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Üpris – Oma Või Laen?

Author(s): Vilja Oja / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 05/2017

The article discusses the etymology of üpris, which is a common word in standard Estonian. There are different hypotheses about its origin, but still no consensus. In the 17th-19th-century Estonian writings the word usually means either ’very’ or ’great; wonderfully’, in the 19th century also ’rather’, like today. Reports of its dialectal use are rare. Most probably we have here a loanword expressing superlatively. Phonetically and semantically, as well as according to dialect material the source word could have been ypperst (dial. also ypp(e)rster etc) ’the most wonderful; most wonderfully’ originating in Old Modern Swedish. However, the donor language can also be seen in Low German, where upperst(e) (cf. the Baltic German üpperste) means ’the most noble/important; the highest, main etc’.

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Реконструкция на имена за места (nomina loci), мотивирани от названия на плодове въз основа на топонимни данни

Author(s): Maya Vlahova-Angelova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

The naming of places according to local vegetation is a universal way of creating toponyms, a considerable part of which is derived from common names of localities, denoting ‘a place where a particular plant (fruit) grows’. Studying such toponyms can enrich the current locality-labelling data with new, hitherto unknown ones, as well as complete the pattern of the folk taxonomy of fruit. Nomina loci, as a separate word formation category, is well studied in both literary Bulgarian and its dialects. The present study aims to reconstruct the common names of localities, motivated by names of fruit, which have been preserved in Northern Bulgaria toponymy. There is a list of locality names derived from different kinds of toponyms. Some of these names expand the currently known ‘nomina loci’ word formation categories by providing new names. The analyses also show that the toponymy has preserved a fair number of archaic lexemes, formed through rare and antiquated suffixes with a locative function, which have not been registered in earlier research of locality names.

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Метафората „турско робство“ – концепт на националната култура

Author(s): Strashimir Tsanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

The article deals with the role of the “Turkish yoke” metaphor in historiography, history textbooks, and Bulgarian national culture. The analysis leads to the conclusion that “Turkish yoke” is not the most suitable term for naming the historical period during which Bulgarians had no state of their own for nearly five centuries. Although historically imprecise, the metaphor is defined as an important concept of national culture, representing the mindset of the Bulgarian elite during the High Renaissance period. The understanding of the historical logic behind the term “Turkish yoke” is very important for preserving correct historical memory of the events of the third quarter of the nineteenth century. The text concludes that the “Turkish yoke” metaphor symbolizes the nоn-slave consciousness of those Bulgarians who had accepted the ideas of national revolution.

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Немски сложни съществителни в специализирани текстове и техните съответствия в български език – формален и семантичен анализ на мотивационните отношения между непосредствено съставящите им (2. част)

Author(s): Milkа Encheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2013

The present paper represents a unilateral contrastive study with German as the source language. The object is a motive analysis of the formal and semantic relations between the immediate constituents of the German composite nouns and their Bulgarian equivalents in specialized texts from the field of technical chemistry. The first part of the paper – due to the limited space – the research model in the contrastive analysis is elaborated and only the semantic motive analysis of the immediate constituents of German composite nouns and their Bulgarian equivalents is carried out. In the second part of the paper the formal motive analysis and the projection of the semantic relations onto the formal structures are carried out.

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Формата на сказуемото като показател за езикова вежливост в българския и полския език

Author(s): Wirginia Mirosіawska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2013

The article explores how the grammatical forms of the predicate can be dependent on the level of politeness in modern Bulgarian and Polish. The sentences of two levels of communication – informal and formal – are compared. The author establishes general similarities between the forms of the predicate on the informal level but discovers considerable dissimilarities in formal styles which should be taken into consideration when evaluating the level of politeness in Polish.

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Немски сложни съществителни имена в специализирани текстове и техните съответствия в български език – формален и семантичен анализ на мотивационните отношения между непосредствено съставящите ги

Author(s): Milkа Encheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2013

The object of the study is a motive analysis of the formal and semantic relations between the immediate constituents of the German composite nouns and their Bulgarian equivalents in specialized texts from the field of technical chemistry. The results of the analysis are important for the formation of terminology, the lexicography, the translation and foreign language teaching. The first part of the paper – due to the limited space – the research model in the contrastive analysis is elaborated and only the semantic motive analysis is carried out. In the second part of the paper the formal motive analysis and the projection of the semantic relations onto the formal structures are carried out.

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Понятията за „разговорен“ и „разговорност“ в стилистичната система на славянските книжовни езици

Author(s): Svìtlana Bibik / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2013

In the article the questions of display are considered colloquial on the example of correlation of functional-stylistic markers the „colloquial – poetry“, the „colloquial – scientific character“, the „colloquial – official business“. The peculiarities of controversial issues in the study of oral and conversational speech areas in Slavic languages. A theory of conversational-style domestic literary language as a source of the elements of spoken in other genre and stylistic conditions of communication.

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За някои славянски заемки във Вилнюския речник

Author(s): Anna Dąbrowska-Kamińska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

The study outlines some of the problems related to the description of foreign elements in cognate languages from the Polish dictionary i.e. Słownik wileński. In borderland areas there are differences specific to Polish, Belorussian, Ukrainian and Russian languages, which come from the Proto-Slavic language community. The article proposes to interpret and specify the semantics of separate lexemes functioning in the eastern borderlands during the 19th century.

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Спекулативната граматика

Author(s): Jan Pinborg / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2022

Jan Pinborg’s article Speculative Grammar traces in a historical and problematical way basic questions of the semantic doctrine of modes of signifying (the theory of speculative grammars). Speculative grammars are investigated: (1) from their appearance and historical and conceptual ground (Aristotle and his Arabic commentators, Donatus, Priscian); (2) through the development and sophistication of the system of modes of signifying (considering in the same time its ontological and logical aspects); 3) to the theoretical criticism against them and the appearance of alternative semantic conceptions (Roger Bacon, Ockham, Buridan…). The importance of the modistic doctrine for the further development of the logic and theoretical grammar is pointed out. A particular emphasis is put on the semantic character of the speculative grammars, together with its systematical account.

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За смисъла и значението в речевата комуникация

Author(s): Elena Tsvetkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2022

In this article, I consider certain types of presupposition and quantitative implicatures, the interpretation of which is based on the usage of scalar expressions. The aim is to explain how presuppositions and implicatures are processed by showing the commonalities and differences between them. Solving this task will shed light on the question of the relationship between language and context. The “scalar implicature approach to presuppositions” is reviewed as a prerequisite for explaining cases in which presuppositions and implicatures are treated in a similar way. The question of consideration is that even when scalar implicatures are understood automatically and independently of context, we have preliminary pragmatic models that predetermine context and influence the way we interpret such statements and how we arrange the terms on the scale. This approach is used as a prerequisite for the possibility of talking about degrees in the scales – i.e., cases of an utterance involving scalar expressions, where the same expression – both in presupposition and in an implicature – can mean something different to a certain degree, and yet the hearer grasp that degree of meaning without much additional effort in processing.

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Normatywne aspekty komunikacji inkluzywnej

Author(s): Ewa Kołodziejek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2022

The author of the article describes problems a participant in a language communication must encounter if he/she obeys the principles of inclusiveness and wishes to act in accordance with the linguistic norm. Linguistic inclusiveness refers to individuals and social groups discriminated against for features beyond their control, including sex, race, skin colour, sexual orientation, national minority membership, physical fitness, mental condition. Normative problems connected with talking and writing about these groups are considered at various levels of the text organization: semantic-pragmatic, lexical, inflectional, and syntactic.

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Les objets du dégoût

Author(s): Bilyana Mihaylova / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2022

This article examines the etymological relationship between disgust and other emotions and is the first part of a more extensive study analyzing the etymologies of words denoting disgust in Indo-European languages. We have established that a considerable part of the words denoting disgust come from primary notions related to other emotions. The origin of words of disgust is also linked to words having the meaning of fear (5 roots), boredom (3 roots), hatred (2 roots), sadness (2 roots), anger (1 root), pride (1 root), and discontent (1 root). Fear is the emotion most often etymologically linked to disgust: 5 of 15 roots show a semantic evolution from a primary meaning of ‘fear’. Basic disgust, that of pathogen avoidance, and the fear of disease and death are very closely related, and this fact is reflected in the history of the words.

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Цветообозначения в устойчивых сочетаниях со значением благопожелания и проклятия в балканославянских языках в сопоставлении с албанским и румынским

Author(s): Alexandra Chivarzina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2022

The peoples living in the Balkans significantly have been influencing each other, borrowing numerous cultural and linguistic phenomena. In the course of convergent development it determined the formation of the Balkan cultural and linguistic landscape. The idioms with the meaning of blessing and curse in the Balkan Slavic languages in comparison with the non-Slavic Albanian and Romanian ones are in the centre of the analysis. The correspondences demonstrate a high degree of interlingual and intercultural interaction of the neighboring peoples, although there are significant differences in the forms of the corresponding idioms in different Balkan languages.

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OCJENE I PRIKAZI

Author(s): Sabaheta Gačanin,Emrah Seljaci,Fuad Ohranović,Merisa Đido,Esad Duraković,Sabina Bakšić,Vedad Hurić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 71/2022

Review of: Esad Duraković - Amra Mulović, DISKURSNA ANALIZA GOVORA PREDSJEDNIKA SVRGNUTIH TOKOM ARAPSKOG PROLJEĆA, Centar za napredne studije, Sarajevo, 2020, 245 str. Vedad Hurić - Amira Trnka-Uzunović, ARAPSKI VEZNICI I NJIHOVA SEMANTIKA U KURʼANU, Fakultet islamskih nauka i El-Kalem, Biblioteka monografije 20, Sarajevo, 2020, 227 str. Sabina Bakšić - Ekrem Čaušević, Barbara Kerovec, TURSKI I HRVATSKI U USPOREDBI I KONTRASTIRANJU: SINTAGMA I JEDNOSTAVNA REČENICA, Ibis grafika, Zagreb, 2021, 319 str. Esad Duraković - Madžida Mašić, POETIKA GAZELA U DIVANU AHMEDA TALIBA BOŠNJAKA, Univerzitet u Sarajevu – Orijentalni institut, Posebna izdanja LXIV, Sarajevo, 2021, 234 str. Merisa Đido - Munir Drkić, OSNOVE PERZIJSKOG JEZIKA – GRAMATIKA SA VJEŽBAMA, Univerzitet u Sarajevu – Filozofski fakultet, Kulturni centar Ambasade IR Iran u BiH, Sarajevo, 2021, 185 str. Fuad Ohranović - Vjeran Kursar, Nenad Moačanin, Kornelija Jurin Starčević (eds.), EVLIYA ÇELEBI IN THE BORDERLANDS: NEW INSIGHTS AND NOVEL APPROACHES TO THE SEYAHATNAME (WESTERN BALKANS AND IRAN SECTIONS), Srednja Evropa, Zagreb 2021, 230 str. Emrah Seljaci - Alma Omanović-Veladžić, HRONIKA MUHAMEDA ENVERIJA KADIĆA KAO IZVOR ZA IZUČAVANJE KULTURNE HISTORIJE BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE, Univerzitet u Sarajevu - Orijentalni institut, Posebna izdanja LXV, Sarajevo 2021, 755 str. Sabaheta Gačanin - Mubera Bavčić i Lamija Hatibović, BIBLIOGRAFIJA IZDANJA ORIJENTALNOG INSTITUTA 1950. – 2020. / BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE FOR ORIENTAL STUDIES 1950 - 2020, Posebna izdanja LXVI, UNSA OIS, Sarajevo 2021, 400 str.

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Suundumusi inimsuhtluse keelelises analüüsis ja modelleerimises (II)

Author(s): Mare Koit,Haldur Õim / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 02/2017

Reviews of: Vyvyan Evans. The Crucible of Language. Cambridge, 2015; Arefeh Farzindar, Diana Inkpen. Natural Language Processing for Social Media. San Rafael, 2015; Bing Liu. Sentiment Analysis. Mining Opinions, Sentiments, and Emotions. Cambridge, 2015;

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ONOMASTIČKA ANALIZA KARABEGA

Author(s): Nihada Ibrišimović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 5/2022

In the context of the onomastic reading of Ibrišimović’s entire literary oeuvre, in which the name occupies a special place as a multilayered linguistic sign, the historical onomastic space is revealed in the novel Karabeg. The onomastic layer in the novel is conditioned by multiple historical determinants, temporal (change of Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina), spatial (Mostar), cultural (Ottoman cultural circle) and religious (Islam). Karabeg’s onomastic analysis also includes a contrastive analysis of names in Hifzija Hasandedić’s monograph entitled Mustafa-Sidki ef. Karabeg (1944), which served Ibrišimović as a template and impetus for literary formation. In addition to the semantic and structural aspects of the recorded noun categories in the novel Karabeg, the names are analyzed in terms of their authenticity, realism or ictitiousness, trying to point out the multiple pragmatic value and functionality of names in the novel.

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Paul Newman & Roxana Ma Newman. Hausa Dictionary: Hausa‑English / English‑Hausa, Ƙamusun Hausa: Hausa‑Ingilishi / Ingilishi‑Hausa. Kano: Bayero University Press 2020, 627 pp. ISBN: 978-978-98446-6-1

Author(s): Nina Pawlak / Language(s): English,Hausa Issue: 56/2022

Review of "Paul Newman & Roxana Ma Newman. Hausa Dictionary: Hausa‑English / English‑Hausa, Ƙamusun Hausa: Hausa‑Ingilishi / Ingilishi‑Hausa. Kano: Bayero University Press 2020, 627 pp. ISBN: 978-978-98446-6-1"

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Role prefixoidů z klasických jazyků při obohacování slovní zasoby (nejen) češtiny na příkladu komponentů bio- a eko-

Author(s): Eliška Králová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 31/2022

The word-formation components originating in the classical languages are both malleable and effective device of marking new facts resulting from rapidly occuring changes on the global scale. What seems to be a decisive factor here, are considerable requirements of contemporary language systems towards newly coined words, that relate to those words’ functionality and internationality. The newly formed words need to mirror the transient realities of life and meet the communicative needs of speakers who live in the reality characterised by fast civilisation changes. Both the word-building formants originating in Latin and those originating in Greek fulfill those requirements. Latin and Greek prefixoids, in addition to being highly productive, may be easily combined with word-building components of native and foreign origin. On the one hand, it is an advantageous situation from the viewpoint of a given language users, while on the other, the said situation creates a risk of abusing and exhausting the meaning of some words, which brings about the need to eventually replace them with others. The speakers who gradually broaden their lexicons by including the newly-formed words may, in the course of this process, utilise their preexisting knowledge and thusfar experience that on the conceptual level correspond to the usage of word-formation components originating in Latin and Greek. The author of the article has combined her linguistic knowledge pertaining to how prefixes and prefixoids originating in Latin and Greek function in the Czech language, with the research findings of language didactics. At the same time, the author indicates particular case where the English language influences the Czech language.

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Nowa deiksa? Nowa anafora? Nowa semantyka? Językowa gra w oczywistość płci

Author(s): Arkadiusz Jabłoński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The investigation of language and language processes is based on the assumption that they are related to a certain verifiable reality. Still, not all parameters of language express the reality in an exact manner. Moreover, the postulate to render strictly the actual properties of designates in language may reveal the hallmarks of a manipulative communication game. In the paper, an analysis of some fragmentary, chosen, although in the general perspective viewed as representative examples of use of certain elements of deictic and anaphoric character in marking the sex of a designate (not always identical with the grammatical value of gender in Polish) is proposed in terms of such a game in the texts from the contemporary Polish communicative domain.

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Gra planszowa w komunikacji – problemy definicyjne

Author(s): Kamila Zielińska-Nowak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

This article is a proposal to define a board game. It includes considerations about the polysemy of the concept of the game, the similarities and differences between game and play, and the game’s ludic aspect. This paper has a cognitive character and is concentrated on the etymology of the term “board game” and the semantics resulting from its construction. A survey has been conducted to show how language users, including players, perceive a board game.

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