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Missing Poetry: A historiography of Albanian Literature during the Communist Regime

Author(s): Edlira Macaj / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The paper aims at a panoramic view of the partial representation of Albanian poetry in the texts of the history of Albanian literature published during the dictatorship period (1945–1990). The fragmentary presentation of Albanian poetry and poets in informative scholarly and university texts on literature highlights the complications and the problems derived from this one-sided representation. The information gained only after the fall of the dictatorship, changed the situation regarding the literary values specifically related to poetry. What crucial representative texts on Albanian literary history were published during the dictatorship? Who were the most noticeable authors and poets, and why were they set aside, censored, imprisoned, executed, and not published? The answers suggest that only thanks to political change and awareness of literature can the reader today reassess this missing part of Albanian literature in historical texts published during the communist regime. The methodology relies on a historical, analytical, and critical approach to the most representative authors and their texts that is intertwined with factual data. The conclusions reinforce the idea that any evaluation of the literary process dictated by extra-literary principles damages the natural literary process. The revitalisation of literature after the 1990s, although with much delay, restored the natural process of aesthetic assessment. Now we can reassess the best part of that missing poetry

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ÀRBÊRIA IN THE CENTURIES OF EUROPEAN HUMANISM ACCORDING THE STATUTES CONFIRMED IN THE EPOCH OF GJERGJ KASTRIOT

Author(s): Shaban Sinani / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2019

I was suggested to participate in the second session of the International Albanological Conference in the format lectio magistralis. For some days and weeks, I was somewhat undecided whether to hold this presentation, or another one. Decades ago, since my dissertation on the Albanian heroic legendary epos, I have always posed the question why the cycle of Gjergj Kastrioti-Scanderbeg was preserved by the Arbëresh people in an almost complete way, while among the Albanians on the other side of the Adriatic the unwritten memory that kept him alive was only through legends, if we would have been served with the title of Marin Sirdani's deed; or in the post-Arbër epoch Albania's onomastics and toponymy.

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LA FIGURE DE SCANDERBERG DANS L’ŒUVRE D’ISMAIL KADARE - NOTES ET IMPRESSIONS -

Author(s): Alexandre Zotos / Language(s): French Issue: 02/2019

Ismail Kadaré s’est attaché au personnage de Scanderbeg dans trois genres d’écrits, à savoir, sauf oubli de ma part, le roman, avec Kështjella (1970) - rebaptisé Rrethimi dans son ultime édition3 - et Kamarja e turpit, la poésie, avec la pièce Portreti i Skënderbeut, incluse dans le recueil Koha (1976), l’essai historique et littéraire, enfin, avec Mosmarrëveshja largement conscaré au héros national. On verra, cependant, que le changement de support n’entraîne pas une différence de fond dans l’appréhension du personnage : en prose comme en vers, priment la dimension lyrique et la portée symbolique.

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Pjetër Bogdani si regjistrues mbishkrimesh të vjetra: një relacion pak i njohur i vitit 1658

Author(s): Anila Omari / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2018

Jeta dhe veprimtaria e Pjetër Bogdanit është dokumentuar në një numër të madh dokumentesh e materialesh arkivore, në pjesën më të madhe të botuara. Botuesit kryesorë të dokumenteve ku përfshihet historia e Shqipërisë e shekujve XVII-XVIII dhe mes tyre edhe dokumentet që lidhen me Pjetër Bogdanin janë D. Coleti - F. Riceputi, Augustin Theiner, Jovan Radonic, Injac Zamputi, Marco Jacov etj., ndërsa në mënyrë të posaçme për mbledhjen e dokumentacionit lidhur me Pjetër Bogdanin kanë punuar Luigj Marlekaj dhe Odette Marquet. Nga këto dokumente është rindërtuar në momentet më të rëndësishme të saj rrjedha jetësore e Bogdanit dhe veprimtaria e tij klerikale, intelektuale e politike, me përjashtim të periudhës së hershme të vendlindjes dhe datëlindjes si dhe të shkollimit fillor, të cilat ende sot nuk janë saktësuar përfundimisht.

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Naimi dhe Rumiu, në kontekstin e pranisë kulturore perso-iraniane në traditën shqiptare

Author(s): Shaban Sinani / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2018

These researches became encouragement for the Albanian savants, scholars of Albanian literature and language, to find worthy explanations and scientifically proved on the intertwinement of the poetic codes of Eastern and Western versification in Naim’s work, in which are peacefully and easily melted the Eastern mysticism with the Western enlightenment. From these studies has already been decently and convincingly clarified that the conditioning of Naim Frashëri’s poems with that of Roumi are manifold: i) on the versification models; ii) on the types of typology; iii) on poetic codes; iv) on the pantheist world-outlook and in the life’s philosophy; v). on theosophy and mysticism, vi) on thematic plane and on the motives one. Musine Kokalari, that since 1940-1943 made the first research and discoveries about the connection of Naim’s poetry with the Moulana poetic work and thinking, was condemned as political opponent since 1946 and her study was forbidden to be published. Her theses, the first dedicated to Naim’s poetry is still unpublished and is preserved as manuscript at the National State Archive and in the National Library, besides the literary archive of “La Sapienza” University of Rome. Was exactly Musine Kokalari who e century earlier, while was concluding the graduate studies for literature in Rome, chooses the work of Naim Frasheri, and observed with sharpness the similarity between Naim’s poetry with that of Pir-Roumi. Expert of “masnavi” of the master of the Persian classical literature through the Italian translation, in her diploma theses dedicated to Naim Frashëri, when she graduated in Rome on 1943, she would wrote: “My greatest surprise was when I noticed that many verses of Naim result identical with those of the Persian poet Jalaluddin Roumi. In the book “Storia della poesia persiana” of Italo Pizzi, she had the possibility to read overall 11 poems of Moulana: five from “Spiritual Cobla” {“La Cobla spiritual) and six from the “Singing” (“Il Canzoniere”). To Musine Kokalari immediately attracted her attention the known poem “Nej”: “Ascolta flauto che parla e piange“ and - “Il mercante e il pappagallo, ovvero della necessita di liberarsi dal carcere della vita”. For Musine Kokalari was enough the Italian translation of a selection poems collection of Pir Moulana from the classic Persian literature to come to the conclusion that: 1. The two known Naim poems, “Fyelli” (from the volume “Lulet e verës”) and “Turtullesha” (from the “Paradise” cycle), are parallels, if not re-creations from Roumi’s poem “Nej”, published in Italian under the title “La Cobla spirituale”. The first poem has been compared with the introducing part of “La Cobla spirituale”. On the same poem, Musine Kokalari finds another reference, observing similarities with some of the verses from the fable “Tregtari dhe papagalli apo nevoja për të çliruar veten nga burgu i jetës” (“The merchant and the parrot or the need to free oneself from the prison of life”). On the second poem, “Turtullesha”, M. Kokalari approaches it with another Roumi’s masnavi, entitled “Tri këshillat e zogut” (“The bird's three advices”) - “I tre consigli dell augellino”. 2. Deepening the comparisons with the Persian classical literature, the graduated scholar Musine Kokalari, nonetheless the inter-text theory would show nearly half a century later, proves through the parallel reading that the poem “Ujët e bekuar” (“The holy water”) of Naim is a re-creation from “katrena” by the same title of Omar Khayyam, a Ruba’iyat dedicated to the spiritual inebriation with deep thought. As on the Khayyam “katrena”, Naim’s poetry is written on quadrisyllabic verses, with AAAB rime: “Shkel-e-shko zëmëra ime / Mos bjerë në hidhërime /E në breng ’e në mejtime / Mos të gënjenjë kjo jete” ^Ujët e bekuare”). On the book “La mia vita universitaria”, memories and diary preserved in the Italian archives and published two years ago in Rome, has many data about the personal recognition of Musine Kokalari with representatives of the latest generation of the Albanian Renaissance. “I am a pupil of Sami Frashëri”, she writes in her diary.

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Mërgimi i fjalës si ’mit’ dhe evolucioni i shqipes letrare: rasti i poezisë dygjuhëshe

Author(s): Blerina Suta / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2019

De Rada’s creating a literary language from his native language took place in the bilingual or plurilingual context of Calabrian minor romanticism. The attempt to expand the semantic field of the inherited Albanian words naturally included the authors of the Italian tradition that De Rada used to translate his bilingual poetic works into Italian, marking - through them - the expansion of the Albanian semantic border. In over 40 years of developing his double lyrical novel about Milosao and Serafina, De Rada tries to reconstruct the myth of the exile of the Albanian word and its reconstruction on Italian soil. The concept of ’’divinazioni poetiche” is one of the most complex concepts he constructs through the Mediterranean mythological figure of the Kumana sibyl and the symbolic value of ’prophecy’. Most likely influenced by Dante, De Rada performs a figurative artistic operation where il verosimile artistico will match the semantic realization of a new value of the word. De Rada’s case coincides with the romantic use of myth in linguistics, thanks to the perfected (perfect) verosimile. A reading like this frees the critical approach that sees De Rada’s linguistic endeavors of Pelasgian myths as scientific naivety and inserts De Rada’s work into the conscious genius effort to create the national literary language.

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Një vështrim gjuhësor për rimarin e poezive të Pjetër Budit

Author(s): Elvis Bramo / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2019

This study of a fragment extracted from a corpus of P. Budi's poetics (Pjetër Budi, Poezi, Prishtinë, 2006, by R. Ismajli), as the only original work of this seventeenth-century writer, pursues some partial aims, among which, in addition to verse clauses, attention has been paid to: the linguistic phenomenon of rhymes, respectively to word classes, rhyme schemes, their frequency in the text, syntactic order and function, by syntactically distinguishing sentence units. Furthermore, the article tries to reflect the constructions and figures of speech that Budi managed to create more than four centuries ago, such as repetition, ellipsis and 1’enjambement. Rhyming lexical items, those with assonance or simply, as verse clauses, belong numerically to the subject matter covered by this article. The article also covers the presentation of syntactic structures like: the sentence, the phrase, as a unit of expression in spoken and written discourse, as well as the poetic linguistic text, as a phrase-related discourse unit. They are not brought according to the original punctuation, but rather based on the meaning and construction of the above units, taking into account the order of their constituting components. This in-depth overview conducted by the author, constitutes the first entirely linguistic description of the poetics of Peter Budi, one of the oldest Northern Albanian writers. Out of the complete research, the first chapter entitled "Këtu desha me vüm këtë imnë...", has been extracted.

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Tragjedia e Etëhem Haxhiademit përmes disa kritikëve të kohës (të viteve ’30-’40)

Author(s): Gëzim Puka / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2020

This article recalls the literary criticism atmosphere of the '30s and '40s in respect of the literary work of the author Etëhem Haxhiademi, who became known in those years for some tragedies that he published within a relatively short time. Throughout this paper we will compare various critics and look at how a certain critical approach seeks to confront Haxhiademi's latest literary work within the framework of a weak dramatic literature production. One of the most discussed works of Etëhem Haxhiademi is the tragedy “Skanderbeg”. This work is promoted by Vangjo Nirvana (Vangjel Koça), Branko Merxhani, Aleksandër Xhuvani, Elvira Tarro, Jup Kastrati etc. On the other side, there are the polemicists towards this work: Stefan Shundi (whose pen name was Gjergj Kuka) and Behar Shtylla (or Bardhi ShtyIla), less vitriolic than Shundi. The article estimates that the mass circulation of newspapers and magazines engaging with culture and literature during those years managed to offer a wide range of perspectives. Literature was reviewed as part of customs and trends related issues, in a tone that suggests re-creation. These newspaper critics aimed at guiding the reader towards the right aesthetic choice. The paper also deals with principles and shows the ideological basis on which the critical hypotheses are formed, bringing to light the various procedures and results. The actualization of this polemic is beneficial for the today’s literary critic and reader, because it demonstrates the great usefulness of the figure of the critic, who interacts with texts and follows the process of making literature.

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MYTHOLOGY FIGURES IN THE ALBANIAN FOLK EPICS AND THE PROPOSAL FOR AN ALTERNATIVE ROUTE OF THEIR ARRIVAL IN EPOS

Author(s): Arian Leka / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2021

While considering mythology as a system of symbols, the paper deals not only with the development stages of mythological systems and its elements as mythographic inventory, but it sheds light on some particular characters of classical mythology found into the body of Albanian epic traditional songs. Through several arguments, the paper explores mythological paradigms, focusing particularly on common heroes in conterminous cultures and looks at the motives, background, and traditions of epic traditional songs, which travelled round the region. Many of the songs’ motifs may have originated elsewhere, but they are also found in the Albanian cultural area. Alongside the characters and cultural heroes of Homeric myths in the Albanian epic songs and fairy tales too, there are also some other arguments about the myths originating from the theater or myths inspired by theater motifs. This separation of “theatrical myths” from “Homeric myths” buttress the idea that in addition to singer bards and itinerant-nomadic rhapsodist, the theater played also a placental role in feeding up and spreading out ancient myths in Albanian epic songs and in oral fairy tales. Among many other cases, there is the one regarding the presence of a variant of the Medea’s myth in epic songs, typically sung in the Northern Albania. Besides the well-known ways of peoples’ emigrating and “rhapsoidos”, the article proposes at the same time other ways of myths’ migration away from the known place of creation and their possible arrival in the Albanian Epos, while also highlighting the role of theater and theatrical repertoire.

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SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE "MITRUSH KUTELI, WRITER, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR”

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2022

On the occasion of the 115th Anniversary of his birthday, the Academy of Sciences of Albania hosted on 8 July the Scientific Conference “Mitrush Kuteli, writer, scholar and translator”. This Conference shed light on Kuteli’s personality as writer and translator, as one of the most prominent intellectuals of his time.

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THE 50TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF BALLAD RESEARCHERS “BALLADS AND THE AUDIENCE IN TIME AND SPACE”

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2022

The Academy of Sciences and the International Commission of Ballads in Tirana and in Gjirokastra hosted the 50th World Conference of Ballads entitled “Ballads and the audience in time and space” (1-5 September 2022).

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Konferenca shkencore “Studimet letrare në proces: Rezultate dhe probleme”, III, Tiranë, 14 korrik 2017

Author(s): Laura Smaqi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2017

Report on conference "Studimet letrare në proces: Rezultate dhe probleme” held in Tirana at July 14th of 2017.

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Dramaturgu Etëhem Haxhiademi në fokusin e trajtimeve letrare e gjuhësore

Author(s): Evalda Paci / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2021

Report on conference “Dramaturgu Etëhem Haxhiademi në fokusin e trajtimeve letrare e gjuhësore” held at "Aleks Buda" hall on June 25th of 2021.

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Tryezë shkencore “Qasje shkencore mbi veprën e Etëhem Haxhiademit: Ftesë e shtysë për një rilexim të dramatikës së tij”

Author(s): Evalda Paci / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2022

Më datën 27 prill 2022, Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë, në bashkëpunim me Departamentin e Studimeve Letrare të Institutit të Gjuhësisë dhe të Letërsisë (ASA), organizoi tryezën shkencore me temë ”Qasje shkencore mbi veprën e Etëhem Haxhiademit: ftesë e shtysë për një rilexim të dramatikës së tij”. Në tryezën e mbajtur në kuadër të 120-vjetorit të lindjes së autorit, dramaturgut, përpiluesit e shqipëruesit Etëhem Haxhiademi, të drejtuar nga prof. as. dr. Evalda Paci dhe dr.Arian Leka, u shtruan për diskutim një sërë çështjesh, që prireshin ndaj nënvizimit të aspekteve themelore të shkrimtarisë së autorit, të rendit kronologjik e stilografik të përvijimit të tyre, të dimensioneve themelore që receptohen në veprat e tij, si dhe në vendin që i përket këtij të fundit në sistemin letrar të periudhës në të cilën zhvilloi veprimtarinë e tij krijuese. Kultivues i një sërë modelesh gjinore, autor përpilimesh të veçanta për nga ndërtimi dhe brendia, njohës i mirë i traditës letrare e socioletrare të kulturës antike, Haxhiademi rivjen dhe në vëmendjen e studiuesve që u bënë pjesë e kësaj tryeze, duke shtruar dhe paraqitur për diskutim tematikat e sipërcituara.

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Përbërësja e leksikut me burim nga gegërishtja në Shqipen e përbashkët letrare

Author(s): Anila Omari / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2022

The aim of the article is to show that a large part of the lexicon of standard Albanian, which is based on the Tosk dialect, has its origins in the Gheg literature. The author has tried, with the linguistic tools at her disposal, to determine the Gheg origin of the spread of some categories of lexemes in standard Albanian and in the literary language. However, as researchers in the field have also noted, the paths of transition from the regional lexicon to that of the literary language are very difficult to follow, and she does not pretend to have the last word in this endeavour. The author has undertaken a research for the identification of lexemes of Gheg origin in the common literary Albanian, defining some criteria for the definition of the Gheg origin of lexemes that are considered common to the language from the present viewpoint. These lexical groups represent only a small part of the Geg lexicon in Common Albanian. A comprehensive study of the portion of the Geg lexicon in the standard language would confirm the koine concept formulated by Kostallari with regard to the field of the lexicon.

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Përkthimet dhe parapëlqimet letrare e kulturore, si tregues i pozicionimit estetik-letrar dhe paratopisë krijuese të poetit Vilson Blloshmi

Author(s): Tomorr Plangarica / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2022

This study aims to bring data and make interpretations for a very specific case in Albanian letters, for a poet whose creative works were brought into contact with the readers only many years after the death of their author. It is about Vilson Blloshmi (shot when he was 29 years old (1948-1977)), who wrote poetry, translated literary works, mainly from French literature, but could not make public either his original poetic creations or his literary translations, because, as a result of class prejudices, he failed to become part of the literary creative field of the time. Current contemporary approaches or points of view in literary studies, in the sciences of discourse and respectively in the analysis of literary discourse, concepts and interpretations for the biographical notions or categories themselves (the individual with the relevant extraliterary life biography), writer, speaker or recipient of utterances in the text (enonciateur), document/manuscript, literary text or literary work help in the examination and reinterpretation of V. Blloshmi`s manuscript literary legacy, which already in contact with today's reader, has been shaped as a literary work. Translations, as well as texts in French by French authors, mainly from the 19th and 20th centuries, copied by hand from various publications in the French language, create a poetic "anthology", which, even though it did not entirely come in the Albanian language, it nevertheless helps to know his literary and cultural preferences, his aesthetic positioning; helps the readers to get to know the poet's creative process, his creative paratopia; and, in this way, to re-understand and enjoy his original poetic creativity.

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Studimet Albanistike në ish-Jugosllavi – Nga Akad. Rexhep Ismajli

Author(s): Rexhep Ismajli / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2022

Në datën 20 tetor Instituti i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë, ASA, pati të ftuar nderi profesor Rexhep Ismajlin, anëtar i Akademisë së Shkencave dhe të Arteve të Kosovës, i cili mbajti ligjëratën Studimet albanistike në ishJugosllavi. Në këtë veprimtari ishin të pranishëm kërkues shkencorë nga Instituti i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë, pedagogë të Departamentit të Gjuhësisë të Fakultetit të Historisë dhe të Filologjisë, UT, profesorë në pension të Institutit të Gjuhësisë dhe të Letërsisë etj., si dhe kolegë të tjerë që e ndoqën ligjëratën përmes internetit.

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Historia e letërsisë së shkruar shqipe në botime tematike me vështrim sistematizues (1950-1985)

Author(s): Evalda Paci / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2023

With the attention that earned recently again the matter of re-compilation of the history of Albanian written literature, the return to the previous models of its realization constitutes a strong incentive for reflection on the issue of considering the earliest written evidence in Albanian, but also of the entire cultural heritage that is transmitted in chapters, the treatments that are the content of previous publications on the same argument. Watched with a critical eye a few decades later, but also compared among themselves by researchers in the field, such publications, among which some with a school destination, constitute objects of increased attention in recent times, even more so if it is a matter of tracing a methodology of presentation of authors, compilers of works, but also of thematic works on the history of Albanian written literature. In this essay, was selected a period of time (1950-1985) in which several works of this nature have been accomplished, but different among them, and with a non-same trend in the presentation of authorial voices and related works.

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“Doktor Gjëlpëra” dhe gazeta “Dielli”, lexime të kryqëzuara

Author(s): Laura Smaqi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2023

Faik Konica's prose, “Doktor Gjëlpëra zbulon rrënjët e dramës së Mamurrasit” recalls in the title a real historical event, the murder of two American citizens in Mamurras, on April 6, 1924. In the academic literature, there have been many discussions regarding the genre of this work, in almost all cases studies converge on its setting as an unfinished work. This question remains part of the discussion, for many reasons, among the most important of which is the need to rely on the parallel reading of the artistic prose and the non-literary articles of the "Dielli” (The “Sun") newspaper. Seen from an isolationist point of view, out of context, “Doktor Gjëlpëra” focuses on the missionary character on a double scale, as an individual being and as a doctor. Medicine fundamentally, is a mission for the individual who dedicates himself to it, and at the same time, the literal meaning with the figurative one can be interwoven quite naturally in a doctor character. In terms of the missionary character, this work precedes the characters of the literature of the late 1920s and 30s, who will have major goals to influence the emancipation of the people, affront to the primitive mentality. The connection between the event of Mamurras and the figure of "Doktor Gjëlpëra", or between the publicist Konica and the writer Konica, can be found in the columns of the "Dielli"’s newspaper. From April to December 1924 Konica will write repeatedly about this event, accusing and expressing his protest. Also, the double commitment of Konica to influence as much as possible through the language of journalism and literary text, makes the real and the symbolic expression have hard to define borders, especially during April-May of 1924. This is because, in parallel with the direct meaning that Gjëlpëra platform has on health education, in a symbolic sense, health means progressive, positive western mentality and the disease means backwardness. Diagnosis is seen as a necessity for healing. The importance is placed on prevention, on the cause and not the effect. In the prose structure, the union, the interweaving of a story about the individual missionary, about un real, non-abusive and charlatan medicine and the Albanian life of the time, the mentality of the people can be clearly distinguished. Cross-readings between literary prose and journalistic articles inevitably raise the following hypotheses: the work was written in a period earlier than April 1924, and the title was set exactly in April 1924, or in the period of April it is written not all the prose, but parts of it that help unify the work with the title, especially the part of Kamorra.

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Fishta dhe himnet e shenjta të Manzoni-t

Author(s): Alva Dani / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2023

Gjergj Fishta's translations are a priceless contribution for the time when they were produced and an argument of great interest that deserves to be expanded and analyzed these days. Alessandro Manzoni, an Italian romantic novelist and poet, was one of the greatest writers that Fishta studied and translated at a young age. The selection and youthful passion to translate Manzoni, his poetics and psychology, as well, was not fortuitous. Inside this Italian classic writer, our national poet found a worthy representative of romanticism, a writer with a strong religious faith and a poetic philosophy that would leave a sign and would inspire him not infrequently during his poetic creativity. The translation of the Inni sacri (Sacred hymns) shows that Fishta belongs to those translators who remain faithful to the content and style of the author preserving without any compromise the soul of the poem and the poet. Even though at a young age, Fishta already had the passion of a great poet, the deep sensitivity to capture even the smallest shades of meaning, which often derive from stylistic techniques or sound combinations between words or verses.

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