ДО ПИТАННЯ ТЕМАТИЧНОЇ КЛАСИФІКАЦІЇ ФІЗИЧНИХ ТЕРМІНІВ-ЕПОНІМІВ
The paper deals with the thematic and lexical-semantic groups of physical eponimic terms. The difference between the thematic and lexical semantic groups has been shown.
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The paper deals with the thematic and lexical-semantic groups of physical eponimic terms. The difference between the thematic and lexical semantic groups has been shown.
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The article represents the attempt to characterize some aspects of a complex methods of non-verbal means of communication analysis in a modern linguistic discourse, caused by a pragmatic approach to a language learning and a polysensored nature of a non-verbal communication.
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The article aims at analyzing the specificity of using some terms of philosophy and religious studies in linguistics, in particular, such lexemes as сакрум, сакральний, священний, сакралізація, десакралізація, профанум, профаналізація, секуляризація. The necessity of their use in linguistics is revealed as the comprehension of notions they denote makes it possible to map the world in a more detailed and adequate way.
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This paper deals with the meanings of two colour terms, namely English white and black and Serbian beo and crn. A contrastive analysis of the two pairs of adjectives is based on a corpus of 35 English and Serbian phrasal and clausal idioms, like Two blacks do not make a white in English and Od dva zla ne može ispasti dobro in Serbian. The main aim of the research is to point to stylistic and semantic aspects of two colour categories, white and black, in English and Serbian idioms. More specific aims deal with the meanings these colour categories express in the process of describing human characteristics, both mental characteristics and appearance, as well as determining whether such meanings are identical or similar in two contrasted languages. The analysis shows, furthermore, there is a high degree of correspondence between the two contrasted languages in respect of the expression of meanings of white/beo and black/crn which are culturally accepted in both languages.
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In Relevance Theory (RT) concepts are “enduring elementary mental structure[s] capable of playing different discriminatory or inferential roles on different occasions in an individual’s mental life.” (Sperber & Wilson, 2012, p. 35). They may be lexicalized atomic concepts, ad hoc atomic concepts not encoded in our linguistic system and some innate concepts (Carston, 2010, p. 14). Concepts may be shared between interlocutors, idiosyncratic but grounded in common experience or fully idiosyncratic and non-communicable. They are “arrived at through the mutual pragmatic adjustment of explicature and contextual implicatures.” (Carston, 2010, p. 10). Ad-hoc concepts are “pragmatically derived, generally ineffable, non-lexicalized […] rough indication to aid readers in understanding what we have in mind in particular cases.” (Carston 2010, p. 13). Concepts encoded will only occasionally be the same as the ones communicated because words are used to convey indefinitely many other ad hoc concepts constructed in a given context (Sperber & Wilson, 2012, p. 43). Apparently, RT restricts the construction of ad hoc concepts by the search for relevance (definitions of (optimal) relevance, principles of relevance and relevance-theoretic comprehension procedure) and the potential connection (narrowing or broadening) between the denotations of the encoded and constructed concepts. The mechanisms underlying category narrowing/broadening seem not to be explicitly described and explained. What provides a very general but, at the same time, precise account of concept-relatedness is Hofstadter & Sander’s (2013) understanding of analogy. The question posed here is whether this understanding may help explain concept-relatedness in Relevance Theory.
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The nomenclature in The Chronicles of Jakub Wędrowycz is connected with the mimetic fiction, the realistic trend in literary onymy, and with the poetics of magical realism. The Chronicles, as an example of contemporary popular literature, falls into the category of grotesque, it exploits black humor and combines realism with supernatural occurrences; it also favors current events and intertextualities. The realistic onymic layer performs its typical functions: geographic names place the events on the Polish-Ukrainian borderland (Wojsławice, Stary Majdan, Uchanie), locate them in time (The Soviet Union, FRG), and perform the semantic function as well (Gallows gorge). Personal names and ethnonyms are also typical, their structure is governed by the probability rules, and they serve the pragmatic functions in the literary work in both the official and the colloquial language (compare Szkopy [Krauts], Germans, Semen Paczenko, Józef/Józwa, Maciuś [diminutive], Skorliński). Proper names in The Chronicles engage in word plays and they can be grotesque, humorous; they lighten the atmosphere of horror and mystery especially in the context of the protagonist’s—Jakub Wędrowycz’s doings and his characteristics.
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The article contains the analysis of informal lexis used in Henryk Sienkiewicz’s private letters. Selected material encompasses entire preserved correspondence between the writer and his family (1401 letters). Collected vocabulary and phraseology of common provenance revealed several features of the language of Sienkiewicz’s letters, especially in terms of writer’s preferences in the selection of verbal layer as well as its form and function. Important part of conclusions and observations pertains to the colloquialism that is specific to letters (being functional texts) in diachrony. The material-based research is preceded by an overview of (selected) issues relating to the concept of colloquialism (development of studies on colloquialism, bibliography, opinions, standpoints) in the 20th century and today.
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The article considers the third text ever published in the Udmurt language. It is a solemn speech written in 1801 on the occasion of the coronation of Emperor Alexander I. The genre peculiarity of the monument of the Udmurt writing is specified, the story of its creation is revealed, the graphics, orthography and dialect specifics of the text are studied.
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Qira'ats present a very significant study of the Qur'an in terms of understanding and interpreting the Qur'anic text. They are not only exotic styles of voice variations and modulation, but an integral part of the language of the Qur'an, its lexical, morphological and syntactic structure. Understanding that aspect is a prerequisite for a correct interpretation of the greatest part of the Qur'anic text. The Qur'an is the first source of Islamic law. Based on its text, general and specific Sharia norms were derived. This aspect of the Qur'an has always been a subject of interest for numerous Islamic scholars in the context of the interpretation of normative ayats – ayat al-ahkam. The Exalted Allah orders Muslims to keep their prayers, perform them at a certain time, and in particular, the middle prayer. There are different opinions of Islamic scholars regarding the dilemma: which is the middle prayer? Following the Hadith of the Prophet of Allah, s .a.w.s., we find out it is the Asr prayer. Furthermore, the hazrat Aisha 's narration and the Qira'at Ubejj ibn Ka'ba confirmed the attitude of the majority of Islamic scholars that the middle prayer is the Asr prayer. This paper presents the Sharia-legal comments of well-known Islamic scholars about prayer regulations, but only from the aspect of Qira'ats. In addition, the paper shows how and to what extent Islamic scholars relied on Qira'ats while establishing, deriving and presenting Sharia norms, starting from the fact that Mezhep- legal dispute, to a certain extent, arouse from different Qira'ats, as well as from different morphological, grammatical and stylistic analyses.
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This article presents the basic terminology for contemporary security concepts. It defines the concept of security itself and related terms such as security as a need and value, subjective and objective security, security as a process, external and internal security, subject and object-related dimension of security, security analysis levels, security categories: political, military, economic, cultural and identity-based, environmental and societal, as well as security opportunities, challenges and threats. The terminology presented in this article is a synthesis of the author’s reflections on theoretical foundations of security published in the monograph: Bezpieczeństwo. Zarys teorii (Security: A Theoretical Outline) published by the Academic Publishing House of the Pomeranian University in Słupsk.
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With this paper I wish to investigate the nature of code-mixing found in English place names chiefly, though not exclusively, from the Danelaw area. The paper analyzes this code-mixing in the framework of contact linguistics in the light of the contact situation between Old English and Old Norse, as described by Townend (2002) and Lutz (2013), which existed from the 8th century onwards, bearing in mind, however, that the Scandinavian place names may not necessarily be the direct indicators of the nature and extent of the Scandinavian settlement itself. Historical code-switching usually and generally focuses on describing intersentential and intrasentential code-switching, and this paper aims at broadening the overall scope of the investigation through the inclusion of onomastics. The analysis will be chiefly based on the corpus of 1915 relevant place-names, with the data drawn from the Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names (Mills 1998), and Fellows-Jensen’s regional studies on Scandinavian place-names in England (Fellows- Jensen 1972, 1978, 1985). The primary focus of the investigation will be those place names which contain both Scandinavian and English elements, used to contain at least one Scandinavian or English element which was replaced by an element from the other language, contain at least one element which underwent a transformation to accommodate to the phonological system of the other language and contain elements which could belong to either of the languages but cannot be decided with absolute certainty. In this paper I also argue that names (specifically the above mentioned place-names) can conform to Muysken’s (2000) category of congruent lexicalization and that word-internal code-switching, and CS in general, is in fact a phenomenon that can occur in the case of hybrid place-names.
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This paper analyzes the use of the present, and the analysis is based on the corpus from Sirinić Župa vernacular spoken in the north of the Šar Mountains. Its syntactic and semantic features are determined by analyzing this verb form in its primary, i.e. temporary use, when it expresses actions that happen at the moment of speaking. At the same time, it was determined that the present is marked by present forms is triple – the real present, which corresponds with the time of speaking; the wide present, which goes beyond the moment of speech; and timeless, or indivisible present in its widest sense. Therefore, the aim of this analysis is to determine the semantic features of the present based on its function in the indicative in the three aforementioned temporal dimensions. The value of the high-frequency present in the vernacul ar of Sirinić can also be found in its reference to past actions. In temporal transposition, this form is used to express actions that belong to the speakers’ past, while the present itself is stylistically marked. Opting for the present among forms which express the past is primarily motivated by the tendency to give an utterance a stylistic form, because in terms of narration it makes the utterance more dynamic, it emphasizes the process, revives past actions and (in many cases) experience. These aspects primarily emphasize the moments which define the present as a stylistic unit rather than as syntaxeme which marks the temporal dimension. To be more precise, our analysis confirmed that when the present is used there are other forms with the temporal function, usually those which primarily express the past (perfect, aorist, imperfect), while the use of present produces additional effects in terms of narration. In the domain of the past, the present expresses actions characterized by repetition and single actions in the past. In both cases, the present primarily functions as a form which names actions as such, regardless of whether they express completed actions or effects in the course of action. Bearing in mind that according to syntactic/semantic and/or stylistic features, and apart from its perfective features, the narrative present coincides with aorist and/or narrative imperative and simple future, with which it is often combined in wider contexts, the value of this present form is also determined by looking at its relation with other units. Finally, it was determined that relative present is also used to denote future ac tions, in which case it can be substituted by future or future perfect. In this paper we also applied the areal approach, which is used to consider the dialectal relations between different micro-areas in this part of the Serbian ethnic and linguistic space by comparing the vernacular of Sirinić and neigh boring vernaculars in terms of morphology and syntax.
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The article presents the way of expressing intensity in Serbian and Macedonian. The analysis of derivatives was made using the semantic word-formation methodology. It was initially assumed that the close relationship of the languages manifests itself in word-formation. The analysis of derivatives in this category shows a large similarity, such as the occurrence of the same or similar formatives, the distribution of formatives, the variance of formatives, but also that both languages retain their specificity. The results of the research will be presented in two parts. The present part deals with the formatives that appear in both compared languages. The formatives appearing in one of the languages and not the other will be discussed in a further paper.
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A formal description of the set of grammatical means in Bulgarian as a component of its normative grammar should form the basis for adequate distinction and diagnosis of normative problems. It means that linguistic facts should be described precisely and exhaustively and without any presupposed normative interpretation. Accomplishment of such an objective may be feasible if the description is treated as the task of building the universal classification of forms in the Bulgarian language understood as the classification in which each of the classifying features finds its fulfillment through one of its values in each of the objects classified. The study is an attempt to determine the rules of building the classification of Bulgarian lexical items relevant to their formal morphological description as a transition from dichotomous to universal classification.
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The article aims to present new formal classification of verb lexemes in modern standard Bulgarian, based on morphological criteria. The fundamental criterion is the combinatorics of the values of three types of thematic grammemes (praesens, aoristi and imperfectum). Based on this criterion, nine verb classes are distinguished in modern standard Bulgarian. The following steps in formal classification of verb lexemes take into account: representation of grammatical formants (-щ; -н/-т; -и/-е-, -й), verb suffixes, and morphonological alternations.
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The article presents the modulation models in some first conjugation verbs in the Bulgarian language based on a certain set of classification characteristics and diagnostic forms. The inflection types within one of the nine classes in which the Bulgarian verbal vocabulary are distinguished according to a procedure which comprises three levels of categorization: 1) by a morphological criterion; 2) by types of morphological (regressive) changes encoded in word-forming or grammatical forms, and 3) by a normative criterion (presence of doublets). Also considered is the combinatorics of the grammatical morphs in the set of verb forms. The presentation of formal types is done in terms of normative grammar, taking into account the dynamism of the norm. The model aims to cover the entire verbal vocabulary by uniting different lexical-grammatical classifications of the Bulgarian verbs.
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The article presents a new approach in the description of adjectives in Bulgarian, one that is based on strict differentiation between form and semantics by applying a purely morphological criterion. The relevant features of the adjectives are grouped in separate inflection types based on the presence of ending or lack thereof, the lexeme’s ending combinations, the presence of morphonological (including stress) changes (alterations) in inflection, as well as on the presence of doublet forms. The formation of inflectional types according to the above specified relevant features is illustrated with examples, followed by a proposal of changes to the traditional classification of the parts of speech.
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The term Chomskyan revolution, referring to the innovative current in modern American linguistics and Noam Chomsky as it’s leading figure, permeated the metaphorical imagery of the popular linguistic and socio-cultural spheres in the USA. This term actually surpassed specialized linguistic circles, where it designated Chomsky’s transformational-generative grammar model and normally appeared in quotation marks. However, although Chomskyan revolution came to occupy a central position in the American network of unquestioned cultural mythologemes, its Bulgarian reception was different. The overall impression in Bulgarian linguistic and socio-cultural circles regarding the revolutionary leap has been rather skeptical and reserved, although the Chomskyan grammar model itself has been introduced into research practice. Such a difference in attitudes towards the status of transformational-generative grammar in the source and a target country is discussed here in terms of motivations and basic positions.
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The article is about the growing worldwide trend associated with the total jargonization of the media. It is noted that the laws of modern mass communication have the greatest influence on young people. The necessity of expedient, communicatively justified use in a speech of young people, including foreign carriers, jargon lexical units, is substantiated.
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The present paper deals with the microtoponymy of a village belonging to the region of Levač in Central Serbia. The corpus consists of 102 microtoponyms, most of them collected through fieldwork from native dialect speakers and the other from written sources that do not reach back beyond the 19th century. It is chosen as representative of Levač and subjected to an analysis, both semantic and structural, in order to establish a basis for further toponymic research that would encompass the whole of the region. As a model for the author served the monograph by Jovanka Radić about the toponymy of the neighbouring region of Belica. It may be generally concluded that the semantic structure of the local microtoponymy is largely conditioned by geographic realities. As for its structure, the monolexeme and bilexeme microtoponyms prevail in the system, whereas the trilexeme type occurs singularly. In the short time period covered by the sources some changes took place, e.g. Muruzišta ‘maize fields’ 1885, Mrzišta today, some names remaining obscure (Đevelak, 1972 Đeverak).
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