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Kobiecy dyskurs podróżniczy na przykładzie "Mojej wyprawy na Pamiry w roku 1929" Jadwigi Toeplitz-Mrozowskiej

Author(s): Agata Zawiszewska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article proposes a critical reading of the report from a journey to Russia by Jadwiga Toeplitz-Mrozowska "La Prima spedizione italiana attraverso i Pamiri 1929" (Società Georgafica Italiana: Roma 1930). The tools used to the analysis and interpretation of the text come from the instruments of gender and postcolonial studies. By means of them, the entanglement of the emancipation discourse into a patriarchal colonial discourse was presented, reflected in three areas of narration: the status of an emancipated European woman as an imperialist, a picture of a “Russian woman” as a “loner”, identification of the criteria of emancipation with the West-European civilization mission in the USSR.

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Podwórkowa powieść polityczna – "Wióry" Krystyny Kofty

Author(s): Arleta Galant / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author of the article discusses "Wióry", a novel by Krystyna Kofta, published in 1980. The most important interpretation motives concerning the work written by a Polish female writer are connected with the issues related to a political narration and ideology of the space that is organized by the worlds of child and adult characters. A backyard in Poznań – the place of action – was perceived here as a specific (both a private and public) conventional sphere being a reflection of complicated social relations of the Stalin era.

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Zmaganie z „syndromem wygnania”. O "Unsere" Jana Darowskiego

Author(s): Agnieszka Nęcka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article reminds us of Jan Darowski, a writer almost unknown in Poland until recently. The author pays special attention to his autobiographic novel entitled "Unsere", that was published as late as in 2012 and constitutes a unique record of an experience of a war man who grew up in Silesia on the Polish-German borderline, was conscripted to Wehrmacht during war, and, subsequently, escaped to the ally army in order to fight with Germans. Writings having an auto-therapeutic overtone allowed him to search himself and his place in the world. A battle with the “syndrome of exile” was connected with the need to give evidence on the past and people who created it. The past, influencing the present made “I” from the past overlap with “I” from the present. As a result, the character from "Unsere" is a hostage of his own memories. Searching himself is also the need to be a part of the group. Thanks to it, what is personal and individual permeated and supplemented what is collective. What is deposited remained in a privatememory was connected with what was located in the culture, giving fundaments of his own identity.

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On limitless diversity of functional types of utterance

Author(s): Andrzej Bogusławski / Language(s): English,Russian,Polish Publication Year: 0

The author adopts the concept of “functional type of utterance” where the relevant set is based on features other than coincidental co-occurrence of utterances (as, e.g., used by someone at a certain time) or their including a specified expression (specified expressions). The concept subsumes traditional kinds of utterance such as declaratives vs. hypothetical statements, questions, promises, etc., but also, e.g., utterances where vocatives addressed to the recipient(s) are used with varying frequency (which gives rise to the corresponding subtypes of utterance). It is claimed that the existence of a closed and at the same time objectively exhaustive list of functional types of utterance depends on two alternative necessary conditions which are not and will never be satisfied. One of the conditions has a formal or mathematical character. It amounts to the presence of some contradiction in the conjunction of the following constituents: (i) the claim of non-existence of such an exhaustive objective list of types, (ii) any element of knowledge. The other necessary condition belongs to the domain of nomological/natural sciences. It would consist in our knowledge of organisms and their factual (albeit contingent) constraint which necessitates production of a finite number of functional types of utterance, on the pattern of what is proper to apprehension of sounds by creatures belonging to different species, e.g., humans or bats (as limited to a certain, varying, frequency of oscillation in the air environment). The author submits a formalized schema of the reasoning where a hierarchy of functional types and subtypes of different degrees is assumed.

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Допереводческий анализ и перевод стихотворения Марины Цветаевой «Я пришла к тебе черной полночью…»

Author(s): Anna Bednarczyk / Language(s): English,Russian,Polish Publication Year: 0

The article presents a pre-translation analysis of Marina Tsvetaeva’s poem “Ya prishla k tebe chornoy polnochyu…” and the following translation of this poem. The analysis is conducted stage by stage, which makes it possible to discuss in detail the difficulties presented by the relevant activities, and to identify possible translation dominants, as well as to indicate well-advised translation solutions. The discussion shows the usefulness of pre-translation analysis not only for the translation it precedes, but also for teaching of future translators.

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The stylistic construction of verbal imagery in poetry: shooting distance and resolution in Wilfred Owen, Marianne Moore and Philip Larkin

Author(s): Davide Castiglione / Language(s): English,Russian,Polish Publication Year: 0

The notion of imagery is central to literary criticism as it underpins some of the most palpable experiences we have when reading fictional literary texts, prose and verse alike. Yet, its practical use is fraught with impressionism as the verbal image appears based on a relativist ontology that varies with readerly differences, both intrinsic and strategic (e.g. one may have a more visual or a more auditory memory, or give emphasis to more abstract, propositional aspects of a text). As a consequence of this, the verbal image also appears substantially independent from linguistic forms, which makes it problematic for stylistic analysis. This paper addresses and undermines the latter assumption and, in doing so, sets out the basis for a stylistic model of verbal imagery. My approach is twofold: on the one hand, I identify a “nuclear” image on the basis of semantic and syntactic criteria – this I call the image-frame as opposed to more extensive realizations (i.e. image-complexes) or dynamic ones (i.e. image-scenes); on the other, I attempt to map semantico-grammatical variables onto perceptual eff ects, focusing on shooting distance and image resolution. In doing so, I draw inspiration from the complementary attempt of Kress and van Leeuwen, who in “Reading Images: the Grammar of Visual Design” (2006 (1996)) propose an array of correspondences between visual strategies and grammatical structures. All the verbal images presented and discussed in this article come from Wilfred Owen, Marianne Moore and Philip Larkin: three poets who have effectively exploited the potential of realist mimesis (i.e. a faithful reproduction of external reality) within a twentieth century aesthetics.

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Problemy walencji w tekście poetyckim

Author(s): Magdalena Danielewiczowa / Language(s): English,Russian,Polish Publication Year: 0

The article deals with creative violations of the semantic limitations of predicates in Polish poetry. Until now, this problem has not been consistently taken into account, although it opens new research perspectives in the field of linguistics and literary studies. Characteristics of the words used in a given text in terms of their valency structure allow to draw the boundary between the poetry from earlier periods and its more avant-garde forms. The way in which the problem is solved in artistic texts can also be an important criterion for distinguishing between one author’s poetic workshop and the artistic strategy of another. It also allows you to follow how the poets gradually familiarize the reader with the creative technique studied in this article, what additional tools they use to encourage him to make an interpretive effort. From the theoretical point of view, the relationship between the question of semantic-syntactic modifications in the modern poetry and the problem of metaphor, metonymy, comparison, zeugma, syllepsis and similar tropes is also interesting. In the main part of her article, the author gives examples of creative violations of the principles of deep syntax in selected poems of B. Leśmian, K. K. Baczyński and Z. Herbert. This allows us to pay attention to three different approaches to the analysed issue.

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Formy wiersza jako nośniki znaczeń

Author(s): Teresa Dobrzyńska-Janusz / Language(s): English,Russian,Polish Publication Year: 0

Investigation of verse forms and their functioning in literary texts leads to the conclusion that they may be employed as bearers of semantic values. The present paper is going to show the richness of this resource. The semantic values of various verse structures are interpreted here in terms of the semiotic categories introduced by Charles Sanders Peirce: as symptoms, symbols, or iconic signs. The basis for this kind of reflection is earlier research in Polish verse structure and a systematic study of various verse forms and their linguistic morphology conducted by a group of Polish and other Slavic researchers (the results of their collaborative work have been published in the “Comparative Slavic Metrics” series („Słowiańska Metryka Porównawcza”); a particular interest to the semantic function of verse forms is a hallmark of the volume (Semantyka form wierszowych (1988)). The semantic function of the rhythmical organization of an utterance may be found even in antiquity and can be noted in many cultures. Rhythmical utterances were treated there as standing in opposition to non-metrical everyday speech and as vehicles of such cultural values as “sacred”, “solemn”, “important for the community”. The semantic value of a metrical structure can be attributed to the fact that verse forms function as filters of various linguistic units and that the metrical organization of a text determines its stylistic characteristics. This stylistic value may be employed and interpreted in many different ways, for instance to represent the social status of the speaker or to differentiate between various literary genres. Many metrical forms perform an iconic function (which depends not only on the rhythmical organization of a text but also on its verbal and conceptual content). Some semantic values are derived from the intertextual relationships of a poem and result from the position of its verse form in the verse form system of a given literature. Verse structure may also be seen as a kind of author’s signature, and it may be employed to perform axiological functions. Many such cases have been illustrated in the paper.

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Relevance theory and poetry: An inferential analysis of Philip Larkin’s “Mr Bleaney”

Author(s): Héctor Luis Grada Martinez / Language(s): English,Russian,Polish Publication Year: 0

Recently, relevance theory has been increasingly used in literary studies. However, little research has examined the role of inferences in the interpretation of a poem. This article illustrates how pragmatics and, more precisely, relevance theory, may provide a scientific, cognitive ground to understand how poetic interpretation is constructed through the reader’s inferences. To do so, I analyse “Mr Bleaney”, by British poet Philip Larkin (1922-1985), as a case study for applying relevance theory concepts to literary interpretation. Specifically, I analyse inferences that may be drawn from the poem’s linguistically encoded word meanings, and how such inferences are influenced by the poem’s sonorous qualities, like rhythm and meter. The resulting reading emphasises the poet’s identification with a stranger, Mr Bleaney, who by the end of the poem emerges as an alter ego upon whom the poet projects his own existential fears. Because relevance theory is not prescriptive, it may also be useful in explaining dissenting readings, as shown by briefly comparing the resulting “pessimistic” interpretation of the poem with an “optimistic” one offered by Wayne Booth (2014). Thus, I suggest that inferential analysis may improve dialogue among critics dealing with the same literary work. Overall, I argue that inferential analysis based on relevance theory may help explain interpretations in poetry and thus become a firm first step towards a better understanding of other aspects of aesthetic and poetic effects.

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Metafora i świadomość w wypowiedziach poetyckich Krzysztofa Kamila Baczyńskiego

Author(s): Wacław Grzybowski / Language(s): English,Russian,Polish Publication Year: 0

On the basis of Paul Ricoeur’s, Aleksandra Okopień-Sławińskia’s, Maria Mayenowa’s and Max Black’s theories of metaphor, I undertake an attempt of interpretation of Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński’s poetry. The historical-literary context outlined by Stanisław Stabro in his study of Baczyński’s texts becomes an important help in my attempt at the uniting theory of metaphor with theory of consciousness. The combination of the concept of the literary I of Okopień-Sławińska with the Neotomistic Personalizm of Karol Wojtyła and Mieczysław Krąpiec OP allows me to delineate the concept of poetic consciousness expressed in metaphor.

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Introspektywny kokon reinterpretans. Kora Ola Ola! – latynoskie polonicum Kory Sipowicz

Author(s): Jakub Jaworski / Language(s): English,Russian,Polish Publication Year: 0

The subject of the article is the intercultural dialogue which emerges out of the musical undertaking “Kora Ola Ola!” (2003) of the Polish artist Kora Sipowicz. The collection comprises various reinterpretations of the twentieth century Polish lyrical works in a Latin arrangement, accompanied by some other Polish, Spanish and English songs, especially those formerly performed by the very artist herself with the famous Polish band, Maanam. In the composition resound convergent transatlantic echoes of mystical poetry, Graeco-Roman mythology, Christian culture and philosophical reflections. The author attempts to delimit the peculiar amalgam of individual Polish identity in this specific, intertextual and intercultural set-up by means of an interdisciplinary analysis and interpretation of particular poetic works and cultural description of their musical arrangement. Moreover there is proposed an analysis and interpretation of the poet’s language, in which the presence of occasionalisms and deictic expressions bring about deformations of the temporal structure. This kind of “estrangment” (ostranenie) contributes to a deconstruction of linguistic (or cultural) automatisms. In the context of interaction and synergy of many cultural codes imposing contradictory requirements, it may help us get closer to the transcultural condition, in terms of the theory developed by Ewa Łukaszyk.

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В воображаемом мире: лингвопоэтический анализ стихотворения Николая Гумилёва «Отравленный»

Author(s): Vitaliy Kononenko / Language(s): English,Russian,Polish Publication Year: 0

The article presents a linguopoetic interpretation of Nikolay Gumilov’s poem “Otravlennyy”. The linguistic means involved in the process of metaphorization have been investigated. The connection between the motives of Gumilov’s poetry and the Russian classical tradition has been established. Approaches to characterization of the “image of the author” have been outlined.

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The grounding function of tense/aspect morphology in lyric poetry: Analysis of Osip Mandelstam’s poems “The wind brought us solace…” and “This night, no lies...”

Author(s): Józefina Piątkowska-Brzezińska / Language(s): English,Russian,Polish Publication Year: 0

Over the last decades, serious research has been done on the correlation between tense and aspect choice and the level of information saliency in narrative discourse (Chvany1985; Ehrlich 1990; Fleischman 1990; Givón 1987; Hopper and Thomspon 1980). The novelty of our approach lies in the application of ideas developed within narrative analysis to information grounding in lyric poetry. The aim of this article is to show how tense-aspect morphology could be used for discourse-pragmatic purpose of structuring the lyric text. In the poems discussed, switching from the PFV past to the IPFV present is essential for shifting between foreground and background information.

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Перформативная стратегия баллады в лирике Тютчева

Author(s): Walerij Tiupa / Language(s): English,Russian,Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper proposes an invariant approach to the study of lyrical genres. Lyrical poem is viewed as a principally performative speech act. Behind the variety of lyrical discourses, a historically stable performative strategy is uncovered. In the case of the genre of ballad, for which narrativity is an optional element – if widely popular in the poetry of Romanticism – such a basic strategy is that of anxiety. This contention is supported by analysis of Tyutchev’s early anarrative ballads. In such poems the lyrical subject finds himself in the situation of “double existence”, at the border between two worlds: the diurnal one and the nocturnal one, the joyful one and the terrific one, the live one and the dead one. Still, what we face here is not a traditional romantic double-worldedness, but a kind of a counterpoint, a “strained” meta-unity. The conscience of the ballad-type lyrical subject is a catastrophic conscience of someone to be sacrificed. In Tyutchev’s anarrative ballads such a conscience is not masked by a fantastic plot, but presented in its pure form.

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Discourse new entities and composition of lyric poem: Foreground as the most informative part of discourse

Author(s): Gennadij Zeldowicz / Language(s): English,Russian,Polish Publication Year: 0

According to (Сильман 1977), the main compositional divide in lyrical discourse is that between presentation of the author’s emotional/mental experience, which normally constitutes the backgrounded part of the text, and some generalization implying discovery of a significant truth and/or change in the author’s attitude towards the world, which in most cases becomes the foreground. While in general this distinction may be marked by a vast range of linguistic devices, it is hypothesized in the article that one of the major characteristic features of the foreground of lyrical poem is its strive for greater informativeness, and it is manifested, inter alia, by considerably higher incidence of discourse new entities in foregrounded fragments. This claim is supported by counts based on analysis of 100 outstanding poems written mostly in Russian.

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Onimiczne imponderabilia. Kilka uwag o ekwiwalentach nazw własnych we współczesnej prozie polskiej

Author(s): Magdalena Graf / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The presented article is devoted to the problem of identification of terms other than typical proper names. The author discusses the current state of research on the category of individual descriptors and terms considered to be equivalents of proper names, recalling both onomastic theories and research of scholars from other disciplines. The issues addressed include the formal appearance of these terms, their importance in the identification process and the textual function. The exemplification of theoretical assumptions and author’s own interpretative claims consists in the quasi-names derived from contemporary texts, among others those by I. Karpowicz and J. Sosnowski.

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Task-based language assessment in light of recent changes in the CEFR regarding mediation and plurilingualism

Author(s): Sylwia Kossakowska-Pisarek / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

Task-based language assessment has developed simultaneously with taskbased language teaching (TBLT). Tasks provide significant advantages as they enable assessment focused on examinees’ abilities to use the language. This article reviews task-based language assessment in the context of the recent changes to the CEFR and a paradigm shift in language learning.

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Mniej niż A1…, czyli o kompetencjach użytkownika języka na poziomie Pre-A1

Author(s): Iwona Janowska / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages has had a significant impact on the learning and teaching of modern languages in Europe, but, above all, it has revolutionised the way language skills are assessed and has contributed to the development of language knowledge certification systems. However, it has often been the subject of criticism and controversy. Certain deficiencies, which seem to be a natural consequence of the document’s comprehensiveness and the assumed goals, have also been noticed by its authors. In 2018, The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: learning, teaching, assessment. Companion volume with new descriptors was published. The document aims not only to improve imperfections, but above all to adapt the description of language education to the current context of language use. The authors of the publication have, among other things, set up language proficiency descriptors for areas not specified in the 2001 version of the CEFR. This is how the Pre-A1 level description was developed. It refers to the level of competence at which the learner has not yet acquired a generative capacity, but relies upon a repertoire of words and formulaic expressions. The paper’s aim is a holistic presentation of this level: the process of the creation of descriptors, as well as the description of language activities and strategies of a novice language user.

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How to construct your test: The influence of test length on students’ achievement

Author(s): Bojan Prosenjak / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

Our study investigated the difference in achievement between two groups of high school students – those who took shorter tests more frequently, and those who took longer tests less frequently. Both tests types tested listening, reading and writing skills. The results showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups, and the participants’ preferences as to the length and frequency of tests indicated a difference of only just above five percentage points in favour of shorter and more frequent tests. Teachers should thus examine their students’ attitudes and motivation, adapt their revision lessons and teaching material accordingly, and construct the most appropriate instrument for testing their students’ achievement.

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Assessment of B2 English exam writing subtest: A quantitative analysis of the results of a pro-quality study

Author(s): Agnieszka Leńko-Szymańska,Jo Lewkowicz,Tomasz Żółtak / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

This article reports on the quantitative results of the study which was carried out in June and September 2018 by The University of Warsaw Council for the Certification of Language Proficiency. The study reviewed the current procedures applied in the assessment of the writing subtest, which is part of the University of Warsaw’s certification exam in English at the B2 level. The aim of the study was also to explore possible improvements to the scoring process, with the focus on its reliability and practicality.

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