Serbian Early Printed Books from Venice: Creating Models for Automatic Text Recognition Using Transkribus

Author(s): Vladimir Polomac / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2022

The paper describes the process of creating a model for the automatic recognition of Serbian Church Slavonic printed books from Venice (from Božidar and Vincenzo Vuković’s printery) by using the Transkribus software platform, based on the principles of artificial intelligence and machine learning. By using the example of Prayer Book (Euchologion) (1538–1540) from Božidar Vuković’s printery, it has been shown that a successful model for the automatic recognition of individual books (with around 5% of unrecognized characters) can also be trained on the material consisting of approximately 4000 words, and that the increased amount of training material (in our case around 38000 words) leads to the improvement of the model and reduced error rate (between 1–2% of unrecognized characters). The most notable result of the paper is manifested through the creation of a generic model for the automatic text recognition of Serbian Church Slavonic books from Božidar and Vincenzo Vuković’s printery. The initial version of the generic model (called Dionisio 1.0. by the Božidar Vuković’s Italian pseudonym – Dionisio della Vecchia) is the first resource for the automatic recognition of the Serbian medieval Cyrillic script, publicly available to all users of the Transkribus software platform (see https://readcoop.eu/model/dionisio-1-0/).

Wege zur verbesserten automatischen Annotation des mittelbulgarischen Kirchenslawischen

Author(s): Fabio Maion / Language(s): German Issue: 22/2022

The last decade has brought an upswing in research on natural language processing. However, it is well known that historical language stages are largely underrepresented. Middle Bulgarian Church Slavonic, a language variety with a significant literary productivity, is a prime example. In the current paper, it is shown how annotated texts of related language varieties can be used to annotate texts written in Middle Bulgarian Church Slavonic, such as the 14th-century translation of the Dioptra. In particular, I present a way of adapting the available training data and of reducing the differences between training and test data, thereby improving the result of the automatic morphological annotation. Moreover, it is demonstrated that a comparison with the original work, written in Byzantine Greek, can further increase the results of the annotation by carefully disambiguating homonymous word forms. The presented results can benefit research on Middle Bulgarian Church Slavonic as it shows how texts in this variety can be annotated without authentic training data. The proposed method may be of use not only for Slavonic Studies, however. The method of using training data from genetically related language varieties in combination with translations may be used to annotate other underrepresented language varieties as well.

Hasła ekologiczne – od ulicznego transparentu do viralu

Author(s): Agnieszka Anna Niekrewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

The article presents the results of a linguistic and stylistic analysis of 500 Polish-language slogans used during street protests of the Youth Climate Strike in years 2019-2020. The primary goal of the study was to show the treatments that transform street slogans into viral content and internet memes spread on social media. The analysis determined the constructs of the sender and receiver used, types of speech acts, rhetorical figures, mechanisms of language games and intertextual references.

Korpus textov rusínskej wikipédie

Author(s): Radovan Garabík / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2024

Asymetrické užití tzv. formálních a neformálních pozdravů a rozloučení v české a francouzské části korpusu InterCorp

Author(s): Magdaléna Lapúniková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 29/2024

The contrastive study describes the most frequent greetings and saying goodbye used in the Czech and French language, and defines and evaluates the ways in which they can be translated. In the present study, the data were gathered from the parallel corpus InterCorp. The research includes an interlinguistic questionnaire survey carried out in the Czech Republic and France. The results of this survey showing the assessment of polite phrases by native speakers of either Czech or French are confronted with the findings of the contrastive analysis to identify and characterize in detail potential translation problems between French and Czech especially in terms of the use of formal and informal greetings and saying goodbye.

Advancements in Breast Cancer Diagnosis: A Comprehensive Review of Mammography Datasets, Preprocessing and Classification Techniques

Author(s): Hama Soltani,Issam Bendib,Mohamed Yassine Haouam,Mohamed Amroune / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Breast cancer, a pervasive global health concern, necessitates early detection for an improved prognosis. Mammography, a pivotal screening tool, faces challenges in interpretation, motivating the integration of advanced computational models. This paper offers a comprehensive examination of breast cancer classification through mammography, focusing on machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) approaches. The discussion encompasses widely used mammography datasets, preprocessing techniques, data augmentation and diverse classification algorithms. Noteworthy datasets include LAMIS-DMDB, EMBED and INbreast. Preprocessing involves denoising and contrast enhancement, employing techniques such as Wiener filtering and histogram equalization. Data augmentation, a critical factor in handling small datasets, is explored using basic and advanced techniques, including generative adversarial networks. ML algorithms analyse entire mammograms, while DL techniques, notably convolutional neural networks, focus on localized regions of interest. Despite promising strides, challenges persist in obtaining high-quality datasets and ensuring model interpretability, as well as the strong similarities between cancer and non-cancer regions and irrelevant feature extraction. The paper concludes by outlining potential research directions to further transform breast cancer prognosis and treatment.

Improving Palimpsest Readability via Image Preprocessing: An Investigation into Adjustment Techniques

Author(s): Katia Rasheva-Yordanova,Georgi P. Dimitrov,Paulina T. Tsvetkova,Milena Bankovska,Pavel S. Petrov / Language(s): English Issue: XIV/2024

The palimpsests represent unique historical sources that hold the potential for new insights in the field of human history. These manuscripts, rewritten and reused over time, pose challenges in the research related to their readability and interpretation. The present study aims to investigate the readability of palimpsests through the use of image preprocessing techniques. The article focuses on methods for the preprocessing of palimpsests that could lead to a significant improvement in the readability of the 'hidden' text. The challenges encountered during the processing of palimpsests are explored and various techniques applicable to improving the readability of these manuscripts are analyzed. The primary goal of preprocessing in this context is to separate the 'hidden' text from the visible one, neutralizing material defects and aging. The article presents specific methods such as extracting specific color range from a palimsest image. The experimental techniques are highlighted with sample codes illustrating the application of the respective technology. The current research attempts to advance the development of methods for processing palimpsests and opens up new perspectives for extracting information from those historically valuable manuscripts.

Towards a Multimodal WordNet for Language Learning in Bulgarian

Author(s): Petya Osenova,Kiril Simov / Language(s): English Issue: XIV/2024

In this paper we present some modifications to and extensions of a Wordnet for Bulgarian designed to make it more appropriate for applications in the area of language learning. However, in order to support education, we need to ensure the appropriate selection of sets of synonyms (synsets) from BTB-Wordnet, depending on the education level of the learners, and various types of exercises based on integration of the learning topic and semantic information within Wordnet. For this purpose, our focus is mainly on the combination of the lexemes (lemmas), with their meanings and examples, and the specially designed pictures as illustrations of those meanings within the synsets. We report on our preliminary results.

The Polysemy in Georges Perec’s Crossword: Culioli’s Modelling Approach

Author(s): Yasena Chantova / Language(s): English Issue: XIV/2024

This article presents a discussion on polysemy in a crossword by Perec. We apply Culioli’s modelling approach in terms of operation of location and construction of a notion and its notional domain. Polysemy is seen as part of the intangible cultural heritage within languages.

Грамматические особенности письменной разговорной речи на примере языка блогера О. Савельевой : эмоциональность, письменная разговорная речь, интенсив, компрессия, повтор, пост в интернете

Author(s): Liudmila Hušková / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2024

The object of research in the work is the grammatical means of written colloquial speech using the example of blogger O. Savelyeva's book Oranges. Since the book Oranges is based on posts on O. Savelyeva's blog, we can talk about the language of the book as a special language of Internet publications. The article name is devoted to written colloquial speech. The grammatical means in a book based on Internet posts reflect the trends of modern Internet language. O. Savelyeva's goal is to create a relaxed atmosphere and establish a connection with readers. The author is characterized by emotionality, which is reflected in the syntactic structures used. The book makes extensive use of compression, repetition, narrative intensification, etc. The analysis of syntactic units is carried out in the context of the entire narration as a whole. When analyzing syntactic devices, it is important to consider the graphic design of sentences, for example, the use of capital letters to convey the emotionality of the narration. This can be attributed to specific means that allow the author to be closer to the reader. In general, the analysis of the book Oranges and the syntactic means of written colloquial speech contributes to the development of science about the peculiarities of the Internet language in the modern world.

Sentiment Analysis of Indonesia 2024 Election with a Comparison of Naive Bayes and KNN Algorithms on Twitter

Author(s): Mespin Andayani,Fitri Marisa,Rangga Pahlevi Putra / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

In the 2024 General Election, the Recapitulation Information System (SIREKAP) was used to capture the vote count results electronically. However, the use of SIREKAP raises various opinions in the community, both positive and negative, regarding the accuracy of the uploaded data. This study aims to analyze public sentiment towards the use of SIREKAP in the 2024 Election through Twitter data, using the Naive Bayes and KNN algorithms. The results showed that the Naive Bayes algorithm was superior with an accuracy of 93.37%, while KNN achieved an accuracy of 77.92%. The novelty of this research is to conduct sentiment analysis and provide insight into how people perceive the use of SIREKAP in the 2024 Election through Twitter data.

Reporting verbs associated with evidentiality in research article abstracts in applied linguistics and applied psycholinguistics

Author(s): Oleksandr Kapranov / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2024

The article presents a quantitative corpus-based study that aims to shed light on the frequency and distribution of reporting verbs (for instance, indicate, posit, etc.) associated with evidentiality that are found in research article abstracts (RAAs) in applied linguistics and applied psycholinguistics, respectively. Theoretically and methodologically, the study is informed by the literature (Söderqvist, 2020; Szczygłowska, 2022), which demonstrates that reporting verbs may mark evidentiality in scientific discourse. In order to establish the frequency of the occurrence of reporting verbs associated with evidentiality, a corpus of RAAs in applied linguistics and applied psycholinguistics was collected and, subsequently, analysed in software program AntConc version 4.0.11 (Anthony, 2022). The results of the quantitative analysis revealed that show and suggest were the most frequent reporting verbs associated with evidentiality in the corpus of RAAs in applied linguistics and applied psycholinguistics alike.

A new tool for semantic network analysis: fan_xplorr

Author(s): Eva Maria Luef,Albert Maršík / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Lexical association data is a valuable resource in psycholinguistics, providing researchers with empirical insights into which words are perceived as ‘belonging together’. One of the largest such datasets for English, the University of South Florida Free Association Norms database, is available freely online. The raw data format however requires some technical steps to tap into the potential it offers for network science, which can present a barrier for some researchers. This paper introduces a userfriendly command-line tool, fan_xplorr, that addresses this issue by providing linguists with access to the data. With the proposed tool, researchers can interactively display portions of the semantic network dataset in the form of interactive network graphs. The design of the tool enables linguists to access the dataset without advanced technical skills and promotes exploration within the dataset for psycholinguistic studies.

Zu kreativen Ausdrucksformen im deutschsprachigen öffentlichen Raum

Author(s): Anna Dargiewicz / Language(s): German Issue: 33/2024

„Linguistic Landscape research is a relatively young sociolinguistic subdiscipline“, stellte 2007 Peter Backhaus fest. Das auch LL, Sprachlandschaft oder sprachliche Landschaft genannte Forschungsgebiet Linguistic Landscape beschäftigt sich mit der visuell gestalteten Sprache im öffentlichen Raum. Der Beitrag stellt sich zum Ziel, anhand des gesammelten Korpus zu beweisen, dass die Stadt nicht nur ein Ort der mündlichen Kommunikation ist, sondern auch ein Ort, wo man mittels geschriebenen Wortes kommuniziert. Darüber hinaus veranschaulicht das mithilfe der Linguistic Landscape- Recherche gewonnene Korpus, dass die im öffentlichen Raum präsenten Texte eine Bestätigung der Kreativität der Benutzer der deutschen Sprache sind. Diese Kreativität spiegelt sich in der Bildung von sprachlichen Formen wider, die in dem Beitrag ausführlich analysiert wurden. Diese Formen fallen durch ihre Eigenartigkeit auf, überraschen oder geben zu denken, wodurch sie das Interesse der Betrachter wecken. Es sind sprachliche Neubildungen, die aufgrund bekannter Regeln der deutschen Wortbildung entstehen. Es sind zugleich Beweise dafür, dass in der Gesellschaft Bedarf besteht, auf besondere, immer auffälligere Art und Weise zu kommunizieren, wobei Worte/Wortbildungsmorpheme auf bisher ungewohnte Art und Weise miteinander kombiniert werden. Dadurch weckt die mitzuteilende Information zweifelsfrei eine verstärkte Aufmerksamkeit der Rezipienten.“Linguistic landscape research is a relatively young sociolinguistic subdiscipline”, stated Peter Backhaus in 2007. The research field of Linguistic Landscape, also referred to as LL, deals with the language visible in public space. The aim of the article is to prove this on the basis of the collected corpus that the city is not only a place of oral communication, but also a space where people communicate by means of the written word. Moreover, the texts present in public space are a confirmation of the creativity of the users of the German language, which is illustrated by the corpus obtained with the help of the Linguistic Landscape research. This creativity is reflected in the formation of linguistic forms, which are formed using the familiar rules of German word formation. These word formations are striking, surprising or thought-provoking due to their peculiarity, thus arousing the interest of the readers/viewers. They are linguistic neologisms and at the same time they prove that there is a need in society for increasingly striking communication patterns, whereby words/word-forming morphemes are combined in unusual, hitherto unexplored ways. As a result, the information communicated undoubtedly attracts more attention from the recipients.

Аспекти на диалога при виртуалното общуване (диалогът в коментарните рубрики)

Author(s): Vanya Zidarova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

Dialogue as a form of communication is part of virtual communication on the Internet. Comments are a type of dialogue that is characterized by distance between communicators, indirectness and one-way communication. Linguistically, commentary is a written form of spoken speech, in which almost all communicative practices inherent in oral speech are observed. In this study, comments on the Facebook pages of four entertainment television shows are analyzed. The speech strategies and linguistic devices used in the comments as a dialogic form are analyzed.

Отклонения при изписването на атрибутивни съчетания с първи компонент дума от чужд произход в неофициалната интернет комуникация

Author(s): Elitsa Topalova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The paper is devoted to the attributive combinations of two nouns in which the first component is a word of foreign origin that gives some extra information about the second component of the combination. The instances of usage are observed in informal Internet communication viewed as written form of spoken language. The emphasis is placed on the different spelling variants of these combinations that are observed in the examined examples, excerpted mainly from social media. The difference in spelling is presented as a result of an existing argument about the current linguistic essence of these combinations – whether they are a lexical unit (lexeme) or a syntactic structure.

THE INFLUENCE OF MODERN FORMS OF LEARNING ON THE EMOTIONAL CLIMATE IN THE LEARNING PROCESS

Author(s): Asim Praskić,Maja Trifunović,Danijela Milanović / Language(s): English Issue: 28/2024

Modern forms of learning encourage an active attitude of students towards learning and the knowledge they need to acquire. These forms prepare students for the future and help them navigate the modern society and changes brought about by the 21st century. With the development and modernization of technology, changes also occur in education. Teaching, as the most organized form of education, must keep pace with the time. In modern teaching, there is a greater emphasis on the student and their activity. The teacher must first engage the student in productive work and then develop their motivation for learning. The theoretical part of this paper explores and explains traditional and modern forms of learning. The research part aims to identify students’ subjective attitudes towards the application of new forms of learning.

Na Filozofické fakultě Univerzity Palackého proběhlo 45. výroční kolokvium Mezinárodní společnosti pro funkční lingvistiku

Author(s): Kristýna Nováková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2024

The 45th Annual Colloquium of the International Society for Functional Linguistics (SILF) was held at the Faculty of Arts, Palacký University, from October 2-5, 2024. This event marked the fourth time a Czech city hosted the colloquium, following Prague, České Budějovice, and Brno. The colloquium featured three thematic areas: Europe as a Mosaic of Languages, Language and Media, and Grammaticalization and Dynamic Synchrony. Over 40 presentations were delivered in Czech, French, and English, covering topics such as multilingualism, the influence of modern media and artificial intelligence on communication, and the grammaticalization processes in various languages. Notable speakers included José Carlos Herreras and Jarmila Tárnyiková, who addressed linguistic diversity in the EU and the functional view of economy and vagueness in discourse, respectively. The event also included a cultural program with a concert and an excursion to Lednice Castle. The next colloquium's host institution has yet to be determined, with several candidates worldwide.

Принципи на флективното описание на глаголните съставни лексикални единици в български

Author(s): Svetla Koeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

This article presents the general principles for the inflectional description of verbal mul-tiword expressions in Bulgarian. Two main criteria are applied: the maintenance of the relation to the inflectional description of simple words in Bulgarian and the presentation of the minimal grammatical information necessary for a standardised description of the forms of verbal multiword expressions. The paper also provides a brief outline of the formalism used to define local grammars, which are compiled into finite-state transducers that recognise and generate the forms of verbal multiword expressions, along with the associated grammatical information.

Zur Bearbeitung der Adjektive im entstehenden Großen akademischen Wörterbuch DeutschTschechisch. Ein Erfahrungsbericht aus den Revisionsarbeiten

Author(s): Marie Vachková / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2024

When editing and revising the adjectives in the lexical database of the Czech‑German Academic Dictionary suggestions are offered based on both corpus analyses and reflections on entries in modern German‑language and Czech dictionaries. Some of the decisions made during the revision work are of a technical nature, but when analyzing the entire spectrum of data, questions arise that need to be considered from both a linguistic and a translator’s point of view. The text provides annotated text samples of selected database entries to demonstrate the problem of equivalence from the translator’s point of view.