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If we have a tertium comparationis X, the marked member of a linguistic correlation always expresses a feature A expressing in this way X.A. On the contrary, the unmarked one has two meanings: in a situation of an opposition between the entities participating in the correlation it expresses X.A', i.e. a hyperonymic meaning, and in a situation of a neutralization it expresses X, i.e. a generic meaning. Nevertheless the two semantic values of the unmarked member of a correlation are only its subvalues and it preserves the unity of its system conditioned meaning. So the marked member is of system-creating nature while the nature of the unmarked one is system-provoked - it acquires its semantic feature when in opposition and it loses it in case of neutralization in which, because of the lack of the marked member’s interaction, the system comes to be reduced in regard with the opposition concerned.
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This article offers a look into the controversial issue of semantics and usage of passive structures by examining evidence from Bulgarian, Russian, and English. Efforts are made to clarify the semantic differences between active and passive structures, especially with respect to the notions of “passive meaning” and “centrifugal/centripetal direction of verbal action”. Special attention is also paid to the identification of semantic and syntactic reasons for a wider use of passives in analytical languages compared to synthetic languages.
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The article considers the translocative formations with the prefixes pre- and pro- in Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian. A new classification of the derivatives considered is suggested - based on formal and semantic criteria, categories and sub-categories within the transgressive aktionsart and preceded by word-formation and semantic analysis combining elements of the theory of meaning as a hierarchic and predicate-argument structure. Contrastive observations on the kinds of motivating bases and on the etymological and functional proximity of pre- and pro- in both languages are made.
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The present study considers the semantic and contextual analysis of the lexemes subsumed to the privileged lexico-semantic paradigm to the attitudes in speech. Lexicons such as FIGHT, DIVISION, DEFAMATION, SLANDER, MOCKERY, GRUMBLING, STRIFE, PRAISE, THANKS are followed, witch on the verbal activities inserted in the Bible in various contexts, emphasizing, from a biblical perspective, what is good and what is bad regarding the mode of communication. Apart from the common sem: /act of language/, the differentiating semes for the words grouped together are also identified.
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Currently, when from a common good the computer has become an essential tool, IT terminology proves to be a branch that requires solid research, in order to constantly improve the online service quality. Settled, just like ecology, at the border of several sciences, computer terminology has, in its turn, a trans- and interdisciplinary applicability, as it provides support for many fields. Characterized by a large number of borrowings that come from English language and are most often rendered by transliteration, the IT lexicon does not limit itself to such words and collocations, but also includes slang, which endows it with new meanings and nuances. Besides that, given the preset time and space framing (especially when taking into account the speed of information dissemination) computer terminology also requires a specific structure (much like that of scientific texts), but which is „contaminated” with colloquial words and idioms and has quite an intense derivational and semantic dynamics. Therefore, а proper analysis of Internet vocabulary compels us to address a wide range of issues, including not only the abovementioned ones, but also the issue of machine translation’s usefulness and correctness.
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The paper explores the use of the lexeme shit in the corpus of Dave Chappelle’s stand-up specials released between 2000 and 2019. It consists of two parts: theoretical and analytical. The first one presents theoretical and pragmatic considerations connected with stand-up routines, touches upon slang semantics, and depicts the links between Dave Chappelle’s stage persona and the hip hop community. Lastly, it presents the reader with the past and present-day status of the lexeme at issue. In the analytical section of the paper the use of shit in the aforesaid corpus is scrutinized from the semantic angle. The discussion is supplemented with the results culled from the corpus of rap lyrics compiled at the Faculty of English at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. The paper argues that (i) shit has lost its taboo status and is mainly used in both corpora as a less formal equivalent of stuff, anything and something and (ii) Chappelle’s stage use of shit, even though present in a different context and serving context-specific purposes, corresponds to the use of African American rappers in their song lyrics (assuming that rap lyrics depict African American English, this conclusion can be extended to the sociolect of African Americans).
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Taking into consideration the importance of textual analysis in terms of text comprehension, the present study makes appeal to De Beaugrande and Dressler’s approach of textual standards in order to emphasize how they shape discourse structures and practices in food engineering texts. Therefore, this paper aims to carry out a corpus-based analysis of different types of food engineering texts: specialized, didactic and popularization ones. As both situationality and intertextuality are socially oriented towards a communication context, more exactly concerning the factors which make a text relevant to a situation of occurrence, these two textual standards are brought into discussion together, according to the previously mentioned approach.
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The noun piec (furnance) in Polish phraseology The basic purpose of the article is to provide a general reflection about the decline of certain expressions. The field of observation constitutes both the lexical combinations featuring the component piec which are used in the modern language as well as obsolete ones. The analytical material was not selected in a random manner – piec is deeply rooted not only in the Polish but also in the all-Slavic culture as well. As a matter of fact, this implement revolutionised man’s direct environment, becoming a permanent fixture of human abodes. It turns out that the history of the Polish language attests the fact that in the past there were many more constructions which featured the name of an implement which served the purpose of heating the rooms in a building and that of cooking. What type of phrases have been retained by our language and which became obsolete? What factors determined the elimination of those phrases from the language – these are the fundamental questions which I will attempt to answer in the present article.
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The main research objective of this article is to reconstruct reflections on Polish language issues in Jerzy Pilch’s columns (1952–2020). Among other things, the author poses questions concerning the evaluation of the state of contemporary Polish contained in these texts and the existing – according to Pilch – relations between language and the social context. The textological analysis and interpretation of the selected columns is made with the help of some concepts of the eminent humanist Mikhail Bakhtin (1895–1975), such as polyphonicity, dialogue, speech genre… The analysis demonstrates the importance of the theme of language in Jerzy Pilch’s column writing. His reflections range from the general contemporary Polish language to individual words, their history, semantics and connotations. The meta-linguistic motifs of the columns concern not only private speech, everyday conversations, but also dialogue in the public, political sphere. Pilch’s assessment of contemporary Polish is generally negative. Descriptions of linguistic usus dominated by Internet slang and unnecessary English neologisms prevail. However, language, Pilch believes, is a ‘self-cleaning’ mechanism.
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This article is a part of a study on the integral linguistic image of God in the Ukrainian translation of the Psalter translated by Ivan Ohienko. The important role of Ohienko’s texts comes from the scientific nature of the translation and the influences in the formation of literary language. The author of the study is interested in the ways and means by which the concept of the RIGHTEOUS – one of the most frequent elements God functions with in text collections – is verbally expressed. Therefore, in this study, attention is focused on an attempt to ethnolinguistically analyse (based on the conception of profiling by J. Bartmiński) of the Ukrainian lingual implementation of such biblical concepts as ‘righteous person’, ‘the main signs of a righteous person associated with God’, and ‘the actions of a righteous person towards a) God, b) sinners’. As a result, it will be possible to trace the richness and diversity of the language image ‘righteous’ created by Ivan Ohienko, by bringing readers closer to the understanding of the ways of linguistic filling of in Old Testament texts with Ukrainian language means.
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Lexis is the most flexible and mobile domain of Linguistics. Through lexis, the researchers understand the wholeness of the words that are specific to a writer, a region or of a certain epoch. Taking into consideration some acceptances, some researchers express the fact that the Romanian vocabulary represents the words that are specific to a certain domain that corresponds to the functional styles such as: journalistic, epistolary, literary, technical-scientific and official-administrative.
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Under the denomination of doublets, from the linguistic point of view, we understood any pair of linguistic elements that come from the same etymon, but have a different semantic and phonetic evolution. From the theoretical point of view, an etymological doublet is formed, on the one hand, by a popular or patrimonial word and, on the other hand, by a cultural loan also called cultism. Our main purpose is to analyze the most important semantic changes that double pairs present –we identify a number of ten Spanish doublets-, starting from 1780 to 2001. In the Spanish language there are few studies dedicated to this topic, so our investigation is based from a diachronic point of view.
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In this article, we address term creation in 3 terms from the domain of artificial intelligence, which are representative and revelatory for the study of reterminologization in the triad of the specialized domains of emotional intelligence, cognitive intelligence and artificial intelligence. The study of reterminologization in the announced triad traces conceptual interferences to state-of-the-art terms created in the domain of artificial intelligence, in particular, through metonymization. The domain of artificial intelligence is a dynamic and prolific one, with a terminological variety that allows the study of conceptual interferences inspired from the domain of human intelligence. The terms that are subject to analysis in the article have a high degree of complexity and conceptually encompass the triad of emotional, cognitive and artificial intelligence.
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Review of: Viorica RĂILEANU. Tipologia numelui de familie: semantică și structură. Chișinău: Editura UNU, 2022. 199 p.
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