We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

4.50 €

Romantyzm, melancholia, wykluczenie. Zuzanna Ginczanka i *** [Non omnis moriar…]

Author(s): Agata Araszkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The book is a successful attempt to renew research on the literature of war and occupation conducted so far, and at the same time to present the phenomenon of the underground University of Warsaw and its educational, academic, and cultural activity in particular with regard to literary studies. The authors describe the profiles of young artists for whom the ideas of Romanticism were a constant point of reference in their writing and in the armed combat against the occupier.

More...

4.50 €

Wystawy na temat wojny i okupacji w Muzeum Literatury im. Adama Mickiewicza

Author(s): Maria Dorota Pieńkowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The book is a successful attempt to renew research on the literature of war and occupation conducted so far, and at the same time to present the phenomenon of the underground University of Warsaw and its educational, academic, and cultural activity in particular with regard to literary studies. The authors describe the profiles of young artists for whom the ideas of Romanticism were a constant point of reference in their writing and in the armed combat against the occupier.

More...

4.50 €

Formy grzecznościowe w konstruowaniu zadań testowych – analiza autorska na przykładzie języka tureckiego

Author(s): Kamila Barbara Stanek / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

One of the elements tested during an exam is the ability to interact in particular communication situations. This skill is not only based on understanding the senders’ message (i.e. words) and the context of the utterance (situation), but on the knowledge of the conventional typical answer. The Turkish language, which, like most oriental languages, has a very extensive system of polite expressions, forces its users to know about 100 standardized formulas.

More...

4.50 €

Ekspresja romantyczna jako formowanie

Author(s): Magdalena Saganiak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article deals with a widespread belief that combines romantic expression with lyricism and external experience with an epic quality, showing that the expression of inner experience also leads to the emergence of epic and dramatic forms that reveal the dynamics of transformation and the development of an experiencing subject. This issue is contemplated against the background of the views of F. von Schlegel, J.G. Herder, F.W.J. Schelling, M. Mochnacki, A. Mickiewicz and J. Słowacki. The most important feature which the soul discovers by communing with itself in the inner experience is the sense of existence as a creative entity capable of acting out of its own power and leading to consciousness that enables to invent language and forms of art. One of the cognitive gains of the soul is its union with the spiritual world or the creative powers of nature, whose disclosure can take the form of narratives about the creation of the world. A separate issue discussed in the article is Mickiewicz’s late approach to expression, in which it becomes an act understood as a synthesis of the internal world with the external one that takes place in the name of the Truth.

More...

4.50 €

O Mickiewiczowskim „ja”. Szkic

Author(s): Jarosław Mariusz Ławski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The principal domain of the author of this essay is the concept of a lyric subject throughout Adam Mickiewicz’s career path as a lyrical poet. In this essay the author tries to grasp the continuity of the lyric subject all through Mickiewicz’s poetic output as well as to emphasise the evolution of this lyric subject in the proceeding stages of Mickiewicz’s poetic development with a particular attention to the meaning and trend of this subject. The author delineates his own definition of a poetic piece – it is a reflection of life experience, of life story but not as an abstract record isolated from the lyric subject (‘I’). It is its integral element and its emanation. The conclusion is that the lyric ‘I’ does not exist separate from the body of the text and the text does not exist without lyric ‘I’. The convergent point of the lyric subject that undergoes changes and its textual emanation is presented in the poem "Widzenie" [A Vision]. It is an account of a mystical state or else a mystical perception expressed by means of a verse form. According to the author of this essay, the poem represents the most complex form of expression of cognitive depth which is revealed in Mickiewicz’s lyric poetry.

More...

4.50 €

O człowieczeństwie Boga i bóstwie człowieka. Paralele kreacjonistyczne w liryce Mickiewicza

Author(s): Olaf Krysowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Looking at the creations of the figure of God in Mickiewicz’s lyric poetry, one can notice that they are closely related to the images of a man who aspires to be treated as an important, unique subject and a reflection of the Creator. In this context not only do the ways of thinking about God, the epithets that the poet attributes to Him, become interesting, but also the numerous parallelisms between Him and the man in the lyric, which allow us to look at the human individual in the perspective of creative predispositions and talents. An idea of an artistic genius plays an important role in thinking about God and man in Mickiewicz’s poems. In these poems being an artist appears to be a divine and human virtue at the same time. The artist resembles God in the manner He creates things, but the artist suffers being rejected by people. Like wise,anything that is divine such as infinite wisdom, love, goodness, was suffering in Christ who was surrounded by enmity and misunderstanding. This kind of approach to God-man relationship encourages to interpret Mickiewicz’s poems from the point of view of the Schellingian idea of genius on the one hand, and from the point of view of the attitude described by Thomas à Kempis in his work The Imitation of Christ on the other.

More...

4.50 €

Liryka Mickiewicza: co wiemy, co wiedzieć powinniśmy (o stanie badań nad poezją romantyka)

Author(s): Bernadetta Kuczera-Chachulska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The essay presents a research method in the study of Mickiewicz’s poetic output which is to throw light on the mysteries shrouding Mickiewicz’s poetic art. The paper also shows Czesław Zgorzelski’s accomplishments in relation to Juliusz Kleiner and Wacław Borowy’s studies. Their studies indicate the importance of continuity in the study of poetry. The scholars reveal the fact that giving a thought to an artistic structure of lyric remains in a close relation with decoding its meaning. The author calls for productive continuity of this approach in the study of Mickiewicz’s poetic output disputing, at the same time, some other approaches that occur in Mickiewicz studies and other literary studies as well – particularly the ones which take into account ‘concepts’ of literary works in isolation from the complexity of their literary form.

More...

4.50 €

"Zima miejska". Mickiewicz w „czadzie uciech miejskich”

Author(s): Tomasz Jędrzejewski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

"Zima miejska" [Winter in Town] has so far been interpreted mainly in categories of classicistic debut of the romantic poet. The crucial issue in this perspective is Mickiewicz’s attitude to classicism. This article assumes a different approach which is the reinterpretation of the poem in the light of rococo aesthetics. In this way we can abandon the disputable question on the relations between classicism and romanticism (which appears to be insignificant in this particular poem) and emphasise the importance of Mickiewicz’s debut poem.

More...

4.50 €

Mickiewiczowska "Świteź" we współczesnej recepcji – zagadnienie tożsamości romantycznej Litwy

Author(s): Maria Kalinowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author compares three contemporary ways of reading and understanding Mickiewicz’s ballad "Świteź". The comparison is based on essays writtten by Mieczysław Limanowski (1930s) and Jarosław Marek Rymkiewicz (1990s) as well as the film "Świteź" by Kamil Polak (2010/2011). These three approaches to interpretation of "Świteź" and its distinct imagination and culture related idiomatic expression trigger a regional culture code for the reception of "Świteź" with a specific emphasis on the close vicinity of Nowogródek. All the artists mentioned above seem to dwell upon a similar area, yet there are fundamental differences among their interpretations. These differences result from various intellectual and generational backgrounds they represent. One of the most important aspects discussed in the paper deals with a gradual erosion of romantic images of Lithuania.

More...

4.50 €

Mowa Starca w I części "Dziadów": krótka nota o dwu powiązanych kontekstach

Author(s): Jerzy Fiećko / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author analyses the speech produced by the Old Man – one of the characters from Mickiewicz’s unfinished and unpublished during his lifetime drama "Dziady" [Forefathers’ Eve] Part I. The speech includes a pessimistic interpretation of the nature of human fate from the existential and metaphysical point of view. At the same time the author examines this particular part of the drama in terms of reoccurrence of nihilist elements and in the last part of this paper the author compares concepts the Old Man puts forward in his speech with the fundamental ideas Arthur Schopenhauer outlines in his philosophical treatise "The World as Will and Representation" (1819). The analysis is concluded with a question implying a thesis that the Old Man’s worldview coincides with the idea of an ‘absolute pessimism’ convention better than Schopenhauer’s philosophy itself.

More...

4.50 €

„Pamiątki kochanka”. Próby utrwalania uczuć w kilku wierszach wileńsko-kowieńskich

Author(s): Jerzy Borowczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper analyses three poems and two entries (an album entry and a dedication) by Adam Mickiewicz written during his Vilnius-Kaunas period (1817-1824). These are: the writings include a sonnet "Przypomnienie" [Reminiscence], poems "Do malarza" [To a Painter] and "Do M*** Wiersz napisany w 1823 rok" [To M*** A Poem written in 1923] as well as an entry in Maria Puttkamerowa’s album and a dedication for her in the second poetry collection by Mickiewicz. The selected compositions do not belong to any bigger poetic entireties which makes it possible to examine how in these isolated texts the poet seeks to answer the question of what is happening with human feelings. The affect theory (A. Green, I. Armstrong) has enabled to analyse the tensions that come to the surface in the selected poems and strains that occur between feelings and emotions on the one hand and the reason and the act of writing on the other. It turns out that by using the category of memory as well as meta-literary reflections, Mickiewicz makes an attempt at verbalizing feelings, even though he is aware that the full victory of poetry over affects is neither desirable nor possible.

More...

4.50 €

Resztka liryczna

Author(s): Zbigniew Majchrowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article comments on the issues of editorial and philological nature but predominantly semantic and philosophical ones with regard to "Dziady" [Forefathers’Eve] Part IV by Mickiewicz. The ‘lyrical scrap’ in question refers to an eighteenth-century verse referred to as the ‘kiss stanza’ (the term ‘strofa pocałunkowa’ was coined by Mickiewicz himself) which compares an experience of a first truly exalted kiss to Holly Communion. Due to censor’s decision this particular passage had not been included in the original copy of Forefathers’ Eve in 1832. And with years this decision had been sustained in canonical editions of collective works such as National Edition elaborated by S. Pigoń or Anniversary Edition elaborated by Z. Stefanowska and by almost all editors. An exception makes the edition elaborated by J. Kallenbach in 1920 and an earlier edition of a theatre script used by Wyspiański in his stage production in 1901. The author of this paper suggests to introduce the ‘kiss stanza’ into contemporary editions of Forefathers’ Eve Part IV and his proposal has been based not only on philological grounds. Two of the equally important arguments to support it. The first is that of dramatic perception of Forefathers’ Eve in the plays staged by Wyspiański (1901), K. Swinarski (1973) and J. Kreczmar (1978) and the other one is that of J. Grotowski’s concepts of theatre work. By means of these arguments the author unveils the interpretative consequences of restoring the missing passage into the main body of the text of Forefathers’ Eve.

More...

4.50 €

„Przyjaźń” i „kochanie” w wierszach Mickiewicza

Author(s): Michał Masłowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The following article on the poem Niepewność [Uncertainty] deals with the context of feelings such as love and friendship among Philomates as well as in Mickiewicz’s work. As far as friendship is concerned, the most important poem is the "Oda do Młodości" [Ode to Youth]; as to the construction of imagery of love, the main metaphor which appears in the "Dziady" [Forefathers’ Eve] Part IV, is that of the volcano. Although it sounds like a joke, the anacreontic Uncertainty actually tackles a serious subject. Mickiewicz breaks up with the topic of impossible love and gives the picture of happy and fulfilled love. Putting aside biographical details makes it possible to bring out from the text the feeling of longing for intimacy and the lack of contradiction between being friends and being in love. The intimacy of both relationships gives it a universal dimension.

More...

4.50 €

Mickiewiczowskie wariacje sonetowe

Author(s): Jacek Brzozowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author analyses the poems in which Mickiewicz abandons the model of an Italian sonnet that dominates his poetic output. The poems in question include two sonnets from the collection published in Moscow in 1826 – "Cisza morska" [Becalmed] and "Burza" [The Storm], one of the poems unpublished by the author himself – "Jastrząb" [The Hawk], and also "Góra Kikineis" [Mount Kikineis]; three sonnet variations – "Do Samotności" [To Loneliness], and "Snuć miłość..." [Spin Love…] as well as the sonnet-like part of a lyric poem "Nad wodą wielką i czystą…" [Over the Water Grand and Clear...]. The analysis of these poems renders it possible to conclude that both his departure from the sonnet model as well as the applied sonnet variations become a significant means for Mickiewicz to convey the content which is either extremely difficult or almost impossible to verbalise in a discursive manner. What is more, they are also a sign of a new type of poetic expression.

More...

4.50 €

Natura „metafory unaoczniającej” – "Sonety krymskie" Adama Mickiewicza

Author(s): Wiesław Rzońca / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author of the article comments on the character of ‘pictorial metaphor’which Mickiewicz adopted in his poetic cycle Sonety krymskie [Crimean Sonnets].References to poetic symbolism and the 19th-century theory of poetic image aresupposed to show that the great poet’s artistic techniques enter the context ofpostmodernist methodology as well as anthropological function of distinctness.This has led to demonstrate ‘the language of silence’ as an evidence of ingenuityof Mickiewicz’s cycle throughout the 19th century.

More...

4.50 €

Symetria i entropia. Zarys antropologii "Sonetów krymskich"

Author(s): Dariusz Seweryn / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The theoretical basis of the dissertation is formed by the thesis that the opposition between the systems of conceptual representation proper to the artistic high culture and the representations from the domain of the so-called traditional cultures does not have a structural character – therefore, the conceptual apparatus developed by contemporary social sciences finds adequate and direct application in the study of literary literacy of the first half of the 19th century. "Sonety Krymskie" [Crimean Sonnets] is one of such very works in which an important set of notions, activated from below the level of conscious stylization, turns out to be fully coherent with conceptualizations developed much later by sociology and cultural anthropology. In particular, an initiatory aspect of the Crimean cycle can be precisely described in the technical terms of anthropology and sociology of knowledge. The central position of "Ałuszta w dzień" [Alushta by Day] in this study corresponds to the key role of this sonnet in relation to the entire cycle. Although the method adopted does not question the historical-literary conventions of research discourse, it offers an extension of the semiotic perspective. Among the effective, however side-effect, results of this approach lies the reformulation of the problem of the relationship between the writing practice of romanticism and folklore.

More...

4.50 €

"Reduta Ordona". Rzeczywistość – historiozofia – mit

Author(s): Andrzej Fabianowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

"Reduta Ordona" [Ordon’s Redoubt] is one of the most widely recognised poems by Mickiewicz. The poem has frequently been referred to in literature and therefore it has become a sort of a myth which shows in a very apologetic and absurd manner the most crucial features of Polish ethos – patriotism, struggle for independence and the willingness to die for all these values. Being a miniature of a battle epic poem, Ordon’s Redoubt has been examined in terms of how closely Mickiewicz copied the reality of those military events. In many cases the reality presented in the poem turned out to be rather different from the historical truth – Ordon did not die from the explosion. Apart from historical inconsistencies, a dispute concerning the literal shape of the poem can also be triggered. Writing the poem, Mickiewicz used his own poetic experience but also S. Garczyński’s experience of romantic military attempts. Yet, he had gone far beyond the role models who inspired him, creating a powerful and universal catastrophic vision. Multiple perceptions of the myth, which Ordon’s Redoubt undoubtedly is, are the reasons for a number of different ideas to commemorate the place of the battle which itself becomes a metaphor of the fate of the entire world regardless of having no strictly defined boundaries as an area of the battle.

More...

4.50 €

Czy w inwokacji "Pana Tadeusza" Mickiewicz użył rymów częstochowskich? Kilka dopowiedzeń z klamrą liryczną w tle

Author(s): Marek Piechota / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The question whether Mickiewicz used a doggerel verse in "Pan Tadeusz’s" invocation posed by a layperson in the subject of literature immediately implies poet’s incompetency in the art of rhyme. Hence it has become a springboard for a discussion accounting for the nature and function of the rhymes employed in Mickiewicz’s invocation. The allegations of applying a doggerel verse have been set forth by a number of other literary historians against a number of otherliterary works, among others, M. Piwińska – against Maria by A. Malczewski or J. Brzozowski – against Lausanne lyrics by Mickiewicz. A detailed study, taking into consideration a definition of a doggerel verse, proves unambiguously that the answer to the question posed at the beginning of this essay should be a definite ‘No’. Mickiewicz did not descend in his poetic skill yet, aiming at the simplicity of a text as well as the expression of real feelings, he resorted to this unsophisticated type of rhyme.

More...

4.50 €

„Ja” i projekty egzystencji w "Lirykach lozańskich" Mickiewicza

Author(s): Leszek Zwierzyński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This paper attempts to interpret "The Lausanne Lyrics" cycle, together with its lyrical subject, in a multidimensional manner. On the one hand, the article approaches "The Lausanne Lyrics" as a number of contexts by means of which it tries to bring out the lyrical ‘I’ from its incomplete and unauthentic entitativity and to bring into existence fresh and transcendent shapes of the ‘I’. All this involves metamorphosis, decentering, divert perspective as well as non-anthropomorphic forms of lyrical ‘I’. On the other hand, the article analyses "The Lausanne Lyrics" as a form of Lausanne retreat which reveals itself as an existential and spiritual insight into lyrical subject’s soul that the author’s ‘I’ employs in the cycle. What makes this article complete is the description of text forms that reflect various lyrical subjects Mickiewicz applied in "The Lausanne Lyrics" and which demonstrate: linearity, parallelism, and external and internal circularity. They are described as directly and explicitly available forms of the symbolic lyrical ‘I’ of the cycle.

More...

4.50 €

Cykle poetyckie Adama Mickiewicza i Cypriana Norwida. Cykliczność, asocjacyjność, kołowość – różnice w realizacjach

Author(s): Karol Samsel / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of this study is the accurate characterization of diegesis and the analysis of relations between diegesis and time within so called poetic cycles written by Mickiewicz and Norwid – especially in "Zdania i uwagi" [Sentences and Comments] and "Vade-mecum". By means of this study the author is trying to prove that Mickiewicz’s poetic cycle, its structure and methods of ordering, and similarly – that Norwid’s poetic cycle, its structure and intention become the frames for an idea to push romantic poetics towards the modern one. On that account romantic poetics – specifically ‘from Mickiewicz to Norwid’ – is prima facie of the poetic cycle as well as constantly evolving and transforming recurring poetic subjects. The article attempts to develop intriguing theoretical clues presented by Rolf Fieguth in his book titled "Rozpierzchłe gałązki. Cykliczne i skojarzeniowe formy kompozycyjne w twórczości Mickiewicza" [the original title: Verzweigungen: Zyklische und assoziative Kompositionsformen bei Adam Mickiewicz (1798-1855)].

More...