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This article offers a look into the controversial issue of semantics and usage of passive structures by examining evidence from Bulgarian, Russian, and English. Efforts are made to clarify the semantic differences between active and passive structures, especially with respect to the notions of “passive meaning” and “centrifugal/centripetal direction of verbal action”. Special attention is also paid to the identification of semantic and syntactic reasons for a wider use of passives in analytical languages compared to synthetic languages.
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The article considers the translocative formations with the prefixes pre- and pro- in Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian. A new classification of the derivatives considered is suggested - based on formal and semantic criteria, categories and sub-categories within the transgressive aktionsart and preceded by word-formation and semantic analysis combining elements of the theory of meaning as a hierarchic and predicate-argument structure. Contrastive observations on the kinds of motivating bases and on the etymological and functional proximity of pre- and pro- in both languages are made.
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The paper treats the regularities in the distribution of the verbs ima and sam in Bulgarian existential sentences from the standpoint of logical syntax. Sentences containing ima conform with typical communicative referential characteristics of existential sentences, while sentences containing sam realize peripheral models in the domain of existence. Semantic and pragmatic properties of sam-sentences are described in the comparison to similar structures with ima. Contrasts with Russian verbal and nonverbal existential sentences reveal the lack of exact parallelism between Bulgarian and Russian in the domain of existence.
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Review of: А. В. Кинцель. Экспериментальное исследование эмоциональносмысловой доминанты как текстообразующего фактора. Барнаул, Издательство АГУ, 2000, 152 стр.
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The article deals with the use of the lexemes йезид, тарикат and абдал in the dialect of the Turkish-speaking population in the village of Gorno Novo Selo (Stara Zagora district). The words are subject to interesting linguistic transformations connected above all with the process of modernization affecting different generations.
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The inventary of homonyms in the usual dictionaries of Romanian language was a problem from the beginning. Being a linguistic phenomenon, homonyms was studied in semantical domain and in the studies of general linguistics. Homonymy must be based on certain principles, to take into consideration the words history and etymology, grammar and semantics. Most of the dictionaries, for having a safe meaning they use only verified homonyms, from etymological point of view. So, being a problematic category, lexico-grammatical homonyms weren't always included in the dictionaries. In this analyze, my goal will be to identify and analyze lexico-grammatical homonyms: cască, cer, moare, poartă, vin.
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One of the factors affecting the quality of intercultural communication is the correct transmission of the information and semantic component of the codes that implement the model of culture. Coming into contact with the codes of a foreign culture through the language, the communicant involuntarily makes mistakes when the codes are transformed into the system of codes of their own culture. As a result of this, there is a misunderstanding, and often a misunderstanding of cultural meanings, which leads to a certain conflict - hidden or explicit - in intercultural communication. We have singled out several such errors that have occurred occur during the transfer of information and its transformation - this is a code perception error, a decoding error, a mismatch error, a linking error resulting from a transient error, a replication error, and a transposition error with a violation of semantic integrity. All these errors occur in the individual cognitive system as a result of insufficient knowledge and understanding of a foreign culture and as a result of a discrepancy between the system of codes of one culture and the system of codes of another culture.
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The article analyzes the trends in the development of the vocabulary of the Russian language at the beginning of the 21st century, reflected in the dictionary of neologisms, which illustrates the changes in the axiological linguistic picture of the world of Russians. In particular, we trace an intensive rethinking of the meanings of words that contain political idiologems or mythologems, an expansion of the fund of words and meanings with evaluative semantics due to global processes of jargonization, criminalization, vulgarization, falsification (verbalization of untruth), feminization, intensifi- cation of a sign or action, verbalization of non-verbals, the actualization of precedence and creativity (active modelling of the language game).
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Although Albanian lexicography has a long tradition, which began with Frang Bardhi’s Dictionary, and until recently Albanian language lacked an explanatory dictionary, where its lexical richness would be represented. Such work of great national proportions was made possible only in 1954, when the first explanatory dictionary of Albanian language was published to include the most significant part of the Albanian lexicon. This dictionary, and other subsequent explanatory dictionaries published afterwards, had included Islamic terminology as well. It is of interest to see the background of this terminological lexicon as well as the explanation of Islamic terms in all three explanatory dictionaries. Some terms included in the Dictionary of 1954 are missing in the Dictionary of 1980 and that of 2006; some other terms were included in the Dictionary of 1980, but are missing in the other two, or are included in the Dictionary of 2006, but missing in the former two. The reasons a term is included in one dictionary but not in another dictionary are different, being specific for each language. The terms we have proposed relate to the main Islamic notions, and are an integral part of it. Even the scope of their use is widespread. Nowadays, terms such as tafav, xhemat, saf, sexhde, sevap, are also heard in various media outlets, in the context of preparation of chronicles relating to religious matters, and as such they are not few. As for their significance and usage, these terms are more deserving for purposes of their inclusion than the terms fakir, muhamedanizëm, muhamedan, while the last two should be removed from the explanatory dictionary. As elaborated in this paper, we have seen the representation of Islamic terminology in explanatory dictionaries of the Albanian language. We believe this terminology should be re-evaluated semantically, and expanded with some Islamic notions widely used in the Albanian language.
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Expressions of epistemic stance in academic discourse reflect not only the authors’ com- mitment to the truth of what is being said, but also their awareness of other members of the discourse community, the current thinking within the discipline, and the established patterns of interaction. Stance-taking is strongly embedded in culture and language, as demonstrated in numerous studies that focus on L2 academic English (e.g. Hinkel 2002; Dontcheva-Navratilova 2018; Wu and Paltridge 2021) and, less often, academic communication in various linguistic contexts (e.g. Perez-Llantada 2010). This paper pur- sues this latter line of inquiry and proposes a contrastive analysis of epistemic markers in conclusions to English- and Polish-language linguistics articles in an attempt to iden- tify their epistemic profiles. Epistemic profile refers here to a combination of two fea- tures: the epistemic modal value (Halliday 1985/1994) which is marked more frequently than others across a text or text fragment, and the concurrence of modality markers with specific rhetorical moves (Swales 1990; Yang and Allison 2003). Thus, it provides information about the value of modalization and the type of content that tends to be modalized. The analysis was based on a two-part corpus of conclusions to 400 linguistics articles, with 200 English-language articles drawn from international databases and 200 Polish-language articles published in recognized national journals. In the first stage, the frequencies of epistemic markers in the two sub-corpora were calculated (Scott 2008) and a statistical analysis was applied to determine whether the differences were signifi- cant. In the second stage, 50 concluding sections from each sub-corpus were manually annotated for rhetorical moves to determine whether epistemic markers tended to occur within specific moves. The findings show statistically significant differences in the fre- quencies of high- and low-value epistemic markers in the sub-corpora and a tendency for epistemic markers to occur within moves that offer interpretive content.
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The paper presents an analysis of two types of syntactic constructions: constructions with a quantized verb like zaklepat 'knock' and a quantifier like dvakrát 'twice' on the one hand and constructions with reciprocals like navštívit se (vzájemně) 'visit each other' and a quantifier like dvakrát 'twice.' Both of these syntactic construction types display a similar ambiguity: for instance, dvakrát zaklepat 'to knock twice' means either 'to make two knocks' or 'to make two series of knocks' while dvakrát se vzájemně navštívit means either 'to make two visits' or 'to make four visits (two and two),' with the former senses being instances of "internal" quantification (what is quantified is part of the meaning of the quantized verb and the reciprocal, but it cannot be directly expressed with it). Through this analysis a group of conditions has been identified which arguably have to be met so that the ambiguity could arise: 1. The denotation of the predicate can be divided into separate actions. If reciprocals like navštívit se (vzájemně) 'to visit (each other)' are considered autonomous verbs (i.e. not syntactic constructions), then it is the case that: 2. The separate actions can be expressed with a verb which is a base for the respective quantized verb or the reciprocal verb in a derivational sense; 3. The verb is syntactically intransitive. A general condition for the observed ambiguity is an interaction of two quantifiers. It can be assumed that when an "external" quantification is opted for, i.e., sets of events are counted, the quantification carried out by the quantized verb or by the reciprocal usually happens before the quantification related to a quantifier like dvakrát 'twice.'
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The lexical-semantic language system is known to be dynamic. It is constantly evolving and changing. Polysemy is one of the primary means of systematic organization of the linguistic structure of a language. Polysemy is a universal linguistic phenomenon. It provides one of the essential requirements for a language as a signifying system that must convey the maximum amount of information with a minimum number of signs. The words of any language primarily perform a nominative function, i.e., they name various subjects, objects, and phenomena of the surrounding reality. Proper names, as opposed to standard terms, whose semantics unites and generalizes several similar objects, are characterized by the fact that when naming something, they have to individualize the thing to distinguish it from its kind. It would seem that if the function of nouns is to individualize the phenomena of objective reality, to name and determine specific facts or a particular class of names, then they should not be polysemous, but proper names can also be polysemantic, which once again testifies to the universality of the phenomenon we are studying. The main goal of our research is to present examples of lexicographic polysemic onymes present in the language of Ukrainian folklore. The article also aims to identify the main types of proper names that undergo semantic expansion. The onymic space of folklore constitutes a rather extensive system, which still requires further scientific research and lexicographic representation. The prospect of our study is that the material presented in this paper may eventually be included in the "Dictionary of the Language of Oral Folk Literature" or a selective dictionary devoted to proper names used in the language of folklore.
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From the New Book of Proverbs and Proverbial Polish Expressions edited by Julian Krzyżanowski, proverbs and proverbial expressions containing the word “time” and other various temporal terms were collected. The aim of the article was to describe paremiological works of folk culture, taking into account the semantic (what image of time – maybe other temporal concepts), functional (purposes for which they were used in everyday life, what clues gave what were proverbs based on a temporal noun) and structural (temporal paremies, like all such constructions, have a specific ossified structure, fixed syntactic schemes) aspects. In addition to proverbs based on the lexeme of time, time measures (names of time segments, seasons, names of months and days), calendar proverbs and other temporal terms are described. Among the words of the thematic field of time there are about 150 lexemes - names of time – names of time periods, incl. general names, names of seasons, months, days of the week. The beliefs constituted and communicated in the texts of folk culture refer, inter alia, to man's idea of time as being omnipotent against which man is powerless; something powerful that a human being cannot resist. Time is endowed with the attributes of the supreme being. Proverbs show the inevitability of the passage of time and the accompanying aging processes of all living creatures. The construction of proverbs makes them easier to remember, e.g. by building rhymes. Paremias can take the form of comparisons, antitheses, metaphors or allegories conveying some general thought, a reference to specific situations or life experience of a person.
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