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REPRESENTATION OF THE SPACE CATEGORY IN THE ENGLISH TERMINOLOGY OF BIOTECHNOLOGУ

Author(s): Elena Syrotina / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

This paper deals with the study of the modern English language terminology of biotechnology within the framework of the cognitive paradigm. The study of biotechnological terminology from the standpoint of cognitive linguistics is associated with the study of the role of epistemological categories and their linguistic expression in the studied terminology. It has been established that certain categories play an important role both in the birth of a scientific concept and in the formation of a name reflecting it. The author aims to reveal the functional features of the category of space in the language of biotechnology and to identify a set of tools in the English language that serve to express this category. The epistemological category of space is widely represented in biotechnological terminology, since it has pragmatic significance, which is explained by the need to accurately indicate the specific shape, size, location and movement of objects used by humans for manipulation. Thus, from the point of view of the cognitive approach, one of the bases for the classification of concepts in biotechnological terminology is the category of space. The concepts of space (PLACE, CONTENT, FORM, MOVEMENT) have paramount importance in the formation of biotechnology concepts. Linguistic means of representation of these space concepts are widely represented in the biotechnological terminology of the English language. They are special morphemes, special spatial vocabulary, syntactic constructions, which have space information.

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ALCOHOL IN MYTHIC SPACE: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY LINGUO-CULTURAL ANALYSIS

Author(s): Oleksandr Kolesnyk / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

This article addresses verbal means of denoting ALCOHOL in the context of the “mythic space”. Mythic space is regarded as the focal segment of a language worldview, the container of irrational axiomatic data quanta that function as basic categorization operators at different stages of civilization’s development. Primal “nano-myths” are reconstructed via etymological analysis of alcohol-containing beverages’ names in different European languages. The article discusses semantics and linguo-cognitive premises of the language signs denoting alcohol beverages in archaic Germanic worldview and in the presentday English-based pop-cultural worldview. The paper suggests a synthetic interdisciplinary interpretation of linguo-cultural implications of the said semantic and cognitive models.

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Súčasný slovakistický výskum na Filologickej fakulte Jagelovskej univerzity (a ostatných krakovských pracoviskách)

Author(s): Zbigniew Babik,Maria Papierz,Halina Mieczkowska / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2023

The paper presents the research on the Slovak language carried out in Cracow since 2000, focusing on book publications. The main subject of interest was Slovak-Polish contrastive studies involving literary languages, led by specialized linguists affiliated at the Department of the Slavonic Philology of the Jagiellonian University (H. Mieczkowska: numerals, dynamics of the nominal inflection, recent changes in the lexical subsystems; M. Papierz: pronouns, semantic syntax; E. Orwińska: interjections, secondary prepositions). Apart from these, the Slovak linguistic material is constantly used by historical linguists, etymologists, onomasticians and dialectologists (both Polonists and Slavists) working in Cracow. The latter direction seems at the same time to be the most promising for the future.

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Rozšírenosť synsémantík v rozličných oblastiach jazykovej stavby

Author(s): Ján Kačala / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2024

In this paper we note the penetration of synsemantics intoother domains of language, especially the functioning of particle expressions in different sentence positions, the extension of particle expressions in the area of forming of multipartite linking expressions, in the range of different word-forming processes and in the field of phraseology. We follow these processes and their results on the extension of the negation particle not and the variants ne-, -ne- and ni-, and -ni in various forms of names and their groupings, and as a part of the numerous linguistic formations of the language at several levels of the language system. In this sense, we note the rich prevalence of the negation particle in various functions and areas of the structure of Slovak language. In this paper we shed light on the formation of these linguistic formations and we bring evidence of their function in various areas of linguistic practice by presenenting excerpts of texts from various styles of Slovak language.

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Относно (не)възможността да се сведе семантическото до психологическо – проектът на Стивън Шифър

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Относно (не)възможността да се сведе семантическото до психологическо – проектът на Стивън Шифър

Author(s): Denitsa Zhelyazkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2025

Stephen Schiffer is a professor of philosophy at New York University. His field of study includes Philosophy of language, Epistemology and Philosophy of consciousness. He wrote several important works: Meaning (1972), Intention-Based Semantics (1982), Remnants of Meaning (1987), and The Things We Mean (2003). Schiffer established himself in philosophical circles as a direct follower of Paul Grice, who developed and largely radicalized his philosophical work. In this paper, I focus on the starting premises of Schiffer's theory, on the so-called "intention-based semantics", whose main motive is to reduce the semantic to the psychological. Since the main motive of Schiffer's theory is implicit in Grice's works, I first undertake to make it apparent through an analysis of Grice's primary texts. Then, quite generally, I derive some important consequences for analytic philosophy from Grice's assumptions. Finally, I discuss the possibility of reducing the semantic to the psychological, by revising Schiffer's theory.

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ИЗ ЗАПАДНОСЛАВЯНСКАТА ДИАЛЕКТНА ЕТИМОЛОГИЯ (СЛОВАШ. ДИАЛ. PREFENDOVAT’, PREFENTOVAT’, ЧЕШ. ДИАЛ. PROFENTOVAT’ И ДР.): ЗА ИЗПОЛЗВАНЕТО НА Т.НАР. КОМПЛЕКСНА СИТУАЦИЯ В ЕТИМОЛОГИЧНАТА ПРАКТИКА

Author(s): Ľubor Králik / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2024

The author discusses the origin of some Slovak and Czech dialectal verbs. In his opinion, Slovak dial. prefendovať, prefentovať, prefendývať ‘to reproach, express disapproval of, criticize; to draw attention to, remind; to repeat (something already said) before others, spread an information’, profentovať, profendovať ‘to speak a lot; to repeat; to speculate, philosophize; to answer back sharply, rudely’ can be traced back to an original *profetovať as a loanword from Latin prophētāre (literally, ‘to act as a prophet’). Тhe manifold semantics of the Slovak dialectisms seem to reflect the various aspects of the image (or the complex situation) of a prophet as documented in the Old Testament. The phonetically similar Czech dial. profentiť, profentovať ‘to make oneself prominent, more important’, profentýrovať sa ‘to show off, flaunt’ may be derived (while supposing a syncope profent- < proferent-) from an unattested noun *proferent ‘a person who shows off’ (cf. also Czech dial. proferentiť sa ‘to show off, flaunt’), from Latin sē prōferre ‘to raise one’s self, show one’s self, appear’, part. praes. act. sē prōferēns.

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ЗА ПРОИЗХОДА И ЗНАЧЕНИЕТО НА ТРИ СТАРИННИ СЕЛИЩНИ ИМЕНА В БЪЛГАРИЯ

Author(s): Maya Vlahova-Angelova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2024

The article addresses the etymology and significance of three ancient Bulgarian settle-ment names. One of the toponyms has yet to be the subject of onomastic research (Babuk), while the other two have been previously studied (Alino, Berievo). The availa-ble data on the settlement history have been examined, and the currently available ancient records of the settlement names from various sources have been extracted. Based on these, the author presents their view of the origin and meaning of the first name. As for the other two toponyms, a reconsideration is offered of the hypotheses previously stated in the scientific literature about their origin and meaning, citing new data in support of a given view.

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КЪМ ЕТИМОЛОГИЯТА НА ЕДИН БЪЛГАРСКИ ДИАЛЕКТИЗЪМ (БЪЛГ. ДИАЛ. НАСУ̀НЕ КАТО ПРОИЗВОДНО ОТ ПРАСЛАВ. SUPTI, SЪPǪ ‘СИПЯ’)

Author(s): Žana Ž. Varbot / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2024

In the absence of immediate descendants of the Proto-Slavic *supti, *sъpǫ ‘сипя’ (‘pour, strew’) in Bulgarian, the verb’s derivatives are essential for the reconstruction of the Proto-Slavic lexical stock. The article proposes an etymological interpretation of the dialect verb насу̀не ‘(of flies) lay eggs in or on meat, fish’ < *nasupnǫti as a derivative of the Proto-Slavic *supti, *sъpǫ ‘pour, strew’.

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Формообразувателните варианти в парадигмата на българския глагол

Author(s): Krasimira Aleksova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

This article examines the variation in the grammatical forms within the verb paradigm of the indicative, conclusive, renarrative and dubitative in present-day Bulgarian. The analysis is focused solely on the indicative mood. Three types of grammatical form variation are identified: a) coexistence of codified forms alongside rare and problematic variants with limited functional potential, remnants of earlier developmental stages of the respective forms; b) coexistence of multiple codified forms within the standard language norm; and c) coexistence of forms indicating an incomplete grammaticalization process, where some of the variants are not recognised by codifiers, including relatively “new” forms, which, according to some authors, have likely emerged after the establishment of codified forms. Special attention is given to grammatical variants that demonstrate a tendency toward the condensation of (periphrastic) composite verb forms, consisting of multiple micro-elements, or a trend toward the unification of formation patterns within certain micro-paradigms.

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Синтактико-семантични условия за (не)реализиране на характеристиката pluralia tantum при някои глаголи

Author(s): Petya Osenova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

This paper examines the conditions under which typically plural verbs are used in singu-lar. Emphasis is placed on the features of the person-referring subject that trigger the depluralisation of the predicate. The observations and example excerpts are based on a large corpus of Bulgarian. The five most frequent verbs with the polyprefix complexes изпона-, изпо- and наиз- have been selected. The study concludes that the main type of subject requiring singular agreement with the predicate expresses semantic “collectivity” and is typically in the 3rd person, singular. However, there are also cases of figurative uses, as well as instances in the 1st person, singular.

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Пасив и резултативност в съвременния български език

Author(s): Vasil Stamenov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

This article explores the interaction between two grammaticalised meanings of the Bulgarian verb: passivity and resultativity. Through syntactic object-subject transformations, the study examines whether all forms of the type бидох поканен, бъдех по-канен, бивам поканен, бивах поканен, да бъда поканен, нека (да) бъда поканен, дано (да) бъда поканен, бих бил поканен express a resultative meaning. The consistent application of the transformation criterion reveals that only the grammatical formations containing the auxiliary verbs бидох and бъдех are resultative. The paper also addresses the competition between different passive forms. The argument is made that replacing forms of the type бъдех поканен with бях поканен can be justified by the fact that both forms share the same grammatical morphemes. The presence of the morpheme -Н or -Т transforms бъдех поканен into a resultative grammatical entity that is a grammatical synonym of бях поканен.

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Еквивалентност в превода на полски и български съдебни решения. Термини от семантичното поле на лексемите пол. kara и бълг. наказание

Author(s): Natalia Długosz / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

This paper explores Polish and Bulgarian terms related to the thematic field of the lexemes kara (Polish) and наказание (Bulgarian), both corresponding to the English term punishment. The study primarily focuses on the translatological aspects of these terms. The analysis is based on a corpus of texts compiled specifically for this research, which consists of several dozen criminal court judgments in each language. Particular attention is given to the issue of translational equivalence in practice. To this end, terms in the studied language pair are analysed by identifying their equivalents. Drawing on concrete examples of conceptual incompatibilities, the study outlines key translation techniques, including functional equivalence, descriptive translation, and the use of hyponymy and hypernymy.

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Данни за съвременните словоизменителни типове, регистрирани в българските говори от областта Го̀ра

Author(s): Luchia Antonova-Vasileva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: Special/2025

This paper examines the inflectional features of the nominal and verbal systems in the Bulgarian dialects spoken in the Gòra region and its neighbouring areas in the Republic of Kosovo and North Macedonia. The analysis of the nominal system focuses on plural noun forms, as well as on pronouns, adjectives and participles related to them in terms of typological patterns of grammatical change. In the verbal system, particular attention is given to thematic vowels and first-person singular and third-person plural present tense forms. The study draws conclusions about the reflection of developmental processes typical of the Bulgarian language, in the dialects spoken in the region. The analysis is based on personally collected field data, supplemented by written and archival sources.

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NAMES OF (DEMI)GODDESSES AND (DEMI)GODS IN THE IDIOMS WE LIVE BY

Author(s): Floriana Popescu / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2025

The attitudes regarding the use of and the reference to names of (demi)goddesses and (demi)gods represent a matter of style, social convention(s) and personal choice. Over the centuries they have named cities, towns and burghs, beloved persons (sons and daughters), and popular festivals. Personal names in world mythologies have also been preserved in the public eye by means of diverse idiomatic structures also known as fixed expressions. This paper will describe the idiomatic patterns which are built around names of deities which are now part of both the English and Romanian lexicons. Although English and Romanian are two distant cultures, separated by almost a whole continent as well as the British Channel, many of the Greek and Roman fixed expressions which include mythonyms have now become part of their lexical heritages. This corpus-based research proves that even if two cultures, which are very distant both geographically and culturally, may as well be equally available to naturalizing a huge wealth of individual words and fixed expressions. As this paper will prove, such naturalizations are either fully or partially shared by the two hosting cultures or they may be language specific.

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THE ROLE AND TYPES OF PUNCTUATION MARKS

Author(s): Réka Suba / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

Orthography, spelling and punctuation play a crucial role in written expression, as they have a direct impact on the clarity of the message. Correctly written words, well-structured, and clearly delimited sentences facilitate the efficient transmission of information and reduce the risk of misunderstandings. Thus, orthography is not just a matter of the formal quality of the text, but also contributes to improving communication, respecting cultural norms, and supporting the process of learning and language acquisition.

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BINDING AND RECIPROCITY IN ROMANIAN LANGUAGE

Author(s): Ana-Maria Popa / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

The purpose of this article is twofold: (a) to provide a detailed analysis of reciprocal constructions from the perspective of the theory of anaphoric dependencies in contemporary Romanian language and (b) to examine the implications of these analyzes for the refinement of this typology. All languages have several strategies at their disposal to express reciprocity, which can often be combined, but can also contrast and differ in their interpretation. Combinations of quantifiers, another important source for the development of reciprocal markers, show considerable variation across languages. Our typological approach offers some new insights into the analysis of reciprocal constructions in contemporary Romanian language.

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ATMOSPHERE IN DRAMATIC TEXT AND THEATRICAL DISCOURSE

Author(s): Ana Ghilaş,Vera Mariancic-Cobzac / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

In this article, the concept of atmosphere as an aesthetic category and the ways it is artistically realized in both the dramatic text and the theatrical performance are discussed. In each of these artistic forms, the subject and space-time, as well as the discursive and rhythmic-melodic organization of the action, represent the main aspects in creating atmosphere.In the dramaturgical text, the relationship between literariness and theatricality, dialogue as a mode of subjective exposition, and stage directions as the author’s presence are essential. When reading a dramatic text, the “beginning effect” plays a crucial role in perceiving the atmosphere of the artistic imaginary. Analyzing the specifics of dramatic language—its expressiveness generated phonetically, lexically, and melodically—and examining how space-time is constructed in the text are the first steps in the receiver’s immersion into the atmosphere of the action.In theatrical discourse, understood as a syncretic art form, atmosphere requires a more complex realization. We refer in particular to the views of M. Chekhov, director and actor, for whom atmosphere constitutes the “action, process, energy” that the performance emanates.

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SOVIETINĖS LIETUVOS VAIZDINYS MODERNIOSIOS TAPATYBĖS IDEOLOGINIO NARATYVO TEKSTYNE

Author(s): Aurelija Gritėnienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 90/2024

The article looks into the image of soviet Lithuania that can be pieced together from the material printed in the “Tiesa” from 1945 and 1962 and in the “Komjaunimo Tiesa” from 1956–1957, how much truth and how much distorted or even new reality constructed by propaganda artists there is in that image, and how journalist texts from the period (re)construct soviet Lithuania – all that in reliance of the data from the Corpus of the Ideological Narrative of the Modern Identity. Semantic analysis of 798 illustrations that contain mentions of Lithuania has shown that the Soviet press tried to project a highly positive picture of a perfect Lithuania, which covered the following key aspects: denigration of the recent past (Lithuania under Smetona, bourgeois Lithuania) and its actors; emphasis of the bright soviet present; celebration of the country’s economic, cultural, and other achievements; identification of specific friends, interior and exterior enemies. The idealistic press narrative about Lithuania employs standard clichés of soviet propaganda, exultantly portraying the life of ‘happy’ people from a ‘happy’ country in the Soviet system. Semantic analysis of the sentences selected for the study has shown that, just like a distorting mirror, the Soviet ideological press, too, reflected the official simulacrum of an ideal Lithuania, yet the reality was completely different; therefore, we can see a clear gap between what was depicted in the official soviet press and the true image of the glum reality.

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ZOOMING IN ON BUSINESS PHRASAL VERBS

Author(s): Andreea Iliescu / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2025

The paper brings forth a series of business English phrasal verbs, aimed at raising students’ awareness of how pivotal they are to business communication. Developing vocabulary skills is a never-ending task, and it may come as a challenge when sifting through endless notes of dictionary explanations. However, providing English learners with a wealth of details on both meaning and sentence formation, dictionaries are, indeed, designed to better equip them when embarked on a linguistic journey.

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Синтаксис и семантика глагольного реципрока на -ш в терском диалекте кумыкского языка

Author(s): Anastasija I. Gruzdeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 03 (54)/2024

This paper addresses syntax and semantics of the reciprocal marker -š in the Terek dialect of Kumyk, a Turkic language of the Kipchak group. The study is based on data collected by the author during the expedition to the village Predgornoje in the Republic of North Ossetia — Alania in August 2022, 2023. In the grammar [Gadžiahmedov et al. 2014] describing Standard Kumyk, which is based on Dagestan dialects, the suffix -š is regarded as a marker of the so called ‘‘mutual-collective voice’’. In this paper, I look into possible meanings of the suffix -š using several base verbs, and I propose a different classification in line with modern typological terminology conventions. In the idiom in question, unlike in many other Turkic languages, this affix is currently unproductive. During elicitation, only few lexicalized derivates turned out to be possible, some of them have lost their base verbs and are not used without the suffix. Most -šderivates (but not all of them) have reciprocal semantics, sociative interpretations are possible in a very limited number of derivates in Terek Kumyk. I also came across depatientive and assistive interpretations, as well as derivates whose semantics does not seem to be compositional at all. Syntactically, -š-derivates combine with a plural subject, which can be realized either via plural NP, combination of a nominative argument with a comitative argument, or NP coordination with help of da ‘and’. This study addresses the syntactic position of the comitative argument in such clauses. As my tests show, two configurations are possible: the comitative NP can be contained in either the nominative NP or the VP. However, the “comitative NP + nominative NP” word order only allows for the comitative argument to be included in the VP.

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