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Görme, zihindeki imgelemin, gerçek ile düşsel olan arasındaki ilişkisini belirleyen zihinsel bir tasarım sunduğundan görüntü, insan üzerinde tahakküm kurar. Fotoğraf, görüntüyü, “an” üzerinden, deneyimlenmemiş olan, anlamı ya da anlaşmayı mümkün kılan bir ortak referans çevresi, ortak bir dil olarak inşa eder. Böylece özünü empati kültürünün oluşmasına olanak sağlayacak duygunun yaratımı ve insan deneyimlerini belgeleyerek tarihsel tasarımın hafızasını oluşturacak “haber”/bilgi boyutu oluşturur.
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Her dilde çok sayıda deyim bulunduğu gibi bu deyimleri kapsayan çok sayıda deyim sözlüğü de bulunmaktadır. Ancak deyim sözlüklerinde yer alan her bir deyimin günlük hayatta kullanılıp kullanılmadığını bilmek oldukça zordur. Kaldı ki Japonca deyimler ile ilgili yapılan daha önceki araştırmalarda bazı deyimlerin sözlüklerde yer almasına rağmen günümüzde pek kullanılmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Japonca deyimlerin kullanım durumlarının derlem aracılığı ile belirlenmesinin mümkün olup olmadığı değerlendirilmektedir. Bunun için Japonca anadil konuşucuları ile yapılmış görüşme sonuçları ile derlem taraması sonuçları karşılaştırılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda görüşme sonuçları ile derlem taraması sonuçlarının örtüştüğü görülmüştür. Buradan hareketle derlemin, görüşme sonuçları kadar ayrıntılı bilgi vermese de, Japonca deyimlerin kullanım durumlarının saptanmasında bir kaynak oluşturduğunu söylemek mümkündür.
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The article explores semantics and the use of two lexemes: periphery and margin. Both lexemes in dictionaries are explicitly or implicitly defined in opposition to the center and denote the surface, the area, the space that is away from it, which is ‘outside’. The first part analyzes their definitions in Croatian language dictionaries, primary and secondary meanings and similarities and differences in meanings. The second part covers the study of contexts in which they have been recorded and the correspondence of lexical meaning with a specified situation. The analyzed lexemes have similar range of meaning, so the article also questions their possible substitutability. Both lexemes are of foreign origin and in the original languages they refer to neutral categories, they have a denotative meaning. However, in the Croatian language, they also have a secondary, marked meaning, therefore the research takes into account (in)direct evaluation that indicates how these lexemes work in the mind of language user. The searching covers the problem of their marking and tries to answer the question whether they are always stigmatized as a negative sign of concepts that indicate what Croatian phrases can suggest (for example to be on / at the periphery of something, to be on the margins) or they can also be relied to positive features and affirm certain phenomena. The analysis is carried out on examples from the Croatian Language Corpus and the Croatian National Corpus, which allowed an overview of different types of discourses and texts.
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The article discusses the meaning and functioning of the English loan word hate/hejt in the Polish language. Using the data contained in online dictionaries (professional and amateur – created by Internet users), information from various websites and web portals, as well as the results of the survey, the etymology of the word, its history, semantic changes and axiology as well as the gradual permeation from colloquial Polish into the general language are presented. Attention is also paid to the dangerous blurring of the concept of hate.
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This paper is an attempt at scrutinizing the treatment of the word tolerancja ‘tolerance’ in dictionaries of Polish: the methods and forms of lexicographic description as well as its definitions. The analysis begins with Słownik wileński (‘the Vilnius dictionary’), where the word was first recorded, and ends with the most recent dictionaries, including those whose electronic versions are continuously being developed and updated. Attention is paid to its synonyms and to the words with similar meanings which are used to define the notion. An attempt is also made at signalling the different status and different ranges of meanings of the terms related to the broad category of TOLERANCJA. The obtained findings indicate that the authors and editors of dictionaries are unable to keep pace with the ongoing processes of globalisation, which is why lexicographic definitions of tolerancja fail to include all the nuances which are to be found in contemporary philosophical and sociological works.
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The subject of the article is the relation between the concepts the other and the foreign in the Polish language. The aim of this work is an attempt at noticing the regularities governing the relationship between the other and the foreign and at determining the linguistic borders of exclusion based on the lexical exponents of both concepts. The analysis is based on the respondents’ answers to the concepts of the other and the foreign, focused on the following areas: definitions, equivalents, terms, associations, oppositions, actions of the entity and actions towards the entity. In order to enrich the analyses, a review of dictionary sources and corpus data collected from National Corpus of Polish is also carried out. The collected research material has made it possible to create semantic (associative) fields of the other and the foreign concepts and thus to notice the links and differences between the lexemes on a linguistic level.
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