CAI – Narzędzia informatyczne wspierające tłumaczy konsekutywnych

Stan badań oraz perspektywy rozwoju

Author(s): Krzysztof Sitkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

The aim of the article is to present CAI tools, i.e. Computer-Assisted Interpreting tools supporting the interpreter during consecutive interpreting. The first part presents the definition of CAI, a description and examples of the first, second and third generation of this tool. Based on the analysis of the subject, it was found that the existing solutions, either in commercial or test form, are limited to terminology management. Then the author refers to the possibility of using translation memories in consecutive interpreting. The following part describes the two most important components of CAI, namely speech recognition software (ASR) and a compression tool. In the next part, possible development issues are presented.

Can We Use Second Life For Language Learning And Instruction?

Author(s): Yavuz Samur / Language(s): English Issue: 145/2009

Over the last few years there has been an increased interest in Multi-User Virtual Environments (MUVEs), or virtual worlds, by instructional designers and developers. One of these MUVEs is a very well known world, Second Life (SL). There are many instructional activities taking place in Second Life and language learning, English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) learning is just one of them. Gartner Inc. (2007) says that 80 percent of active internet users will have a “Second Life” in the virtual world by the end of 2011. In this paper, the researches and use of SL in language instruction is examined and some suggestions are offered to both instructors and designers on how they can leverage of SL especially in higher education settings.

Categoria verbale del tempo. Uno studio contrastivo italiano-romeno

Author(s): Ciprian Florentin Popa / Language(s): Italian Issue: 14/2020

In the analysis of grammatical terminology, we can identify a methodological description of the verbal category of tense common to both Italian and Romanian. That could be taken to account for the fact that these two languages feature the same main moods and tenses, but with some different nuances from the point of view of verbal or temporal aspect. Our study aims to present and analyse such differences between Italian and Romanian, with a major focus on those encountered in the verbal category of tense. The present paper is intended to view tense from the morphosyntactic vantage point (verbal tenses of the finite moods), with the lexical stance (adverbs, prepositional phrases) to be documented in subsequent research.

Categorical Model of Structural Operational Semantics for Imperative Language

Author(s): William Steingartner,Valerie Novitzká / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

Definition of programming languages consists of the formal definition of syntax and semantics. One of the most popular semantic methods used in various stages of software engineering is structural operational semantics. It describes program behavior in the form of state changes after execution of elementary steps of program. This feature makes structural operational semantics useful for implementation of programming languages and also for verification purposes. In our paper we present a new approach to structural operational semantics. We model behavior of programs in category of states, where objects are states, an abstraction of computer memory and morphisms model state changes, execution of a program in elementary steps. The advantage of using categorical model is its exact mathematical structure with many useful proved properties and its graphical illustration of program behavior as a path, i.e. a composition of morphisms. Our approach is able to accentuate dynamics of structural operational semantics. For simplicity, we assume that data are intuitively typed. Visualization and facility of our model is not only a new model of structural operational semantics of imperative programming languages but it can also serve for education purposes.

Ceļā uz digitālo latviešu teiku rādītāju: priekšvēsture

Author(s): Sandis Laime / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 39/2019

In 2014, the Archives of Latvian Folklore started developing its digital archive, which, among other things, offers an opportunity to develop new digital tools and resources for indexing folk narratives. Since the 1850s, a sizeable legend corpus has been documented in the territory of Latvia, and extensive collections have been published. While initiating the development of a digital index of legends, this article aims to consider the most comprehensive collections and publications as of today, as well to characterise the applied systems of classification and indexes. It was in the 1850s and 1860s when the first calls to write down folktales and legends were published in the press, and when the Latvian folk narratives started attracting wider interest of both Baltic German scholars and emerging Latvian intellectuals. In 1887, Fricis Brīvzemnieks published the first academic collection of folktales and legends, which included 186 texts. In this collection, the folktales and legends were classified by the genre and subject. The majority of the folktales (1863 texts) and legends (3254 texts) collected in the 19th century was published in the seven-volume edition “Latvian Legends and Folktales” (1891–1903, 2001) edited by Anss Lerhis-Puškaitis. It was the largest collection of Latvian folklore and one of the most sizeable publications of folk narratives in Europe at that time. In the early 1890s, the popularity of British anthropologist Edward Tylor’s theory of animism was growing. As no particular classification system of legends was approbated in international research circles, Lerhis-Puškaitis developed a unique system of legend classification, which was based on the theory of animism to arrange the voluminous text corpus; however, it fell under criticism in the early 20th century. The largest current publication of Latvian folk narratives (4309 folktales and 3586 legends), “Latvian Folktales and Legends” (1925–1937), was prepared for publishing by Prof. Pēteris Šmits. As for systematisation of folktales, Šmits implemented a state-of-art classification system introduced by Antti Aarne based on the historic-geographic method. Unlike folktales, researchers of legends did not have any internationally applied catalogue of legend types available at the time. Šmits classified the legends into four sections: 1) etiological legends, 2) mythological legends, 3) place legends, and 4) historical legends. The Archives of Latvian Folklore (ALF) was established in 1924 with its main task to collect and archive Latvian folklore, including legends. Along with intense activities of folklore collecting, the ALF was publishing and studying the collected materials, yet no developments toward a legend index were initiated. Having recognised legends as a significant genre for the Soviet ideology, a catalogue was initiated in the 1950s by Herta Vaita (the card index of legends). In the early 1960s Alma Ancelāne engaged in the research and classification of legends, and this also concurred with the discussion activated by the International Society for Folk Narrative Research regarding the development of an international catalogue of legends, which indirectly affected Ancelāne’s work. The card index of legends, which was completed after almost 30 years, covers nearly all of the material held in the ALF, some 57,000 texts. The material was primarily divided into etiological, mythological, and historical legends, whereas a more detailed subdivision was created grouping the legends into several sub-levels based on motifs, types, and occasionally by the themes included therein. Although Ancelāne’s card index greatly helps in orientating oneself to the collection of legends held in the ALF, it can hardly be considered as a fully completed index of motifs or types of Latvian legends. After WWII, Latvian émigrés also contributed to the classification of legends. In 1981, Lena Neuland published “Motif-Index of Latvian Folktales and Legends”, which followed the pattern of “Motif-Index of Folk Literature” by Stith Thompson using both Thompson’s names and numbers of the motifs. In 2014, the digital archive of ALF, garamantas.lv, began providing options for the development of new digital tools and resources in the research of folk narratives. Much has been accomplished in the field of legend research by now, yet there is still much to be done. A sizeable number of legends have been collected, and a large portion of them has been published, but this material has not been compiled in a single data corpus. A motif-index of Latvian legends has been developed which is accessible to the international community of legend researchers, but the material it covers equals less than 5% of the entire text corpus. Likewise, a type-index of Latvian legends should also be developed. In addition, an equally wide selection of Latvian legends should be published in English. By developing a mapping tool, the digital archive would allow for the visualization of the geographical distribution of each motif and type. There are plenty of plans and intents to implement. The first impressions gained from an implementation of those will be addressed in a separate article.

Change and Continuity in Translation. Renewing Communication in a Globalised World

Author(s): Yves Gambier / Language(s): English Issue: 37/2020

At first sight, technology is transforming rapidly the workflow in translation. Like in many other fields, digital technology impacts translators’ daily life. Technology is so omnipresent that we are hardly capable of measuring the consequences it had, the metamorphosis it has induced. On the other hand, we are also so fascinated by all the technical devices and platforms we can use that we tend to forget or undermine the past and how technology and media have always played a role in the evolution of our cultures. Looking back in history, we can realise that some current practices in translation, considered as new, are not really so new. The use of multimodal “texts” we are referring to everyday is not without analogy with the production and the reading of “texts” in the past. Perhaps the transition from a logocentric to an intersemiotic and intermedial culture puts an end to a limited period of time in history, dominated by printing. But closing the “Gutenberg parenthesis” does not imply coming across the same artefacts again as before the 15th century. Based on the existing literature, our paper questions the borders between some translation practice, media, disciplines, through an historical perspective.

Change in Word Meanings as One of the Features Signifying the Development of Computer Terms

Author(s): Vilija Celiešienė / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The article aims to analyse the change in meanings of standard language words viewed as a result of the development of computer terms. Words that, in the process of terminologisation and transterminologisation, have been transferred to computer terms from standard language or other subject fields and included in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Computer Terms (Enciklopedinis kompiuterijos žodynas 2012) are analysed. The objects of the research were simple semantic formations and caiques, all of which were standard Lithuanian language words that either turned into terms in the field of computer terms or were transferred from other subject fields by inner borrowing. The research carried out has shown that most of the terms studied are semantic caiques formed – albeit merely outwardly – using own linguistic means yet having borrowed, most likely from English, their very concept and its definition. The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Computer Terms contains only a few single-word computer terms whose new meaning originated from the Lithuanian language and that could be regarded as semantic formations.

Chatting with Chatbots: Sign Making in Text-based Human-computer Interaction

Author(s): Dorthe Duncker / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This paper investigates the kind of sign making that goes on in text-based human–computer interaction, between human users and chatbots, from the point of view of integrational linguistics. A chatbot serves as a “conversational” user interface, allowing users to control computer programs in “natural language”. From the user’s perspective, the interaction is a case of semiologically integrated activity, but even if the textual traces of a chat may look like a written conversation between two humans the correspondence is not one-to-one. It is argued that chatbots cannot engage in communication processes, although they may display communicative behaviour. They presuppose a (second-order) language model, they can only communicate at the level of sentences, not utterances, and they implement communicational sequels by selecting from an inventory of executable skills. Instead of seeing them as interlocutors in silico, chatbots should be seen as powerful devices for humans to make signs with.

Chinese Dream (中国梦) – kolektywistyczny konstrukt ucieleśniający ducha współczesnych Chin

Author(s): Arkadiusz Gut,Michał Wilczewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4 (224)/2015

This article presents an attempt to explicate the concept of Chinese Dream on the basis of the political thought and guidelines of Chinese President Xi Jinping, as well as to show the sociopolitical and cognitive context of its implementation, and its place in the philosophy of the Communist Party of China. Aside from the theoretical framework of the concept, the Chinese people’s opinions from social networking sites (huxiu.com, blogchina.com, sohu.com) and the Chinese edition of Financial Times will be provided. The second part of the article constitutes a textual reconstruction of the Chinese Dream in international press, taking into account such newspapers as New York Times, Financial Times, Global Times, Economist, China Digital Times, China Daily USA, South China Morning Post Columns.

CLARIN valodas resursu un rīku pētniecības infrastruktūra humanitārajām un sociālajām zinātnēm

Author(s): Inguna Skadiņa,Ilze Auziņa,Roberts Darģis,Arnis Voitkāns / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 47/2022

Established in 2012, CLARIN research infrastructure aims to maintain an infrastructure to support the sharing, use and sustainability of the language data and tools for research in the social sciences and humanities (SSH). In Latvia, after joining CLARIN ERIC in 2016, work on creation of CLARIN research infrastructure started in 2018. This paper aims to provide overview of CLARIN infrastructure and introduce the researchers of Latvian digital humanities to the opportunities offered by CLARIN ERIC and in particular CLARIN Latvia (CLARIN-LV) node. At first, we introduce to the fundamental elements of CLARIN ERIC – Virtual Language Observatory, Language Resource Families and funding and cooperation mechanisms. Then, we provide an overview of CLARIN-LV repository and language resources and tools documented. We explain citation mechanisms and provide practical recommendations for depositing and licensing. The core values of CLARIN are very closely aligned with the FAIR data principles, therefore we stress the importance of long-term preservation of research outcomes (including language resources and tools) and explain CLARIN role in supporting open science and FAIR principles. Furthermore, mechanisms for the knowledge sharing and user support are presented. It includes CLARIN knowledge centres, targeted seminars, university level courses and individual consultations. Finally, paper outlines future goals of CLARIN-LV and the next steps to implement them. The main directions include extension and adaptation of repository content, long-term cooperation with SSH researchers, support for higher level education in language technologies and support for implementation of open science principles.

Co je v ČNK nového IV

(Zprávy z Českého národního korpusu)

Author(s): Lucie Benešová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 8/2013

Co je v ČNK nového I

Author(s): Václav Cvrček / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2011

Co je v ČNK nového X

Author(s): Václav Cvrček,Pavel Vondřička,Martina Waclawičová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 22/2020

Co je v ČNK nového XI

Author(s): Dominika Kováříková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 24/2021

Code-switching on Facebook among Jordanians

Author(s): Amal AbuTayeh / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2021

Over the past years, the Internet has become a tool of communication among different people in the world. Due to the spread of the Internet, many researchers have focused their attention on the study of language use through the Internet. Code-switching is one of the sociolinguistic phenomena that have been observed in Computer Mediated Communication (CMC). The present paper explores the sociolinguistic phenomenon of code-switching in computer mediated communication by Jordanians. The study highlighted several English words that have been utilized for code-switching through online interaction. Furthermore, it studied the participants’ views about the role of Facebook in mixing Arabic with English. The methodology used in this study was descriptive, involving both qualitative and quantitative methods. An online questionnaire was shared on Facebook pages and groups. The sample included 181 participants; in addition, 35 interviews took place at home with relatives, with neighbors and in shops. The results revealed several perspectives about code-switching. Some participants mentioned that Facebook has led them to code-switch by using the most frequently switched words, such as; comment, like, group, share. Nevertheless, other participants mentioned that they prefer to use Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and avoid using any English words in online activities, which means that Facebook has no impact on their language. A higher percentage of participants agreed that Facebook plays a role in mixing Arabic with English

Collocational Knowledge Uptake by University Students under Online Learning

Author(s): Svetlana Danilina / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The article discusses an experiment that looked into the acquisition of collocational knowledge in three university groups studying online, each subjected to different learning conditions: incidental acquisition, intentional acquisition, and intentional acquisition with an extra productive output (essay), the latter having been assessed for the amount and accuracy of target lexis usage in their texts. The aim of the study was to see how well upper-intermediate university students could identify collocations in an input text, and how the text-based output affected the collocational uptake outcomes. The study showed that the productive output group outperformed the other intentional learning group, while incidental acquisition group failed to complete a productive knowledge posttest. Although the study revealed only slightly higher gains in the output group, their results appeared more consistent than those demonstrated by the other intentional uptake group, whose retention rate decreased by the time of delayed posttest.

Collocations with a component -ьн(o) in Russian Chronicles: the quantitative-statistical analysis (based on the corpus of Russian Chronicles of the IAS “Manuscript”)

Author(s): Regina Alexandrovna Vernyaeva / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2021

The article is dedicated to the quantitative and statistical research of linguistic units in the ancient Russian chronicles. The relevant samples were obtained by using the n-gram module of the information-analytical system (IAS) «Manuscript», which allows identifying textual combinations with various numbers of components. The module makes it possible to carry out a statistical analysis of linguistic units using measures of association. It is the aim of this work to prove that the remainder of an indivisible noun that has preserved semantic and grammatical unity is present in the chronicles. This gives insight into the formation of the part of speech system of the Old Russian language. The tools of the IAS “Manuscript” allowed the conclusion that the analyzed suffixal forms in -о perform predominantly a predicative function in the syntagmas. Within the framework of this research, collocations with a component in -ьн(о) were identified that are not lexically stable (not idiomatic) but grammatically stable, that is, they represent colligations. On the whole, this paper demonstrates the effectiveness of statistical measures in extracting collocations from Old Russian texts in order to perform a complex analysis.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ECONOMIC LOANWORDS INTEGRATION INTO LANGUAGES WITH DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL FEATURES (BASED ON THE EXAMPLES OF TERMS IN BASHKIR, RUSSIAN, AND CHINESE LANGUAGES)

Author(s): Gulfira R. Abdullina,Lylyja Bakirovna Abdullina,Ilyusa R. Akhmadullina,Gulnaz D. VALIEVA,Gulnaz Z. GABBASOVA / Language(s): English Issue: Supplement/2020

The relevance of the study is explained by the fact that the development of science and technology subject areas tends towards the emergence of new terminological expressions and terms, while the terminological part of economic vocabulary becomes an active element of the language, which requires even deeper study of the terms structure. As far as the system of economics terminology is one of the most actively evolving, the analysis of terms in languages with different structural features (such as Bashkir, Russian, and Chinese) and revealing of common features and specific differences of terms in these languages will enable us to uncover the patterns of international economic convergence of countries and states into a common market and discover the mechanism of the economic integration during language contact. The purpose of the study is the analysis of economic terms in Bashkir, Russian, and Chinese languages and identifying the specifics of loanwords in economic terminology in variously structured languages. The major research methods are: analytical – in the course of analyzing scientific and scientific and methodological literature on the topic of the paper; comparative method – for comparing various phenomena in the terminology of different languages. As a result of the comparative research, the specific peculiarities in the economic terminological system and the enriching of this lexical layer were identified in the languages with different structural features. The significance of the study is connected with defining the status of the term in the system of professional sublanguage and economic terminology discourse of different languages, as well as with the possibility to apply the results of the study in the process of compiling multilingual dictionaries and teaching aids on the topic. The study, conclusions, and generalizations in this paper can be used in teaching lexicology, lexicography, and typology of languages with different structural features.

Complementation of light verb constructions in world Englishness: a corpus-based study

Author(s): Judita Giparaitė / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2016

Light verb constructions (LVCs) have been studied not only in native Englishness, but also in a number of non-native varieties. The present research focuses on the constructions with the light verbs have, get, give, make, and do combined with the deverbal noun laugh. The study aims at giving a descriptive analysis of the structures in question in twenty English varieties on the basis of corpus data. All the data for analysis are collected from the GloWbE corpus. Constructions have/get/give a laugh is investigated in terms of frequency and complementation patterns.

Computational humour and Christie Davies’ basis for joke comparison

Author(s): Julia Taylor Rayz / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

While historically computational humour paid very little attention to sociology and mostly took into account subparts of linguistics and some psychology, Christie Davies wrote a number of papers that should affect the study of computational humour directly. This paper will look at one paper to illustrate this point, namely Christie’s chapter in the Primer of Humor Research. With the advancements in computational processing and big data analysis/analytics, it is becoming possible to look at a large collection of humorous texts that are available on the web. In particular, older texts, including joke materials, that are being scanned from previously published printed versions. Most of the approaches within computational humour concentrated on comparison of present/existing jokes, without taking into account classes of jokes that are absent in a given setting. While the absence of a class is unlikely to affect classification—something that researchers in computational humour seem to be interested in—it does come into light when features of various classes are compared and conclusions are being made. This paper will describe existing approaches and how they could be enhanced, thanks to Davies’ contributions and the advancements in data processing.