field of Turkology. Courses were given in The Turkology Department, young students were educated in Baku, exchange visits were made between students of Department of Kazakh Language and Literature of Alma-Ata University and Sofia University Turkology Department, research personnel were trained in Baku and Alma-Ata. However, all relationships with the Turkic Republics of the former Soviet Union ended after the assimilatory ethnic oppression on Bulgarian Turks.

Code-switching in emergent grammars

Verb marking in bilingual children’s speech

Author(s): Virve-Anneli Vihman / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

This paper examines the code-switching of verbs in the speech of two children bilingual in Estonian and English (aged 3 to 7). Verbs typically have lower rates of code-switching than nouns, due to their central role in argument structure, lower semantic specificity, and greater morphological complexity. The data examined here show various types of morphological mixing, and include examples which violate the prediction from the literature that only finite verbs bear inflectional morphology from the other language, suggesting that children do not adhere to the same constraints as adults when code-switching.

Comments on Proto-Uralic Etymology: Derivations and Lexemes

Author(s): Patrick O’Rourke / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2016

This article consists of two sections: in the first section, I provide additional evidence of the proposition made in Luobbal Sámmol Sámmol Ánte (Aikio) 2012 that derivational suffixes prevented the secondary lengthening of low vowels in Proto-Finnic when preceded by a single voiced consonant in an e-stem word. I will argue for this restriction by discussing the etymology of Estonian mäletama ’to ­remember’. In the second section, I suggest a new interpretation for the etymologies of Proto-Finnic *nälvä ’slobber’ and Proto-Uralic *tulka ’wing, feather’ as well as new etymologies for Finnish muikea ’sour’, muju ’smile’, muikku ’vendace (Coregonus albula)’ and muisku ’kiss’ deriving from Proto-Uralic *muja ’to become happy; happiness, smile’.

Dėl vietos prieveiksmių bura-, ora- ir şura- vartosenos turkų kalboje

Author(s): Beata Butkeviciute / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 7/2015

The paper deals with the Turkish deictic locative adverbs bura- (‘here’) ora- (‘there’) and şura- (‘here’, ‘there’). Some researchers (Lyons 1977, Levinson 1983, Anderson and Keenan 1985) claim that şura- occupies an intermediate position between bura- and ora-. Some others (Küntay and Özyürek 2002, 2006) note that şura- is neutral with regard to distance specifications. This investigation has identified a rather problematic usage of the deictic locative adverb şura-. Taking into account that contemporary Turkish language has gradually developed from a three-member deictic system into a two-member system, the paper attempts to more thoroughly investigate the usage of the locative adverb şura- and describe the prevailing deictic system in the Turkish language

-des and -mata converbs in Estonian dialects

Author(s): Helen Plado / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 60/2014

The article analyses the usage of two Estonian converbs (the prototypical –des converb and its negative counterpart the -mata converb) in Estonian dialects. The data is collected from the morphologically tagged texts of the University of Tartu’s corpus of Estonian dialects. Compared to written texts, converbs in spoken (dialectal) speech are infrequent; also, -mata converbs are rarer than -des converbs. -des converbs are most used in the Western, Coastal and Insular dialects, whereas the -mata converb is more frequent (although still rare) in the Tartu, Võro and Western dialects. In dialects, converbs are used in fewer functions than in Standard Estonian. The -des converb is used most often to indicate manner, but also as a temporal adverbial; the -mata converb conveys mostly the meaning of manner or means (all cases that answer the question how?). -des converbs indicating manner are less frequent in the North-Eastern and Coastal dialects, while in South Estonian dialects (Võro, Seto and Mulgi), there are more manner converbs and fewer temporal converbs. The relatively frequent usage of short adverb-like manner converbs in dialects is also the main difference from the use of converbs in Standard Estonian. However, this is probably not a characteristic of dialects, but rather of spoken language, which tends to favor the usage of shorter and more grammaticalized and lexicalized converbs. In dialects, there are both implicit and explicit subject converbs. Although explicit subject converbs are rather rare and these are used in more or less set phrases (the most used are päikese tõustes ‘when the sun is rising’ and X’i nähes ‘in the presence of X’, in the Western dialect also ‘as X remembers’), in the Coastal dialect, the verb mäletama ‘remember’ can also be used in this construction (this is not possible in Standard Estonian, where only limited transitive verbs can form an explicit subject converb construction). The implicit subject converbs in dialects are similar to the corresponding construction in Standard Estonian.