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This paper studies the use of particular phraseology of the Ukrainian language in the 17th century in a specific text. The development of semantic structure in phraseological units is analyzed, with regard to the comparison of literary and folk sources.
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The present article is devoted to different types of French phraseological borrowings in the Russian language of the 18th century. Lexical borrowings mostly preserve their material content in the borrowing language, whereas phraseological units as a rule become loantranslations. Due to this fact it is complicated to prove whether the given phraseological unit is a borrowing or not. The present article suggests a methodology for differentiation of phraseological loan-translations from the parallel idiomatic units that appeared directly in the borrowing language. On the basis of the suggested methodology the author determines the structure of French borrowings in the Russian phraseology of the 18th century.
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The article examines the nominative and the characterizing functions of metaphors in the innovation process at the lexical and the semantic levels of the Russian language at the beginning of the 21st century. It also discusses the manifestation of the metaphorical function in the emergence of semantic innovations on the basis of metaphorization, as well as in the integration of foreign language semantic elements with metaphorical grounds. The simultaneous manifestation of these two functions in the nomination and characterization of the newly-emerged realia at the beginning of the 21st century is traced as well. The function of metaphorical nomination is also considered in connection with the spheres of dissemination of semantic innovations.
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This article reviews the contextual and poetic features of the etymological figure grad gradya in Bulgarian folklore texts. The usage of grad gradya is related mainly to three folklore motifs. The rhetorical device is symbol of community, symbol of new world order and symbol of virginity. The article describes the rhetorical convergence between the etymological figure and other rhetorical devices, such as assonance, anaphora, epanaphora, inversion etc. This combination is used to enhance the impression on the listeners/ readers.
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The paper presents some short biographical notes and traces the prehistory (referring to the works of O. Jespersen, I. I. Meshchaninov and other scholars), the emergence, and the development of the theory of functional grammar by the prominent Russian linguist A. V. Bondarko. The most significant achievements of this linguistic approach in Russia and Bulgaria are made reference to. Various topical issues, related to the application of the theory in comparative studies, are concerned.
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This paper reflects the results of the investigation of the semantics of perfect forms in the manuscript (NLR, F.n. 1.39) of the 13th century, which was performed within the framework of the project devoted to the evolution and functioning of the Old Russian verb. The manuscript involves Kirill of Turov’s tales and the oldest South Russian translation of the apocrypha “The Tale of Aphroditian”. In this regard, we have focused our attention on the contents of the collection, and not on its linguistic and morphological characteristics. The work is a part of the comprehensive analysis of the linguistic features of Tolstoy’s Collection. It has been found that most perfect forms in the source under study, as in many other manuscripts, are represented by 2- and 3-person singular forms, but, unlike the “traditional” using of 3-person forms without a link, there are few such forms. It seems impossible to identify a single meaning that could explain all contexts of both use and non-use of perfect forms. It has been suggested that perfect forms convey a certain complex of subjectively colored meanings associated, on the one hand, with the emotionally expressive emphasis on the action or event and, on the other hand, with the evidence of or reference to the known information/source.
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The study has been performed as part of the collective research project no. 16-14-34004 supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the Government of the Volgograd region. The aim of the study is to reveal the functional semantic properties of motion verbs from the documents of “Mikhailovsky Stanitsa Ataman” Archive Fund (State Archive of Volgograd region, Russia), created in the military and the stanitsa offices of the Don Cossack Host Province in the middle of 18th – late 19th century, to reveal their dynamics in synchrony and diachrony; the tasks are to find out the representation of lexical units in the documents, as well as to describe their direct and figurative use, constant nominal combinations. The analysis is based on the comparison of the documents, which is intended to identify trends in their functioning. The methods of descriptive, comparative, component, and contextual analysis have been used. It has been discovered that motion verbs were used in the middle of 18th century mainly in the meanings reflecting movement in space specified by environment, tools, manner, and intensity; they were also be used in figurative meanings and as components of stable combinations. The late 18th – first half of 19th century is marked by a rising tendency to the use of motion verbs denoting moves indifferent in their manner, as well as to the more active use of words in figurative abstract meanings. It has been concluded that the functional semantic properties of motion verbs are dynamic. In synchrony, they are manifested as semantic and frequency variations in the documents of the same period. In diachrony, they are changes in the proportion of reporting verb forms, reflecting the all-Russian process of common official language formation.
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The monograph deals with the issue of the categories of state (predicative adverbs), which is a debatable point of contemporary Russian linguistics. In the center of interest are therefore indeclinable units that engage only in the predicate role of single-predicate sentences and express the state generally. The monograph completely describes how these words are represented and how they function in Old Russian texts from 12th to 17th century. The analysed units are viewed in lexical, derivative, morphological and syntactic terms. The complex research of such word is carried out in the confrontational diachronic and synchronic aspects of using data from Czech language.
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The paper deals with certain issues of the preterite history in the Old Russian language, which is still unclear and, thus, of high importance. The so-called perfect forms occupy the central place in the history of past tense forms. The purpose of the paper is to consider certain issues related to the perfect status and semantics in the Old Russian language of the early period. To achieve this purpose, the following tasks have been fulfilled: a) historiographic analysis of the term “perfect” in palaeoslavistics and Indo-European linguistics has been carried out; b) critical review of the researchers’ opinions on the Old Slavonic perfect functional-semantic nature has been given; c) the perfect functioning in some Old Russian sources has been considered; d) a new hypothesis of the Slavonic perfect formation and the nature of its original semantics has been given. The study uses the descriptive, diachronic, and pragmatic-discursive methods. The term “Perfect” was first introduced by Franz Miklosich
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The study of outdated vocabulary and the appropriateness of its use is of interest from the point of view of the development and preservation of the language richness and variability, especially amid current standardization, simplification and unification of languages in general and the Russian language in particular. The article presents analysis of the use of a low-frequency conjunction of purpose дабы in publicist texts from the point of view of the meanings it can bring. In linguistic literature, it is labeled as outdated, bookish, and stylistically colored. The author assumes that the choice of atypical linguistic means should be considered an indicator of the language flexibility and its adjustment to the most accurate expression of meaning in a given communicative situation. The author uses specific examples to show that the use of this conjunction in publicist texts is stylistically relevant, since it can serve not only as a means of archaization for adding some historical color, but also as a tool for giving the text a touch of solemnity and sublimity, as well as for implicit expression of the author’s irony, sarcasm or evaluation. In particular cases, the purpose component introduced by the conjunction дабы may function independently, separately from the main sentence/clause, indicating a call or motivation rather than a goal. Thus, the use of atypical means of communication correlates with such main functions of the journalistic style as providing information, evaluation, incentive, and influence.
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In our environment, there are recognized needs for the electronic old Cyrillic script which would — as comprehensively as possible — transliterate old Serbian and old Slavic texts in general. Paleographic analysis included primarily the Serbian constitutional writing, but also the writing of the Old Slavic canon and other specific redactions. Two related writing systems were developed, the calligraphic one in bold set (The Chilandar Constitution) and the technical one in light set (Monah — Monk). The latter, “white Old Slavic Cyrillic", is the revival of Stojan Novakoviã's idea to create an Old Slavic script which would differ from the civil one only in its old forms, but not in width. In its final version, this electronic script contains 1920 single letters and characters, while there are 6397 of them together with the composite signs.
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The first known Slavonic grammatical treatise The Eight Parts of Speech survives in forty-three manuscripts, the two oldest of which (from the14th and 15th century respectively) belong to the Serbian, while all the others belong to the Russian redaction. Our study seeks to show that the text relies mostly (but not only) on The Art of Grammar by Dionysius Thrax and on his disciples. An analysis of the Slavonic grammatical terms and their Greek basis is followed by the translation of the text from Old Church Slavonic into contemporary Serbian furnished with necessary commentaries.
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This paper deals with hypotactic structures expressing temporal relations in the domain of both temporal identification and temporal quantification in the parable-like narrative Stefanit i Ihnilat, which forms part of Serbian Church Slavonic translated literature corpus. The research has been conducted on the text that represents the youngest transcript of this literary work, which stems from the 17th century. The immediate subject of the research are nominal and verbal strategies in the functional-semantic domain of temporality. The research determines the distribution and the ratio of participles in the function of gerund, as the strategy that has a foothold in the Old Serbian system, of the dative absolute, as a bookish category, and of temporal clauses, introduced with conjunctions of bookish or vernacular origin. Besides, this research investigates the deviation from the Serbian Church Slavonic norm in the usage of nominal strategies, which is influenced by the vernacular, as well as the way of expressing semantic relations within a complex sentence, which can be of low stylistic value in the profane literary works, influenced by the spoken language. Investigation of all these aspects has been conducted with the aim to correctly define the functional style of the analyzed narrative. The results of the syntactic and semantic analysis have been expressed quantitatively and the incidence of competing syntactic strategies has been given in relation to one another. The results obtained in this research have been compared to the findings obtained in the analysis of other Serbian Church Slavonic literary works with the aim to determine more precisely the character of language and style of the analyzed narrative. Although the syntactic norm of Serbian Church Slavonic which appears in the liter ary works of sacral character is mostly well-known, the syntax of literary works which belong to the profane sphere has not been investigated enough yet; it is currently in the process of thorough analysis. Therefore the results of the research that has been conduct ed in this paper can be regarded as a modest contribution to understanding the Serbian Church Slavonic hypotaxis in the literary works of profane character.
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The Battle of Chocim (1621) belongs to the greatest battles of the first half of the seventeenth century in Europe. The Polish Army that took part in it consisted of about 55–60 thousand soldiers who fought against 110,000 Turkish warriors. In total, the army of Osman II was twice as numerous as the Polish forces. Descriptions of the Battle of Chocim in diaries and chronicles were composed in a chronological pattern. The authors describe the events day after day, sometimes choosing the most important moments of the campaign. Not all stages of the Chocim campaign were subject to particular interest of chroniclers. Most of them failed to mention the cause of the outbreak of the conflict, going straight to the description of the military campaign. According to an old Polish legend, this campaign was triggered by an apology war. The victory was praised in numerous poetry publications. One of the components of the myth recorded in diaries is particularly twisted since the administration overstated the number of the troops of Osman II. Undoubtedly, the successful defense of the fortress saved Poland from even worse damage than that of the Tartar invasion. There is a lot of written evidence of the historical significance of the 1621 military campaign.
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In this paper, the author analyzes the structure, word formation, and meaning of Church Slavonic lexical elements with semantics of worship and rites on the basis of secular written documents which served as a source for the Dictionary of the Ukrainian language in the 16th and the first half of the 17th centuries and for the Historical Dictionary of the Ukrainian language edited by Ye. Tymchenko. The use of Church Slavonic lexicalized phrases and idioms are also studied. The development of semantics of Church Slavonic words in presentday Ukrainian and in liturgical practice is considered as well.
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The Church Slavic lexical elements in the Mihajlovskiôs novels are used as powerful expressive tools, i.e. by using thoughtfully considered stylistic-expressive tools the stylistic-expressive values of the Church Slavic language are clearly reflected. The language of Dragi Mihajlovski is characterized by rare, but nuanced archaisms, by Church Slavic lexemes such as: besedi, dver, glagoli, obitel, hranitel. There are plenty complex words that are part of the Church Slavic lexical layer. Although inconsistently, the Church Slavic expressions are used without a considerable declination from the original meaning they had in the Church Slavic literacy, as in pastvo. Having in mind the aspect of word formation, the suffixformations with -nie, -ie, -nik, -tel, -stvo, -stvie are evident, while the non-suffix formations are impressive due to their poly-semiotic meaning; regarding the use of the prefixes in the authors linguistic expression, the prefixed lexemes, as well as the poly-prefixed lexemes are imbedded, such as: ispoizlezen, and the like. For a greater stylistic expression Mihajlovski skillfully uses the complex formations, expressions and quotations with biblical origin, the scripts and the similar.
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The paper deals with examples of Czech-Romanian language contacts based on data obtained by the authors during a field research in the Romanian part of the Banat, where the Czech community of Romania resides. The adaptation of Romanian contact items, cases of code switching, discourse markers, metalinguistic comments are discussed. The Czech speech of Romanians is analyzed for the first time.
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Taking ancient Mesoamerica as the example, the article presents a summary of the importance of multidisciplinary research. Anthropology contributed, combined with genetics, molecular biology, linguistics, archaeology and history, to particular insights that enable us to follow processes of development and change within Mesoamerican cultures. On the other hand, the author also points to some appаrently irrational moments that perhaps prevented some important ideas from being accepted earlier (as was the case with the concept of the phonetic character of the Mayan hieroglyphic writing).
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The short story “Carambuka”, written by Radichkov, exemplifies the notion of text as a complex construction, in which are included paratext, intertext, author and reader. Postmodern effort to estimate critically the relationship between language and reality, this literary work appraises prescribed models of reading and writing. In a deconstructivist manner it outlines and dismantles a series of oppositions, restores forgotten ways of sensemaking. As an example of the open work conception Radichkov’s “Carambuka” makes a reader as an open structure that brings text to life.
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