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Turks have been living one with nature for centuries. Therefore, it is inevitable that they have gotten to know and observe all whom they share it with. Animals are at the forefront of that. Turks have domesticated many an animal species according to their geographical location, and have benefited from their many products. In doing so, they’ve developed a very rich vocabulary around animals. This is especially the case when it comes to bees and beekeeping in Old Turkish. One particularly interesting example of this “bey,” a masculine word used to to refer to the queen bee – the keeper of the hive - both in written Turkish and in most Turkic dialects. Why this is important is because the “bey” also sat at the top of the old Turkic administrative hierarchy – he made all decisions on behalf of the hive, planned for the future, and even dictated when to migrate. Likewise, you also have tradition of giving sons away from the so-called hive – i.e. marry them off – to increase the population. Doing this constituted being given a tend/yurt. Another interesting feature is how the old Turks referred to worker bees as “asker” or “soldier(s).” Akin to real soldiers, they protect the hive from wasps and other insects. The expression “gabra kaldirmak” -- similar to the Modern Turkish “kazan kaldirmak” (lit: to flip the caldron”) refers to when bees periodically rebel, dissatisfied by the “bey”’s rule. Drawing from these examples and others, this study will focus on examining the cultural roots beekeeping lexicon in Turkish.
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I first heard about the debate on structure in 2018. This discussion opened on the academia.edu website became an article in 2019. The question of whether the structure, some of which is also used in written language today, could have a connection with the uses in Old Turkish was the essence of the discussion and the article. The difference in function that we encounter today, the change from suffix to word, and the absence of examples in historical periods are the problems in the connection of the structure that will be established between the past and the present. The need for convincing evidence to overcome these problems is obvious. If there is such a connection, especially the development from suffix to word is an important problem that should be put forward with convincing evidence. As far as I know, there is the word ban, which is also mentioned in the Dede Korkut Oghuz Names, which I also point out to be inappropriateness and that Steingass claims to the development from suffix to word. My opinion on this controversial example has not changed today. In the face of all these, the similarity of the structure with the Old Turkish forms is obvious. In this article, it will be attempted to prove that the reason for this similarity is a domestication event.
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There are more than thirty ways of making words in Turkish. One of them is the method of making "blending words". With this method, a new word can be created by combining different parts of two words in six different ways. It evokes the words that are the source of the created word formation. It also bears the meaning of these two words. There are a few examples in Turkish that were created long ago with this method. Recently, more words have been made in Turkish with the blending word method, which is used as a way of making words in other languages such as English. The term "blending word" refers to the new word formed from different words from the same language and the new word formed by morphological units from different languages. Blending words, which are formed by combining different parts of at least two words from the same language, Which is the subject of study, can be classified under six headings. In the study, fifth type ten "blending words" that did not enter the Turkish Dictionary of TDK, which were determined by the source scanning method, were examined in terms of their formations and meanings. In the formation of the fifth type of “blending words”, the "twinning point" was determined and this point was explained in the conclusion section. It is thought that making a new “blending Word” for Turkish will add richness to Turkish unless it is approached with prejudice.
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As a result of comunication efforts of the different nationalities, shopping environments, the desire of recording the items, and intention of learning a new language, learning the religion and the desire of searching the sources on religion, for many other reasons the lists of word, glossary (short dictionaries with small volume) and then dictionaries started to be combined since the ancient times. Day by day, dictionaries diversified, different genres emerged, and a branch of science called lexicography was created. Advances in this field in terms of theory and practice are increasing day by day. Many definitions and opinions have been put forward about the dictionary, which is the basis of this science. While defining the dictionary, the subject of how an ideal dictionary should be was sometimes reflected definitions in detail. At this point, definitions are expected to include neither more nor less information in accordance with an old expression “efradını cami, ağyarını mâni”, and to transfer the information reflecting all dictionaries types and general characteristics, and also expected to update by following the latest developments, progress and changes. In this article, various examples are given for the use of the dictionary word in different languages in the world and also in today's Turkish languages. Moreover, it’s mentioned that which words have been used in the Turkish language in the meaning of dictionary throughout history, and the meanings words reflect are also mentioned. Considering the recent developments and definitions made in this era, the dictionary word is handled. The intersecting and diverging aspects of these definitions are presented and evaluated.
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This paper investigates the headlines in a sports news comparable corpus from a lexical, semantic and pragmatic point of view. The corpus contains articles taken from the leading online sports newspapers from Madrid and Barcelona. A Polish sports website has been used as tertium comparationis. A detailed corpus-based analysis has led to some important conclusions. First of all, we have noticed a significant difference between the Catalan and Madrilenian headlines in the way featured events involving two main rival football clubs, Real Madrid and FC Barcelona, are presented and assessed. Unlike its Spanish counterparts, the Polish website seems to take a more objective and neutral stance on the same facts. A frequently used strategy, in particular by the Catalan newspaper, consists of focusing the readers’ attention on less relevant characters and events. This tendency may be related to other features, such as a marked preference for a semantic and formal type of headline on both the Madrilenian and Catalan websites, and certain formal and lexical measures which they adopt more often.
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The material basis of this article is the selection of Zygmunt Kałużyński’s film reviews titled Kanon królewski. Jego 50 ulubionych filmów (‘Royal Cannon. His 50 Favourite Movies’) (2005), previously published in the weekly magazine Polityka. Thanks to this critical analysis of media works, this film journalist-cum-reviewer plays the role of a re-constructor of cultural awareness and a guide through world cinematography, acting as an intermediary in the reception of films. The principal notion used for ordering and describing the sample material in this article is the difference in the usage of the lexeme culture, based on the definition by Jadwiga Puzyna, namely: 1) the specific dominant aspects of spiritual and cultural life for a whole society in a given era; 2) acts in the semiotic space; 3) the behaviours of certain social groups and the norms that determine them.The cultural us–them opposition is, in Zygmunt Kałużyński’s texts, specified by using syntactic expressions that imply the belonging to a social and/or national group, especially when the differences explained by the critic present native cultural delays in comparison to the West. In the case of presenting the specifics and the contribution of Polish culture to world cinematography, lexemes that directly identify nationality are used.
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This article analyses the text titled Paterikon or the Lives of the Holy Fathers of the Kiev Caves by Sylvester Kossów. It is a unique monument from the collection of Kiev’s Polish diaspora; a written testimony of the multiculturalism of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and of the multifaceted Polish-Russian relations. The purpose of this outline is: 1) to indicate the generic polemic elements at the level of composition and pragmatics, and 2) to identify the repertoire of language subordinated to them that implement the persuasive objectives of the polemical text. Analyses have shown that the polemical nature of the work can be seen both in the structure, where elements of refutation dominate, and in the particular use of language, primarily associated with probation. In this second area, two global communication strategies were revealed: content authentication (which consists of citing historiographic sources and documents, as well as performing etymologisation procedures), and apotheosis of people and places (implemented by strategies of embedding the message in the past, by reference to genealogy, by the hyperbolisation of saints’ virtues, the sacralisation of monastic reality, etc.). The persuasive language includes, inter alia, syllogisms, argumentum ad verecundiam, argumentum ad baculum, argument from tradition, enumeration, and contrasts. The shape of the text confirms the European community of rhetorical culture and makes Kossów a model representative of humanistic values and of the ways of expressing them.
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The aim of this study is to show the ways in which some stylistic marked components were translated in the 1970 Slovenian translation of Henryk Sienkiewicz’s novel “Potop” (“The Deluge”) by Rudolf Molè. The data comprise Latin words, expressive and analytical forms, and names of realia. Choosing the equivalent may result in the loss of stylistic markedness: fatigatus wielce Vol. 1, p. 166. — zelo utrujen Vol. 1, p. 18; — Ni pary z gęby! Vol. 1, p. 40. — Niti besede več!... Vol. 1, p. 44; synalka Vol. 1, p. 365 — sina Vol. 1, p. 394; Daj no waćpan pyska! Vol. 1, p. 203 — Daj, da te objamem! Vol. 1, p. 220. However, many equivalents confirm such stylistic markedness: psubratom Vol. 2, p. 442 — pasjim bratom Vol. 2, p. 476; psiajuchy Vol. 2, p. 442 — pasje duše Vol. 2, p. 476. The translations of historical names demonstrate generalisation, e.g. rajtar vs jezdec, or approximation, e.g. rapier vs meč. The analysis confirms these differences and resemblances between the original and the translation. The general aim of this article is to indicate the stylistic and semantic differences in the translated text.
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The aim of this paper is a diachronic analysis of Spanish greeting formulae, understood as pragmaticalised discursive units, specific to the expressive speech act, which serve to establish communication. On the basis of texts from the epistolary discursive genre, the author shows the paradigmatic origin and sociopragmatic factors which determine the use of the predicative greeting formulae with besar ‘kiss’ in the history of the Spanish language.
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Research in computational linguistics and benefits of global connectivity found its reflection in process development trends in Slavic languages. The possibilities that technology offers us the first time were seen as a danger to the languages and alphabets (Cyrillic especially in certain Slavic languages). Today we can follow the technical benefits of simplifying the model as a means of protecting the language, therefore the internet and social networks Slavic languages have found a new form of communication. A survey of all possible forms of matching Slavic languages online and on social networks like solid source for linguistic research, but also in terms of protection of the Slavic languages.
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Researches in cognitive linguistics imposed the question how much we should consider all other factors apart from the traditional ones in order to connect the theory and its applicability in particular situations. The need to deepen the researches of the associative relations in general and in particular semantic parts, and to connect the influence of the mental lexis which is built by the person, through the circumstances which will trigger parts of this lexis in order to demonstrate a higher level, is encouraged by the possibility which such researches offer. Through polls of associatives (* a term used by the authors in Macedonian language) of stimuli from the lexis we can see what kind of notion and which terms occur instigated by stimuli. 32 stimuli have been taken into consideration and a structural-semantic analysis of samples in the Macedonian, Serbian and Bulgarian language was carried out.
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This article is a part of the project entitled “Dictionary of Voden Region toponyms”, which is sub-project of long-duration scheduled project “Dictionary of toponyms in Aegean Macedonia”. After the introduction an brief overview follows, about the deletion of the Slavic toponyms on the territory of Greece, especially in Aegean Macedonia, where the Greek authorities legally made transformation of toponyms from Slavic to Greek, citing antic toponyms and some important historic persons from ancient and recent history of Greece. In the chapter about toponyms in Voden district, which includes the three boroughs Voden, Meglen and Ertidzhevardar it is concluded that the oikonyms, before their helenization, in largest percent were with Slavic and Turkish origin, and with lowest percent are oikonyms with Greek origin. After this the elaboration of toponyms on their semantical and structural aspect follows, where we demonstrate that these toponyms share all features and characteristics of the Slavic-wide toponomasticon.
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In this paper Gärdenfors’s geometric approach to meaning in natural language is compared to Jackendoff's algebraic one, and this is done against the backdrop of formal semantics. Ultimately, the paper tries to show that Jackendoff's framework is to be preferred to all others. The paper proceeds as follows. In Section 2, the common theoretical commitments of Gärdenfors and Jackendoff are outlined, and it is attempted to argue briefly that they are on the right track. In Section 3, the basics of the two frameworks to be compared are laid out, and it is assessed how they deal with some central issues in semantic theory, namely reference and truth, lexical decomposition, and compositionality. In Section 4, we get into the nitty-gritty of how Gärdenfors and Jackendoff actually proceed in semantic analysis, using an example of a noun and a verb (embedded in a sentence). In Section 5, the merits of Gärdenfors's empiricism when it comes to word learning and concept acquisition are assessed and compared to the moderate nativism of Jackendoff, and it is argued that Jackendoff's nativism is to be preferred. In the sixth section, the semantic internalism common to both frameworks is commented on.
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This paper considers 15 Yatvingian words suspected of being borrowed from a Finno-Ugric source. The hypothesis is rejected in the case of five lexical units, while two further proposals are considered uncertain. The following words are verified as Finno-Ugricisms: Yatv. aiga ‘end’ (← Balto-Finnic *akja ‘id.’); Yatv. ajki ‘time’ (← BF. *ajka ‘id.’); Yatv. fała ‘meat’ (← FU. *pala ‘bite; to eat’); Yatv. ławe ‘boat’ (← FU. *lajwa ‘boat, canoe’); Yatv. sini pl. ‘mushrooms’ (← BF. *sēne ‘mushroom’ < FU. *śänä ‘bracket fungus’); Yatv. tuolis ‘devil’ (← FU. *tule ‘fire’); Yatv. wa[g] ‘it is necessary’ (← BF. *wajakз ‘id.’); Yatv. wał ‘was’ (← FU. *wol- ‘was’).
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Presented paper is focused on the lexical-semantic analysis of Slovak-German equivalents of the identification signs of horses. The specific conceptual apparatus of the subject field “equestrian, equestrian sport” is offered in the article. The basic distinguishing features of the external appearance of horses are the identification signs such as fur colour, distinguishing signs on their head and legs. On the basis of the author´s personal experience with the translation of identification documents of horses, selected identification signs have been described and included in the glossary of specific hippologic terms. Using lexical-semantic analysis of selected terms, we also pointed out on some problems connected with the finding of the correct equivalents of the mentioned terms in German language. Specific lexical terms processed in the form of a glossary of hippological terms can be useful and find practical application in both professional and lay public.
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The article presents the results of a discourse analysis of the contextual uses of Brexit. Based on corpus-driven Internet samples, the research employs the method of semantic field analysis devised by Robin (1980) and her team of researchers from the Saint-Cloud Political Lexicography Center. According to Robin, in order to find the meaning of a word, the context of its use must be analysed, as well as its lexical relations with other linguistic units. For this reason, we have divided the elements of the co-text of the lexeme Brexit into six groups, which represent various connections of linguistic items with the SUBJECT, i.e. the lexeme under scrutiny. Subsequently, in compliance with Kłosiński’s approach (1994), we propose the definitions of the SUBJECT which reflect the meanings featuring the actual usages of the lexeme Brexit and which integrate the key words from the semantic field of the concept in question.
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English verbs of perception appear to be significant generators of divergent polysemous senses. The aim of this paper is to propose a dictionary study of the verb see. It appears that many semantic extensions of the term are metonymic in nature, because they are motivated by metonymic shifts within specific State-of-Affairs Scenarios (SASs). Three distinct dictionary sources are consulted in order to identify different metonymic extensions of the verb see. The majority of the database samples appear to belong to the part for whole propositional metonymy category (a stage of SAS for SAS). The conceptual link between seeing and intellectual comprehension is complex and appears to require the discussion of metonymy–metaphor interaction for its fuller explanation. The analysis is followed by conclusions drawn from the database study, as well as suggestions for future research in the field of metonymic extensions of English terms of visual perception.
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