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Recognizing Handwritten Text in Slavic Manuscripts: a Neural-Network Approach Using Transkribus
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Recognizing Handwritten Text in Slavic Manuscripts: a Neural-Network Approach Using Transkribus

Author(s): Achim Rabus / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2019

The paper discusses the automatic text recognition capabilities of neural network models specifically trained to recognize different styles of Church Slavonic handwriting within the software platform Transkribus. Computed character error rates of the models are in the range of 3 to 5 percent; real-life performance shows that specifically trained models, by and large, recognize simple (non-superscript) characters correctly most of the time. The error rate is higher with superscript letters, abbreviations, and word separation. Combined models consisting of training data from different sources are capable of transcribing different styles of Slavic handwriting with low error rates. Automatic text recognition using Transkribus and the models presented in this paper can help improve the efficiency of the process of digitizing Church Slavonic manuscripts and thus boost the number of digitized sources available in the future.

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Функционална субституция на средните гласните [e–ɛ] и на широката гласна [e] в устната практика на френския и българския език

Функционална субституция на средните гласните [e–ɛ] и на широката гласна [e] в устната практика на френския и българския език

Author(s): Veska Kirilova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The present study examines the manifestation of some functional substitution processes occurring with the French vowels [e], [ɛ] and with the Bulgarian vowel [e] in the oral practice of the French and Bulgarian languages. The aim of the research is not only to describe the observed processes, but also to establish the substitutes of the vowels under discussion, the phonetic factors determining the substitution course and the pronunciation tendency it leads to in both languages.

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Anglicismes de l’informatique dans le langage courant

Anglicismes de l’informatique dans le langage courant

Author(s): Silvia Pitiriciu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2013

The jargon of informatics developed very quickly in the Romanian language especially in the last two decades. Computer influenced the speech of young people particularly in lexical aspect. The nouns and verbs borrowed from English and used in conversations on the chat also entered the everyday speech of the youth. Some of them even engender whole lexical groups. There are categories of words which are of interest from the point of view of morphology, semantics, spelling and orthoepy. Anglicisms are lexemes which cause problems in linguistic integration and adaptation.

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Texts of corpus of Russian dialects of Udmurtia as a source of linguistic and culturological information
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Texts of corpus of Russian dialects of Udmurtia as a source of linguistic and culturological information

Author(s): Ekaterina Anatolyevna Zhdanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 21/2021

The corpus of Russian dialects of Udmurtia, created on the platform of the linguistic and geographical information system (LGIS) “Dialect” (URL: http://dialect.manuscripts.ru/), contains recordings of oral speech of residents of 166 localities of the Udmurt Republic in the 1970s–1990s. The texts are presented mainly in the form of scanned copies of the pages of notebooks, in which transcription of the conversations of the collectors with the informants is given. There are 9300 scanned copies of pages, all records are certified. The existing markup provides the creation of token samples and visualization of contexts at the user’s request (http://dialect.manuscripts.ru/Lexical/FindQuestPage), which allows us to analyze the features of the lexical composition, as well as some phonetic and grammatical features of the Russian dialects of Udmurtia. Dialect words from texts of the corpus can be mapped in lexical, word building and semantic maps of Russian dialects of Udmurtia. At present, the texts of the corpus are available in the public domain http://manuscripts.ru/dialect-test/notebooks. Recordings of dialect speech can serve as a source of non-linguistic information, namely about historical events and personalities, material and spiritual culture, customs and traditions of the local population, national composition and interethnic relations in Udmurtia of the 20th century. In the paper examples of texts of the corpus in Russian transcription with all lexical, phonetic and grammatical features of dialects, information about speakers, time and places of recordings are given.

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A Bilingual Digital Edition of La Belle et la Bête and its Russian Translation by Kh. Demidova
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A Bilingual Digital Edition of La Belle et la Bête and its Russian Translation by Kh. Demidova

Author(s): Alexei Lavrentiev,Liubov Kurysheva / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2021

This paper presents a digital edition of the manuscript of the first Russian translation of Leprince de Beaumont’s The Beauty and the Beast fairy tale (1756), aligned to its French original. The translation was made in 1758 by a twelve year-old girl, Khionia Demidova (1746-1792), and dedicated to her elder brother. Its original manuscript is conserved at the scientific library of Saratov State University (no. 456). This document is interesting from several points of view: the “naive” translation made by a young girl allows us to understand how the French literature was perceived in the 18th century Russia, what aspects of the French language and socio-cultural phenomena of the Western Europe were difficult to understand, and how the socio-cultural phenomena of the Western Europe were perceived. The peculiarities of Khionia’s spelling and punctuation provide data on her knowledge of Russian grammar and orthography. The digital edition includes a multi-layer transcription of the source document aligned with a digital fac-simile and the original French text. It is published online on the TXM-IHRIM web portal (https://txm-ihrim.huma-num.fr). The workflow of the edition Microsoft Word, Oxgarage and TXM may be reused for similar editions and text corpora.

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Parkosz’s Treatise from a Typographic Point of View
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Parkosz’s Treatise from a Typographic Point of View

Author(s): Janusz S. Bień / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2022

The 15th century Latin manuscript containing a treatise by Parkosz was the very first proposal of Polish spelling. To account for all the phonemes of Polish some new letters were proposed, which are not available in the present day fonts. This makes difficult to quote the proposal when discussing the history of Polish spelling. The paper describes the transliteration proposed by the author which used the characters available in the Unicode standard. The ultimate solution is of course creating a specialized font and the paper mentions some aspects of this task.

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Kaks konverentsi

Author(s): Mare Koit,Haldur Õim / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 01/2013

Report on the conferences: 1. “Loomuliku väitluse arvutimudelid” held in Montpellier from 27th to 31st August of 2012. 2. “SemDial” held in Paris from 19th to 21st September of 2012.

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PICTURES OF THE DECADENCE IN WORDS – REMEMBER AND THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY – A CORPUS LINGUISTIC APPROACH

PICTURES OF THE DECADENCE IN WORDS – REMEMBER AND THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY – A CORPUS LINGUISTIC APPROACH

Author(s): Gabriela-Corina Șanta (Câmpean) / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The current research paper aims to establish the frequencies of terms belonging to the semantic fields of senses, arts, physical appearance and beauty, colours and illness in two works representative of the Decadent movement in the English and Romanian literature, i.e. Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray and Mateiu Caragiale’s Remember. A comparative approach of the authors’ intentions to picture their worlds is performed to reveal similarities and differences between the literary works under scrutiny and how they are relevant for the literary movement, studying them solely from a linguistic perspective. The methods chosen to perform the study belong to corpus linguistics, i.e. an online available software programme named Word Counter is used to detect the number of occurrences, followed by the interpretation stage using charts. Results prove that the words from the semantic field of physical appearance have the highest frequency in both works, senses and colours are significant aspects in the works under scrutiny, illness is not stressed in both stories, and art is more important in The Picture of Dorian Gray than in Remember. The occurrences of the terms reveal similarities and differences which validate the statement that the texts belonging to a certain literary period, i.e. the Decadence, focus on the physical appearance, beauty and art, values promoted by the literary movement.

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The Relationship between Tertiary Level EFL Learners’ Attitudes towards English and Technology and Their Autonomy Levels

The Relationship between Tertiary Level EFL Learners’ Attitudes towards English and Technology and Their Autonomy Levels

Author(s): Ayça Kılıç,Levent Uzun / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Technology is a vital part of language learning, and thus, students’ attitudes towards it influence its effective use. Also, language learner autonomy is related to the use of technology. Thus, this study was conducted in a TELP (tertiary level intensive English program) to investigate students’ attitudes towards English and technology, their autonomy levels, and the relationship between two constructs. Having a quantitative approach, two scales were used to gather data, English and Technology Attitudes Scale (ETAS) by Kearney et al. (2020) and Autonomy Perception Scale by Demirtaş (2010). The data from the scales was analysed using IBM SPSS Statistical Package 22.0. The findings revealed that students mostly had very positive attitudes towards English and technology, and male students achieved significantly higher results in confidence in English and technology than female students. In addition, the students were not found to be effectively autonomous. Furthermore, there was a significant and positive relationship between autonomy and attitudes towards English and technology. It can be concluded that autonomy improves using technology to learn English, and students who use technology to learn English become more autonomous. Teachers are responsible for guiding their students in this process.

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Interpretation of Machine Learning in Arabic Language Processing

Interpretation of Machine Learning in Arabic Language Processing

Author(s): Abdus Salam / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

Lately, research on destructive language and cyber bullying area has procured a ton of interest since it impacts both individual setbacks and social orders. Scornful trades, irritating, sexism, bias, intense substance, incitement, noxious comments, and various kinds of abuse have all extended unequivocally due to the basic passage to virtual diversion stages like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and others. Thusly, there is a basic need to recognize, make due, and limit the spread of threatening substance on one individual to the next correspondence objections, inciting us to play out this survey to motorize the distinguishing proof of unfriendly language or cyberbullying. Having a fair enlightening file for a model would deliver higher precision models, in this way we manufacture one more Arabic changed educational assortment to be used during the time spent unfriendly acknowledgment. As of late, Ensemble Machine Learning has been used to redesign the display of single classifiers. The place of this study is to ponder the introduction of different single and assembling AI computations in recognizing Arabic message containing cyberbullying and antagonistic language. Hence, we have picked three AI classifiers and three outfit models and apply them to three Arabic datasets two of them are unfriendly datasets that are uninhibitedly available, and the third one which we assembled. The results showed that the social affair AI reasoning outmaneuvers the single understudy AI approach. Finally we use hyper parameters tunning on the Arabic cyber bylluing enlightening list to optize the presentation of the popularity based procedure. "Arabic is falling behind" says the facilitator of the AI and Arabic language taking care of examination bundle at the University of Sharjah, to "The National". Since AI is used by associations to cut down cost and accelerate any communication, understanding was no unique case. Thusly, AI is advancing relating to machine understanding of lingos like English, Spanish and Chinese. Arabic language remains a test for certain reasons, for instance, Language unpredictability, Language sumptuousness, Questionable plan, Kinds of Arabic (tongues). That is the explanation, the Google grant and assessment at the University of Sharjah ensures more investigation and improvement in this field. Meet the famous Machine Learners-Translators! Using Machine learning and electronic thinking, PCs can translate, and the cycle is called Machine understanding. Nowadays, AI (ML) is a hot area of investigation and its applications are wide. Arabic Language Processing (ALP) is a subfield that joins research from the fields of computational derivation and modernized thinking. It targets working with the correspondence among PCs and individuals using Arabic language or its conversational groupings. Arabic for machines English-or French-talking voice bots are not precisely perfect. Be that as it may, assisting machines with grasping Arabic is particularly intriguing a result of various variables. These are three regularly seen challenges: Absence of diacritics. Arabic tongues are vernacular, as in essentially spoken. Most of the available text is non-diacritized, meaning it needs complements like the like the extreme (') or grave (') that show the sound potential gains of letters. In this manner, sorting out where the vowels go is hard. With everything taken into account, they need standardized orthographic principles that immediate how to create a language, including guidelines or spelling, hyphenation, word breaks, and complement. These resources are basic to get ready PC models, and how there are exorbitantly relatively few of them has limped the progression of Arabic talk affirmation. Morphological multifaceted nature Arabic speakers partake in a lot of code trading. For example, in locales colonized by the French North Africa, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia the tongues consolidate many gained French words. Subsequently, there innumerable are called out-of-language words, which talk affirmation propels can't grasp because these words are not Arabic.

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Keelekorraldus Nõukogude Eestis - Vaateid eesti keelekorralduse arenguloole

Author(s): Reet Kasik / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 12/2022

As far as Estonian language planning is concerned, the 45 years after World War II, when Estonian was ruled by Soviet power, were not all of equal weight. The first post-war decade was spent in an effort to make Estonian a “Soviet” language by following the guidelines coming down from the leadership of the Academy of Sciences, the state publishing house and other government agencies. For the next quarter of a century, i.e., up to the late 1970s, Estonian corpus planning was the responsibility of conservative linguists, who believed that standard Estonian was ready, so that there was no reason to change its norms and only some lexical additions were in order. However, in addition to norm fixation the period started bringing usage recommendations and more attention came to be paid to language culture in general. In the 1970s-1980s, the emerging generation of language planners carried an understanding of standard language as a phenomenon in variation and change, and so the planners’ main responsibility was to monitor that change.

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FROM EKPHRASIS AS ICON TO THE ORGANIC FORM AND DIGITAL EKPHRASIS

FROM EKPHRASIS AS ICON TO THE ORGANIC FORM AND DIGITAL EKPHRASIS

Author(s): Lavinia Hulea / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2019

The separation of signs into sensible and intelligible, with the first ones used by visual arts and the second ones by verbal arts, made possible the dissociation between natural signs and arbitrary-conventional signs. It appeared that, with a view to represent an object, which could be identified with its existent correspondent (as in representational visual arts), no difficulties were to be encountered; therefore, a related, unambiguous process was expected to be dealt with in the representation of objects by words seen as the embodiment of enargeia. Renaissance witnessed the setting forth of an ekphrastic theory that focused on enargeia as the equivalent of imitation, with a twist: ekphrasis appeared to have shifted from the representation of sensible reality (as pictures do) towards the representation of intelligible reality. The understanding of the representation as ,,image” or ,,icon” did not require the imitation of external reality, anymore. Subsequently, modernism went even further and asserted that all the arts-visual arts included-operated as linguistic signs and demanded interpretation. The mimetic function of all the arts is thus considered to require its subordination to the conventions that determined the manner of creating and perceiving them. The signs of all the arts, visual arts included, acquire, with modernism, an arbitrary and conventional character. Further, twentieth century brought under debate the notion of digital ekphrasis, which attempts at shifting the focus from the verbal representation of a visual representation towards the corporeality of the work and the receiver’s multisensory experience with that work.

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Clausal Complements of Non-Agentive Visual Perception Verbs in Bulgarian and Russian

Clausal Complements of Non-Agentive Visual Perception Verbs in Bulgarian and Russian

Author(s): Maria Ovsjannikova,Hristina Kukova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The paper examines clausal complementation with the Bulgarian and Russian non-agentive visual perception verbs виждам – видя / видеть – увидеть and забелязвам – забележа / замечать – заметить. Based on the data of a parallel corpus, the temporal and aspectual features of these verbs and their association with the choice of the complementizers как vs. че / что are analyzed. Our analysis reveals manifold aspects of interaction between verbal tense and aspectuality and the complementizer distribution. First, the constructions with как were found to be associated with a retrospective view of the situation of perception, while the constructions with че / что are more frequently used in contexts describing perception from the synchronic point of view. Second, the constructions with как appear to represent perception as more independent from the experiencer than constructions with че / что. We interpret these differences in light of the opposition between immediate perception and mental perception believed to аffect the choice between как and че / что.

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Partikelähnliche Konstruktionen in Reden tschechischer Parlamentarier und ihre deutschen Äquivalente

Partikelähnliche Konstruktionen in Reden tschechischer Parlamentarier und ihre deutschen Äquivalente

Author(s): Jan Ciosk / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2022

This corpus-based article aims to show examples of particle-like constructions that are used by representatives of the Czech Parliament. In the first part of the study the author focuses on the characteristics of language used by politicians and tries to define basic processes that this language is driven by. The process of conversationalisation stands here in the foreground and represents the key aspect of today's political language that can be observed not only in the media but also in institutions such as the Parliament. The author provides a qualitative analysis of corpus data in a three-year period and deals with the occurrence of particle-like constructions in the given speeches. Such constructions and their respective translations are then discussed with respect to their functional features.

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Otázka poetismů v jazyce dnešní lyriky prizmatem Korpusu současné poezie

Otázka poetismů v jazyce dnešní lyriky prizmatem Korpusu současné poezie

Author(s): Karel Piorecký,Michal Škrabal / Language(s): Czech Issue: 6/2022

The aim of our study is to review the meaning of the term “poeticism” and consider its vitality within contemporary poetry. It identifies specific features of contemporary Czech poetic language that distinguish it from the commonly spoken and written language. For this purpose, we utilise data collected in the Corpus of Contemporary Czech Poetry, using a keyword-extraction tool. We argue that poeticisms in contemporary poetry can be identified based on their frequency as keywords which significantly exceeds the frequency of the same words in common language. Our study concludes by drawing a distinction between two types of poeticisms: functional ones are defined by their frequency, while essential ones are used exclusively in poetic language.

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O propunere de adaptare pentru limba română a unei probe de fluență verbală fonematică (testul de asociere orală controlată a cuvintelor – COWAT)

O propunere de adaptare pentru limba română a unei probe de fluență verbală fonematică (testul de asociere orală controlată a cuvintelor – COWAT)

Author(s): Ovidiu Tudorean,Alois Gherguț / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2022

Verbal fluency is an indicator of good cognitive functioning. The Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) is part of the examination tools in neuropsychology. For English there are stratified standards by age and background (Tombaugh, Kozak, & Rees, 1999). The phonemic combinations used are F-A-S, C-T-L or P-R-W. These combinations are not specific to the Romanian language. This study proposes a way to identify phonemes that could be specific to the Romanian language for an adapted version of the COWAT test.

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La traducción automática de unidades fraseológicas usadas en Manolito Gafotas al árabe: entre la corrección lingüística y la aceptabilidad cultural

La traducción automática de unidades fraseológicas usadas en Manolito Gafotas al árabe: entre la corrección lingüística y la aceptabilidad cultural

Author(s): Mohamed El Madkouri,Beatriz‏ Soto Aranda / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1/2023

One of the challenges in literary translation is the need to consider linguistic accuracy, pragmatic meaning, and reading experience all at once. It means that translators choose carefully between translation options, considering stylistic issues and the characteristics of the potential reader (mainly age and cultural features of the target context). From this perspective, this research analyses machine translation of five phraseological units from Spanish into Arabic, using the young adult novel Manolito Gafotas by Elvira Lindo (1994) as a corpus. The translations are assessed by 1. analysing their grammatical and semantic accuracy and 2. comparing them with the results of a survey conducted among six bilingual and bicultural speakers asked to translate the items being assessed. By following the results of previous research focused on machine translation of isolated Arabic proverbs into Spanish, the phraseological units elicited were provided in context to enable machine translation and human translators to infer their pragmatic and discursive meaning. The research concludes that neural machine translation systems tend to propose accurate solutions for the phraseological units being assessed when they receive enough linguistic input. Likewise, incorrect translations are due to comprehension errors produced in the translational process between Spanish and English, as the latter functions as the pivot language in the translating process. Finally, human translators tend to use more canonical and functional equivalent phraseological units and produce a variety of target culture-oriented translations.

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Možnosti automatickej transkripcie v platforme Transkribus na príklade správ o vybavovaní sťažností občanov v období komunistickej diktatúry.

Možnosti automatickej transkripcie v platforme Transkribus na príklade správ o vybavovaní sťažností občanov v období komunistickej diktatúry.

Author(s): Matej Smida / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2023

This thesis discusses the basic options of work in an application Transkribus, about its benefits, pitfalls and innovations that we presented in the selected sample of archival documents with the topic of citizen complaints during the governance of the Communist party in Czechoslovakia in the 1948-1989. Gradually we have documented the process of working with historical sources in Transkribus, preparation, transcription and the results. Because we focused on typewritten documents only, we compared the results with other ways and options of transcription, we evaluated their usability, which leads to interesting conclusions and results. The thesis is also supported by statistical indicators and pictorial schedules on the basis of which we have did specific conclusions. In the thesis we also present the issue of citizen complaints as a topic of historical research.

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LOANWORDS FROM ENGLISH – INTERNET AS THEIR MAIN SOURCE

LOANWORDS FROM ENGLISH – INTERNET AS THEIR MAIN SOURCE

Author(s): Emilia Ștefan / Language(s): German Issue: 34/2023

In this paper, I shall try to outline the importance of internet as the main source of anglicisms in German language. The communication technology developed in the USA indeed plays a prominent role in the field of English foreign words, as a wide array of technical loanwords are being exported to German language (and not only). Online talks, web surfing and writing e-mails have become routine activities of today’s society. It is natural that German language should change with the technological progress, especially in terms of internet. Internet is used by most people all over the world, and if its mother country is the United States, how could languages not be impacted by anglicisms? Languages are different and cannot be compared to one another, but a language is a complex unit undergoing a constant development process. The appearance of anglicisms is only a part of this development, that can no longer be avoided today.

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Психолингвистические особенности развития структуры языковой личности студента под влиянием интернет-среды

Психолингвистические особенности развития структуры языковой личности студента под влиянием интернет-среды

Author(s): Olexandr Kušč,Elena Tomášková / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3-4/2016

The paper examines the role of the Internet environment in the formation of the student’s language personality. With considering psycholinguistic features of adolescence the specificity of formation of student’s linguistic personality under the influence of the Internet environment is defined. As a result the major negative effects of changed conditions of formation of language personality were identified, the following ones among them: the lack of reading skills and analysis of complex text, the ability to create their own texts and conduct expedient and effective discussions, build the communication with different people. In this connection, a question about the development of effective methods for the formation of the student’s language person in the new environment is raised. The conclusion that the real, rather than virtual communication, the reader's experience and outlook will inevitably require a certain linguistic basis and contribute to its accumulation is made.

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