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„NEMATOMI MIESTAI“ LIETUVIŲ LITERATŪROS „VARTŲ SERGĖTOJŲ“ DISKURSE

Author(s): Justina Petrulionytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2015

The article discusses the relation of Lithuanian literature with the country and the cities by invoking sociological concepts: “literary field” (Pierre Bourdieu) and “gatekeeper”. The investigation is questioning the image of Lithuanian literature as “agrarian” which is formed and legitimized in the discourse by Lithuanian literature gatekeepers – precisely in the literary history, anthology and textbooks for pupils.Interviews with teachers and writers are also included in the analysis. The investigation reveals that the image of “agrarian” Lithuanian literature seems artificial, homogeneous and too generalizing. It suppresses the significance of cities to Lithuanian literature and culture, because: 1) many Lithuanian writers have urban or estate origins, come from craftsman’s,workers’ or educated families, furthermore, many those who have peasant origins left early for schools in the cities or seminaries; 2) quite a few Lithuanian writers contest the stereotypical notion of Lithuanian identity as agrarian and stress the importance of cities to themselves; 3) innovative poetic changes are connected with “city writers” (i. e. Henrikas Radauskas, Antanas Škėma); 4) after the Independence of Lithuania, increasingly more literary narratives of cities appear; 5) the comparatists emphasize the relation between images of the nation / ethnicity / state and the (capital) city – this relation is constructed in Lithuanian literature as well (i. e. novels by Markas Zingeris). The article also seeks to shed a light on the importance of a particular city of Lithuania – Kaunas, which have strong links with Lithuanian national identity and literature.

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DIDYSIS PASAKOJIMAS SOVIETMEČIU: KELI PANORAMINIAI PROBLEMOS ŠTRICHAI

Author(s): Audinga Peluritytė-Tikuišienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2015

This article deals with development of Lithuanian art of early socialist realism. The key issues of the article are following: what is the position of the Grand Narrative which was formed by mature modernism in narration of Lithuanian art of the then? The article refers to the concept of crisis of mature modernity and grand narratives. This concept has been formulated in Lyotardʼs book The Postmodern Condition (1979). The article expands this concept by sociological interpretations of Antony Giddens and historical philosophical interpretations of Wolfgang Welsch. Also the discourse of alternative modernism has been included in the discussion with artefacts of socialist realism which to the problem of the Grand Narrative renders importants arguments of fake history and altered character. The art of socialist realismʼ period has been considered against a background of concepts of modernism and alternative modernism as well as that of the tendencies of depersonalization, personification, collectivism and nationality. The narratives of the fine arts (sculpture, painting) have been evaluated from the point of view of literary narratives.

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LITERATŪRINIAI HIMNAI IR ODĖS XVI–XVII A. LIETUVOS DIDŽIOJOJE KUNIGAIKŠTYSTĖJE: IŠTAKOS

Author(s): Viktorija Staišiūnaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2015

laudatory poems. Willing to trace the origins of these two genres, we notice that starting from the very first ages odes and hymns more than once interwine and appear themselves variuosly in non-Christian and Christian literature. However in poetics of the Renaissance, the Baroque and the late Baroque hymns and odes are fixed as different genres, which originated in the Antiquity. In the Middle Ages both of them underwent transformations which step by step led them to becoming genres like we identify them today. In the literature of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th–17th centuries it is possible to detect these changes common to all European literature.Despite the fact that Homeric Hymns (still poetic) are quite closely linked with certain ancient rituals, we have no reliable proofs to confirm what like these rituals were in reality. After two centuries Pindar created epinicians (hymn like triumphal odes) which helped to form a way of parting hymns and odes: hymns are to praise god(s), odes – to laud humans. In Hellenistic hymns appealing to gods for creative inspiration, became probably more decorative feature, than having a religious impulse. More precisely, for Hellenistic poets it became a way to imitate an epic and show their literary sophistication. The extant ancient Greek an Roman hymns originated from prayings to gods. For this reason there are common elements in the ancient prayers and hymns.

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LIETUVIS PARYŽIUJE: TARP MANIJOS IR FILIJOS

Author(s): Vytautas Bikulčius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 4/2015

The paper deals with the situation of a Lithuanian in Paris, in other words, the image of the capital of France presented in the travel books “Letters from Paris” (1937) of Antanas Vienuolis, “The Fair of Illusions” (1983) of Laimonas Tapinas, “Letters from Paris” (2007) of Rimantas Vanagas and “The Paris Diary” (2013) of Jaroslavas Melnikas.The paper draws on the methodology of imagology, according to which mania is identified when the writer perceives foreign reality as superior to national culture. Phobia, contrary to mania, is identified when national culture is valued more than foreign reality. Philia is identified when the writer perceives foreign and national culture identically. Idiocracy is identified when the writer presents his own attitude towards foreign reality.Despite changes in the historical context, the image of Paris remains mainly attractive and may be identified as philia. Some evidences of philia may be found in the books of A. Vienuolis, L. Tapinas, R. Vanagas, J. Melnikas although the time span between the publication of the first and the last book is about 80 years. No matter that the historical context is very different (e.g., the book of A. Vienuolis was published before World War II) it is not the main factor that would determine the priority of one culture over another.Several but not many evidences of mania or phobia may also be detected and it shows that the impressions of the authors are not onetime or hasty. The evidences of mania or phobia may be found in the books of A. Vienuolis, R. Vanagas, J. Melnikas. Still different cultural experiences, different potential of France as one of the main countries in the world undoubtedly contribute to the arousal of the above attitude.

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Pукописная книга и ее рецепция в Великом княжестве Литовском XIV–середины XVI вв.

Author(s): Rima Cicėnienė / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2013

The article aims to analyze changes in society’s view of the manuscript book and its reception. The author investigates the ways in which society manifested its reception of the book and how it is reflected in the sources of that time. Manuscript books, archival sources, and objects of art were used as the sources for the research. It has been established that the book satisfied official, social, and personal needs of society and individuals of the time. As books and collections became increasingly numerous and the relationship with books diversified, the idea of the book in the GDL’s society also underwent a significant change. While during the early stage of the period under study a book was understood as a static and uniform sacral object little influenced by an individual, since the 15th century it was considered to be a mobile, mutable object strongly affected by the persons directly connected with the book. Codices migrated both in the geographical and living space. In the early 16th century, the concept of a book as a unit item also underwent a significant change. The concept of a codex as an object that physically joins separate works (books, liber) was replaced by the idea of a codex as an integral unit (a new work) which possesses both internal and external unifying elements of a book.

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Cочинения старообрядцев-беспоповцев в Речи Посполитой в XVIII в

Author(s): Nadezhda (Nadežda) Morozova / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2013

The article deals with the evaluation of creative works by priestless Old Believers residing in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th century. The study gives a special emphasis to the two main issues, i.e. 1) creative work of Feodosiy Vasilyev and his son Evstrat Feodosiyev (Feodosiyevich) and 2) the texts on activities of the Feodoseevtsy Council meetings that took place in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the first half through the middle of the 18th century. The evaluation of the original creative work of priestless Old Believers of the Polish– Lithuanian Commonwealth specified in the article enables to conclude about the gradual expansion of the territories in which settlements of Old Believers appeared and the residents of which would be involved in active polemic and literary activities. The second third of the 18th century is characterized by the highest intellectual activity that would primarily be attributed to the inhabitants of the Sebezh lands.

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The textual influences of Jacob Ledesma’s catechism and the catechism of Mikalojus Daukša on the anonymous catechism of 1605

Author(s): Anželika Smetonienė / Language(s): English Issue: 68/2016

The article compares the relationship between the texts of the Polish Ledesma’s catechism, the catechism of Mikalojus Daukša and the catechism of 1605. The problem of the source for the Polish translation of Ledesma’s text and, consequently, for the two Lithuanian versions of the catechism is briefly introduced: scholarly opinions differ as to when the Italian original of Ledesma’s catechism was published. Likewise unknown is the exact date of the translation of Ledesma’s catechism into the Polish language. Both Lithuanian translations were accomplished from the Polish Ledesma’s catechism; however, there are significant differences between them. Daukša was the first to accomplish a translation of such nature into Lithuanian, whereas the anonymous translator of the catechism of 1605 used not only the Polish source, but also Daukša’s catechism, which had been rendered ten years earlier. Although the relationship between the latter text and the Polish translation as well as the Italian original has already been investigated, the comparison of the catechism of 1605 to the Polish version of Ledesma’s catechism and to the catechism translated by Daukša still needs to be drawn. The aim of the present article is to compare the three catechisms and to investigate the textual influence of Daukša’s catechism (which had been published earlier) on the anonymous translation of the catechism of 1605; in other words, to determine whether the catechism of 1605 was translated directly from the Polish catechism of Ledesma, or whether the translator relied more on the text of Daukša’s catechism; also, to identify the authorial lines of the anonymous author.

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FREMDHEITSERFAHRUNGEN AM BEISPIEL DER ROMANE DAS PROVISORIUM (2000) VON WOLFGANG HILBIG UND VIENOS VASAROS EMIGRANTAI (2003) VON VALDAS PAPIEVIS

Author(s): Violeta Katinienė / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2017

The paper focuses on two novels – „Das Provisorium“ (2000) by the German writer Wolfgang Hilbig and „Vienos vasaros emigrantai“ (2003) by the Lithuanian writer Valdas Papievis – that were written after the political events which took place at the end of the 20th century (the Fall of the Iron Curtain, the Fall of the Berlin Wall and reunification of Germany and the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania) and, in a certain way, are a response to those events. One of the main objects that the comparative literary research, as an intercultural activity, analyses is the question of the self and the alien. In the novels discussed the alien shows its whole range from the everyday alien to the radical experience of the alien. Thus, in order to research these novels, it is not sufficient to regard the alien merely as the category of cultural alien. The paper is based on the literary hermeneutics concept developed by Andrea Leskoves by expanding the concept of the alien established by one of the greatest modern German philosophers, the phenomenologist Bernhard Waldenfels.

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Veidas ir transcendencija šiuolaikinėje lietuvių poezijoje (teologinės ir filosofinės etikos akiratis)

Author(s): Dalia Jakaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2017

The face is a literary image that has a long and rich tradition and is also a part of contemporary Lithuanian poetry. The source of the selection of sources in the article by choosing a carnal, visually recognizable lyrical subject or his other face, this phenomenon is perceived more broadly - according to the concept of E. Lévin's face. The face of contemporary poetry (the latter - in the sense of identity) is intended to be revealed in the study of the work of poets of different generations, starting with the 20th century. the ending (last decade) and finishing with the latest works: poetry by J. Vaičiūnaitė, J. Juškaitis, O. Balijukonis, J. Jekentaitė, R. Mikutavičius, R. Stankevičius, S. Vilimaitė, S. Kandratavičius and other authors. The fact that in some cases the person acquires a religious outlook on the Christian tradition determines the relevant theoretical basis of the article. The theoretical access to the article is the combination of theological (D. Miethas) and philosophical ethics (E. Lévin) formulated in terms of hermeneutical methodology. The significance of ethical metaphysics is sought in the poetic representations of the lyrical subject, the human and divine, the other, traditional saints.

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Lietuviškosios religinės tapatybės raiškos užuomazgos ir jų ženklai XVII amžiaus LDK poezijoje: M. K. Sarbievijaus religinės tematikos tekstai

Author(s): Ona Daukšienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 7/2006

The subject-matter of this research is a Latin religious poetry written at the 17th century, primarily by Jesuit authors, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The texts analysed in the paper are seen as important to the further formation of Lithuanian religious identity and its poetical expression. It is possible to trace the influence of some Baroque Latin texts, especially of those written by M. C. Sarbievius (Sarbiewski), the most popular Latin poet in Lithuania through following centuries, on the religious poetry of the 19th century. Some topics, as presented in the later religious texts and often being explained as a mere reflection of Romantic discourse, seem to be derived from the baroque expression.

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Tautiškosios religinės tapatybės svarstymai literatūros teologijos aspektu

Author(s): Dalia Čiočytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 5/2006

The article sets to explore the theoretical principles of literary theology which is employed to discuss and interpret the works by Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas – the classic writer of Lithuanian literature. It is assumed that several Putinas’ works represent different forms of Lithuanian religious identity: traditional Western Christianity and modern individualism. The latter is being interpreted in the context of the deistic notion of God. A hypothesis is being made that some strong emphases on such aspects of Lithuanian Christianity as the fear of God may have been influenced by the emergence of the deistic and atheistic concepts of the Deity.

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Literatūros teologija: identiteto paieškos

Author(s): Gediminas Mikelaitis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 5/2006

The emerging literary theology is based above all on a centuries-old tradition. From the philosophy and literary studies of the modern age, it takes on a critical reflection of the phenomena of religion and social views. Thanks to their methodological flexibility and the ability to evaluate religious experiences or the transcendent dimension of life in a more versatile and more insightful way, literary theology basically solves those in the first half and in the middle of the twentieth century. Century common term Christian literature. As a method of literary research, literary theology opens up new possibilities for the development of new semantic and structural layers in the structure of Lithuanian literature.

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Евгений Шкляр в Латвийской Печати Третьего Десятилетия XX века

Author(s): Pavel Lavrinec,Natalia Kononova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2005

In the article is analyzed the collaboration of poet, journalist, translator of Lithuanian literature Evgenij Shkliar (Eugenijus Skliaras; 1893-1941) in the Russian periodicals of Latvia. Living in Kaunas, Shkliar printed in 1920 correspondence in the Riga daily newspaper Segodnia (“Today”) and sent in 1921-1922 verses into the Liepaja daily newspaper Libavskoje russkoje slovo (“Liepaja Russian Word”). In 19231925 the Jewish daily newspaper Narodnaja misl’ (“People Thought”) published his verses, in the majority the occasional poems and the verses on the Jewish themes, also theatrical and other notes. In the illustrated weekly journal Nash ogoniok (“Our Flame”) Shkliar in 1924-1926 published poems most of all to the motives of Russian emigration, and also books reviews. Shkliar in 1924-1925 lived in Riga. After returning to Kaunas, Shkliar wrote article about Lithuanian poet Maironis for the newspaper Slovo (“Word”), poems and traveling notes for the newspaper Segodnia. Later from France Shkliar sent his verses on the themes of Paris for this largest Russian newspaper of Latvia and one of the largest newspapers in the Russian diaspora. At the end of the decade after verses on Lithuania and translations of the Lithuanian poets its participation in Segodnia and in other Latvian newspapers has interrupted because of the intensive work in the periodicals of Lithuania.

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„Senokai Tau berašiau, bet šitą laišką rašau jau labai seniai...“: Janinos Degutytės laiškai Teresei Ramanauskaitei-Bukauskienei

Author(s): Jurgita Žana Raškevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2018

All of the known letters of the poet Janina Degutytė (1928–1990), addressed to Teresė Ramanauskaitė-Bukauskienė (1928–1990), are published in this work. The thirty letters were written during the period of 1954–1968. These letters belong to the early epistolary period of the poet and, in a metonymical sense, reflect her correspondence of that time that took place between the Lithuanian philologists who had become close during their studies in Vilnius University. These are long letters, written as narratives, revealing the desire to speak up, to give an account of one’s life, environment, activities and hardships. They reveal a strong desire to communicate and an underlying feeling of the lack of communication, essentially affecting the form and contents of the letter; thus, the letter becomes an attempt to compensate for the lack of a communicative society, a society which has suddenly been lost, since the new provincial environment is perceived as alien and non-communicative. This correspondence exhibits the most important recurring features of the epistolary heritage of the poet of this period: what it was like to live up to the obligation of teaching in the province, which has been very little documented and described to date; what were the living conditions of a young teacher and how much effort they demanded to endure; how Degutytė experienced the tension between teaching, her vocation as a poet and the poor living conditions; how her health deteriorated because of this tension; what radical states the poet underwent by dividing her energy between her students and her poetry. These letters also tell an almost Cinderella-like story of Degutytė’s career – a very ambitious+ and emotional, but diffident and poor, teacher is transformed into a poet living in a sunlit apartment. These letters uncover all the major steps made in attaining a strong sociocultural status.

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Kunigo drama: tarp pašaukimo ir metafizinio maišto (Vinco Mykolaičio-Putino Altorių šešėly ir Georgesʼo Bernanoso Po šėtono saule)

Author(s): Vytautas Bikulčius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 4/2018

The paper deals with the influence of the Catholic revival (le renouveau catholique) in France on Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas’ novel In the Shadows of Altars. The novel is a natural continuation of Lithuanian literature. It is no coincidence that the author, while primarily focusing on the psychological side of the novel’s protagonist, at the same time demonstrates the tradition of the classic (the Balzacian or the Stendhalian) novel. When Liudas Vasaris begins his studies at the Theological Seminary he realizes that a calling to serve God is his life problem – there is a clash between the priesthood and his ambition to be a poet. But he is not likely to rebel against God as he does not perceive the priesthood to be his own life’s path. Thus, the priesthood does not become Liudas Vasaris’ existential experience, he confines himself to the earthly milieu. In this way Liudas Vasaris differs from the protagonist of George Bernanos’ novel Under Satan’s Sun, Father Donissan, who dares to rise above earthly life and stand up to God and perceive it as a metaphysical revolt. Mykolaitis-Putinas, who probably knew Bernanos’ novel, most likely saw it as an additional material that demonstrates a priest’s path.

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Žemaitės kūrybos sklaida 1905–1914 metų švietimo sistemoje

Author(s): Ramunė Bleizgienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2020

The article describes the syllabi of Lithuanian language subject for public and private schools prepared in 1905-1914 for the developing modern Lithuanian education system with the aim to determine the extent of representation of Žemaitė’s literary fiction. Referring to previous works by V. Pupšys, V. Pukienė, M. Karčiauskienė, A. Piročkinas and analysis of their sources, 9 syllabi of Lithuanian language and their recommended textbooks have been described in this article. The analysis has shown that Žemaitė first established herself in the Lithuanian education system as the author of the textbook Rinkinėlis vaikams, first published in 1904 and intended for primary schools. Žemaitė emerges as the author of short stories and a co-author of dramas for the first time in 1912 in the syllabus published by J. Kairiūkštis. The attention allocated to her and the list of her works is the same as for the majority of other fiction authors of the time. In 1912 M. Biržiška’s project of the Lithuanian language syllabus Žemaitė is referred to as one of the four women prose writers of the end of the 19th century among G. Petkevičaitė-Bitė, Šatrijos Ragana, and Lazdynų Pelėda.

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Broniaus Krivicko kūrybos žmogus ribinėje situacijoje: literatūrinė Dievo patirtis

Author(s): Dalia Čiočytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2020

Bronius Krivickas (1919–1952), a Lithuanian poet and fiction writer, a fighter against the Soviet occupation of Lithuania, reflects carefully the main ideas of existentialism: Søren Kierkegaard’s concept of individual freedom, Martin Heidegger’s notion of being-toward-death, the concept of a limiting situation developed by Karl Jaspers. In the worldview of B. Krivickas’s literary works, these ideas are associated with the context of Catholic philosophy and theology. This article investigates the notion of God within the existential limiting situation (especially the situation of death) in the literary works by B. Krivickas. The main critical perspective is the theology of literature. In the context of the dramatic experience of World War II, B. Krivickas’s short stories, a symbolist play A Tale About a Princess, and poetical prose works interpret God as being perceived through human conscience and a human longing for spiritual harmony. God is being thought of as the ultimate metaphysical mystery. In the period of Lithuanian fights for freedom, B. Krivickas’s poetry reveals an intense partisan self-consciousness. The poetry interprets the fight against the Soviet aggressor as a sacrifice for the nation’s freedom and compares it indirectly with the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ. According to the logic of existentialism, B Krivickas’s poetry claims that a human being is absolutely free, even if this means to choose freedom at the cost of life. God becomes the personal you for the fighter seen in B. Krivickas’s poetry. The main theme of the fighter’s dialogue with God is an existential complaint. The fighter experiences deep theodic dilemmas. He has no doubts about the righteousness of the war against the Soviet occupation, but he has deep doubts about the divine permission for evil to exist in the world. The faith of the poetic fighter is just his will to believe, his desire to believe. Thus the poetic figure of the fighter acquires both patriotic and religious heroism.

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Vilniaus universiteto Lietuvių literatūros katedra 2020 metais

Author(s): Dalia Čiočytė,Darius Kuolys / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2020

Šiemet sukako 80 metų, kai Vilniaus universitete buvo įkurtos Lietuvių literatūros ir Lietuvių kalbos katedros. Šiai sukakčiai paminėti Lietuvių literatūros katedra kartu su kitomis lituanistinėmis katedromis ir Filologijos fakulteto dekanatu surengė „Lituanistikos dienas“ – kultūrinių ir mokslinių renginių ciklą. Pirmajame ciklo renginyje, spalio 15 d. Šv. Jonų bažnyčioje vykusiame Konstantino Sirvydo trikalbio žodyno 400 m. sukakties minėjime, buvo aptartos senajame Vilniaus universitete kurtos lituanistikos tradicijos. Jame pranešimus perskaitė profesoriai Dainora Pociūtė ir Bonifacas Stundžia, Sirvydo postilės ištraukas skaitė aktorius Algirdas Latėnas, Johanno Sebastiano Bacho kūrinius vargonams atliko Vidas Pinkevičius. Spalio 16 d. VU Mažojoje auloje vyko seminaras ir diskusija „Lituanistika Lietuvos universitetuose: ateitį kurianti tradicija“. Pranešimus seminare skaitė VU rektorius prof. Rimvydas Petrauskas, Lietuvos Respublikos kultūros ministras doc. Mindaugas Kvietkauskas, profesoriai Egidijus Aleksandravičius, Bonifacas Stundžia, Meilutė Ramonienė, Brigita Speičytė. Pranešėjai ir kiti seminaro nariai dalyvavo diskusijoje „Būsimi lituanistikos dešimtmečiai: iššūkiai ir uždaviniai“, kurią moderavo doc. Darius Kuolys.

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Istorijos interpretavimas šiuolaikinėje lietuvių eseistikoje

Author(s): Birutė Meržvinskaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2021

The article discusses the peculiarities of the representation of history in Sigitas Parulskis’s essay collection Eternity does not move me (2018). The essay as genre in this book unites subjectivity, critical and ironic mode of narration and the conventional categories of historiographical analysis (the state, religion, society, collective identity, culture). Explanation on the ambivalent sense and relationship between literary imagination and historical facticity is done to prove the New Historicism slogan “the historicity of texts and the textuality of history”.

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Šarka lietuvių ir slavų etninėje kultūroje

Author(s): Birutė Jasiūnaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2021

The article, based on a variety of ethnolinguistic material, especially folklore texts, aims to reveal the main similarities and differences in the interpretation of the image of the magpie in the ethnic culture of Lithuanians and Slavs. This bird in two traditions, in Lithuanian and in Slavonic, is treated ambivalently, more often negatively. This is due to the peculiarities of the bird’s appearance, and in particular the variegation of its plumage. This characteristic feature in the ethnic culture of many peoples is traditionally associated with evil spirits. Too talkative people, most often women, are compared with this bird. Common is the motive of the thief magpie. The name of the bird in all the languages is feminine, therefore, in both Lithuanian and Slavic mythopoetic texts, the social roles of a peasant woman are attributed to it: a daughter-in-law, a mother, a hostess, a cook, a nanny. Another common feature is the image of a magpie as a sorceress, herald of good or evil news and future events. These functions are associated with the tendency to depict witches and other mythical characters in the form of a magpie. The most striking differences in the interpretation of the magpie are the following ones: it is unusual for Lithuanians to associate the idea of procreation with it, and some Slavs (for example, the Czechs) believe that magpies bring children into the house. Lithuanians are also unaware of some features of the “working” behavior of a magpie, for example, the threshing motive. In their turn, Lithuanians attribute such crafts as shoemaking, brewing, and agriculture to magpies.

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