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Lõuna-Eesti a(h)i- ~ ä(hi)i-alguliste kohanimede päritolust

Author(s): Enn Ernits / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 10/2015

The paper starts with a detailed survey of the study history of the place names with ahi- ~ ähi- and ai- ~ äi-stems, which are used in South Estonia. Linguists have associated the ahi-initial toponyms (for example Ahja, Aheru), some of which have changed into ähi- and even ai- ~ äi-initial words, with the Mulgi dialect word ahikotus ’sacrificial place’. The meaning of the Estonian protoform *ahti : *ahδi- (Finno-Ugric *ašt-) has been reconstructed as ’sacrifice’, which interpretation has lately been discredited. This paper gives additional proof that the semantic development of *ahti suggested by Paul Ariste (2010 [1937]) is quite veracious. The study reveals that some of the originally ai-initial place names have derived from the genitive *aγja- (> aja- > aia-) of the hypothetical common noun *akja ’edge’ (possibly ’boundary’ or even ’out-of-the-way place’). Based on the two hypothetic common nouns just mentioned, the origin of the following toponyms has been followed: Ahimäe, Aitsra and Äijärv, which probably derive from *ahti, and Aakaru, Aakre, Aiamaa, Aiaste, *Agende, which originate from *akja.

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Kaks nooremat laensõna

Author(s): Iris Metsmägi / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 01/2016

The article discusses the origin of the Estonian words klopp ‘block of wood’; dial. ‘piece of wood; block-shaped (part of) object’ and räsima ’shake up, entangle, tear (and hurt); disfigure by trampling or crushing etc; grab, grasp’. The word klopp is a German loanword, < Gm Kloben, Klobe ‘block of wood, split billet; small planing bench; hook; door hinge’, with the original general meaning ‘split object’. The same stem occurs in the dialectal compound kloopsaag, kloppsaag ‘two-man saw for longitudinal sawing of boards and planks’ < Gm Klobensäge, Klobsäge id. The word räsima with identical meaning is a Russian loanword, < Rus тряст´и ‘shake, jiggle, make jiggle, jolt’, 1st person present singular трясу́, 2nd person singular imperative тряс´и. The back-vowelled rasima derives from the same Russian source.

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Mihhail Plotnikov Ja Tema Poeem „Jangal-Maa”

Author(s): Aado Lintrop / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 05/2017

The poem Yangal-Maa was written in Russian by Mikhail Plotnikov and published in its entirety in 1933. Its Estonian translation (2016) is subtitled as „Mansi epic”. The research questions asked in the article are: What prompted the author to write such a piece? How well did he know Mansi folklore and to what extent does the poem reflect it? The introduction also provides a short overview of some other epics of the kindred Finno-Ugric peoples, which have been written in Russian and translated into Estonian. Considering the plot, setting, characters and the „indigenous” lexis embedded in the text we can conclude that although there are some characters originating in Mansi folklore, their names are presented in a distorted form (cf. the Mirra-Susnahumm and Meik of the poem and the respective Mansi mir susne χum and meηkv) and their nature is mostly very far from their folkloric or religious origins. The forest giant meηkv, for example, has been given the role of the adversary of the heavenly god instead of the Ob-Ugrian devil, who is called kul’. Although heroic songs make up a large share of Mansi folklore, there is not one authentic song describing the hero’s fight for the liberation of the Mansi people. As for everyday life, living in conical huts is not Plotnikov’s only error. At the beginning of the 20th century the typical Mansi dwelling was a small rectangular log house, while the conical hut was called a Nenets house (jorn kol). Many of the alleged Mansi words and expressions embellishing the text actually represent either the Khanty, Nenets, Selkup or Izhma-Komi language, while the Mansi words often occur in a distorted form. The metre of the poem is trochaic tetrameter, which, despite being characteristic of other Finno-Ugric epics, is alien to Mansi folklore. Nor has the author of the poem used the devices typical of Ob-Ugrian folklore, such as parallelism, alliteration, or formulaic language. Although an author is entitled to write any fiction, the presentation of one’s own fantasy as authentic folklore, as is done in Plotnikov’s article „Mansi epics” supplemented to the poem, surpasses the limits of creative freedom. Notably, according to the article Plotnikov had collected the material for the poem bit by bit, during his visits to Mansi villages over twelve years, but an analysis of his biography denies a possibility of his staying at Mansi villages, even for a short while.

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Sõnaraamat, mis pakub huvi keelesaarte uurijale

Author(s): Lembit Vaba / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 05/2018

Review of: Sarmīte Balode, Ilga Jansone. Kalnienas izloksnes vārdnīca 1-2. Rīga: LU Latviešu valodas institūts, 2017. 1. kd 648 lk, 2. kd 720 lk.

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Suured ja väikesed arvud - Kuidas nendega ja nendeta toime tulla

Author(s): Heido Ots / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 1-2/2019

Alustan sõrendusega: suurte numbrite muret Eestis pole, sest suurim võimalik number on 9 (sellest väitest tuleb küll välja arvata numbertähised, nt pangakonto-, telefoni- ja rahatähenumbrid; maja- ja saapanumbrid väga suured pole). Inglise keeles aga on teisiti: meie numbrile vastav sõna on seal digit, nende number on eesti keeles arv. Eesti Entsüklopeedia V köites (1990) öeldakse artiklis kümnendsüsteem, et kõrgemate järguühikute nimetustel, mida palju ei kasutata, on eri maades erisugune tähendus, kusjuures vene keeles on need olnud kasutusel prantsuse, eesti keeles inglise eeskujul. [...]

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Üks lõpuni viidud etümoloogia: kasima ja kasin

Author(s): Lembit Vaba / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 04/2019

Although Julius Mägiste in his ”Estnisches etymologisches Wörtebuch” has pointed out the Estonian word family of kasima as well as its Livonian and Votic counterparts as possible Baltic loans, he fails to mention the source word. This article accomplishes the etymology by suggesting *kās- as the possible Baltic etymon, some derived terms being, e.g. Lithuanian kóšti (kóšia, kóšė) ‘to strain a liquid (e.g. milk) for purification, to pass fermented ale through a strainer to prevent sediment from getting into the barrel etc.’ and Latvian kãst, kàst (kāš, kāsa) ‘to strain a liquid for purification, to filter; to drain off the boiled water (e.g. from potatoes) etc.’

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Hea sõna võidab võõra väe

Author(s): Peeter Päll / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 04/2019

Review of: Reet Hendrikson. Kas sõjasõna sünnib sõtta? Erialakeele tõhusus sõjandusterminoloogia näitel. Dissertationes philologiae estonicae Universitatis Tartuensis 42. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, 2018. 251 lk.

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Palatalisatsioonist ühesilbilistes i-tüvelistes pika vokaaliga sõnades. Roos närtsis, sest vaas oli tühi

Author(s): Liisi Piits,Mari-Liis Kalvik / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 07/2019

The study focuses on the palatalisation of the consonants l, n, s, t and d at the end of i-stemmed monosyllabic Estonian words, e.g. saal ‘hall’, veen ‘vein’, roos ‘rose’, pruut ‘bride’, kood ‘code’. The purpose of the study is to ascertain the extent of palatalisation. According to the Dictionary of Standard Estonian, which provides the basis for Estonian text-to-speech synthesis, the final consonant of an i-stemmed word with a (C)VVC structure should be palatalised. There is, however, large variation in actual pronunciation. The investigation addresses 2274 pronunciations of 57 words with the above structure. There are 36 i-stemmed words and 21 words with some other stem vowel, chosen to enable a comparison of the acoustic features of the palatalisation. The target words have been embedded in sentences read out by 40 informants representing 10 different historical dialect areas of Estonia. The target words were analysed both by audio assessment and by measuring the transition phase inside the long vowel. Previous speech studies have shown that the characteristic feature of Estonian palatalisation is an i-like transition phase, which constitutes more than a quarter of the total duration of the vowel. The results of this study show that according to the audio assessment, 29% of the consonants l, n, s, t, d at the end of the i-stemmed monosyllabic words analysed were perceived as palatalised; according to the duration of the transition phase the percentage of palatalisation is 33%. Palatalisation occurs in more than half of the pronunciation instances only in 5 words out of the 36. The results confirm that the palatalisation of the consonants l, n, s, t, d at the end of i-stemmed Estonian words with a (C)VVC structure is generally untypical. In addition, some linguistic and sociolinguistic factors were investigated. It occurs that the palatalisation of the final consonant is influenced by the preceding vowel. According to the audio assessment the consonant is not palatalised when following the vowel ää; it is often palatalised when following the vowel ee. The acoustic analysis, however, does not support those results. The informant’s dialectal background was studied as a sociolinguistic factor. The results show a rather slight correlation between the present-day pronunciation and the palatalisation used in the respective historical dialects, but the general tendencies are still findable.

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Veel „Agenda Parva” keelest

Author(s): Väino Klaus / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 07/2019

The Catholic church manual Agenda Parva (1622) is a South Estonian linguistic monument. Its language has been studied since 1938, but some specifications are still in order. In the phrase omme wiide mielde-ga ‘with one’s own five senses’ (modern spelling omme viide meeldega) omme should not be interpreted as an erroneously spelt genitive singular but rather as the genitive plural of the pronoun oma ‘one’s own’, spelt according to the general principle followed throughout the publication, notably that a long consonant is rendered by doubling the letter. As for wiide (the middle word of the phrase) it has hitherto been interpreted as a very archaic genitive singular. However, the agreement of the first and last members suggests the possibility of similar agreement applying to the middle member. Indeed, the form wiide looks exactly like the regular consonant-stem de-marked genitive vīᴅè << *vīt̆ten of the biradical word viis ‘five’, conforming to the sound change t̆t > ᴅ after the 2nd-quantity vowel or diphthong of the first syllable, characteristic of Tartu dialect. Hence we can conclude that the translators/compilers of Agenda Parva made up a word form that was phonetically correct, but typically for native speakers of Indo-European languages they violated a rule applying in South Estonian as well as in most Finno-Ugric languages, which requires that the noun modified by a numeral should be used in the singular, and this means that there should have been oma viie meelega, not omme wiide mielde-ga.

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Playing On Sounds/letters And Senses: The Challenge Of Translating Phraseological Wordplay From English Into Bulgarian

Author(s): Ralitsa Demirkova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Wordplay is a multi-dimensional phenomenon which poses serious problems to translators when crossing languages and cultures. The playful manipulation of sounds/letters and respectively senses is used to create a number of different effects and to perform various functions – humorous, persuasive, thought- provoking, attention drawing, aesthetic pleasure yielding, etc. The present article focuses on phraseological wordplay as a special type of play on words which involves certain semantic and structural transformations resulting in a double interpretation. These stylistically motivated transformations present a dual challenge to translators because they have to deal not only with the original phraseological unit’s culture specificity, distinctive national colouring and metaphorical meaning but also with the wordplay itself. Considering the complexity and specificity of phraseological wordplay, the article examines and systematizes different translation strategies employed by the Bulgarian translators. This leads to the conclusion that translatability of wordplay should be regarded as a relative and not as a binary or absolute category.

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Tracce e influenze italiane nella terminologia economico- finanziaria e commerciale romena. Percorsi storico-linguistici tra memoria e oblio

Author(s): Dana Feurdean / Language(s): Italian Issue: 2/2022

On a historical-linguistic and cultural level, the economic-financial and commercial terminology in Romanian has been influenced by the Italian language, not only during the process known as "re-Latinization", "re-Romanization" or "Romance westernization" of the Romanian language, but even before this linguistic-cultural phenomenon. On the other hand, certain terms defining social and economic realities that are now outdated and often forgotten, but also more recent terms testify to the complexity of relations between non-Romance lexical items and the Romance neologisms. The latter, by replacing pre-existing terms, have contributed to the modernization of the Romanian vocabulary. The article focuses on some words that serve us in illustrating these phenomena, highlighting the importance of the Italian influence - manifested as a single, multiple or internal etymology - and referring to the first written attestations in the two neo-Latin languages (with brief references, in some cases, to those in French and German) of the examined terms. By investigating the influence of the Italian language on the economic, business and financial-banking terms, selected from six specialized (online) dictionaries, our paper concludes with a glossary (available in Quaestiones Romanicae X) that allows us to track which Romanian terms have a unique Italian etymology and which ones, instead, belong to the "multiple etymology" category in the lexicographical works consulted.

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Shepherds’ Terminology in the Balkans Against the Background of Genetic Profiles and Archaeological Cultures from Neolithic Southeast Europe

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Shepherds’ Terminology in the Balkans Against the Background of Genetic Profiles and Archaeological Cultures from Neolithic Southeast Europe

Author(s): Corinna Leschber / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Starting from a lack of consensus regarding the origin of shepherds’ terminology in the Balkans, we apply the experimental, but so far highly successful approach of triangulation, proposed in Robbeets et al. (2021) for anthropological and linguistic purposes. It involves the triangulation of insights from the spheres of archaeology, human genetics and diachronic linguistics/anthropology. This is because the characteristic terminology of shepherds’ culture in the Balkans and the Carpathian mountain range is a prominent and simultaneously common feature. We attempt to shed light on developments in that region during prehistoric times and the possible links between the ancient shepherds’ culture in the Balkans and the Carpathian mountain ranges, and the oldest migration streams into Southeast Europe in a Neolithic context. To do so, we examine the archaeological cultures in question and consider what human genetics can tell us about the individuals taking part in prehistorical migrations and forming innovative cultures.

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Tekstipäev 2013

Author(s): Reet Kasik / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 03/2014

Report on the conference “Tekstipäev 2013” held at University of Tartu on 6th of December 2013.

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Veel mõni mõtteke etümoloogiasõnaraamatust ja etümoloogiatest

Author(s): Jaan Kaplinski / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 03/2014

Review of: Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat. Koostanud ja toimetanud Iris Metsmägi, Meeli Sedrik, Sven-Erik Soosaar. Peatoimetaja Iris Metsmägi. Eesti Keele Sihtasutus, 2012. 792 lk.

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Seitsmes „Global wordnet” konverents

Author(s): Heili Orav,Sirli Parm / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 05/2014

Report on the conference “Global WordNet Conference” held at University of Tartu from 25th to 29th of January 2014.

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Eesti keel ei olegi maailma keerukaim

Author(s): Mare Kitsnik / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 06/2014

Review of: Eesti keele põhisõnavara sõnastik. Toim Jelena Kallas, Mai Tiits, Maria Tuulik. Koost Madis Jürviste, Kristina Koppel, Maria Tuulik. Eesti Keele Instituut. Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus, 2014. 511 lk.

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Grieķu un latviešu leksisko elementu secība Tetraevaņģēlijā

Author(s): Dens Dimiņš / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 13/2022

This diachronic and contrastive study briefly outlines the trends of the ordering of lexical items in Greek Koine and Latvian, focusing on the four Gospels of the New Testament and four translations thereof into Latvian, spanning the 18th–21st century. The language of the Bible has had a lasting influence on the formation of the Latvian literary language. The word order in Latvian and Greek is relatively free, however, it is possible to note certain trends, to wit, 1) at the level of certain parts of speech where there are words with a fixed position, either postpositives or prepositives; 2) placement of words in Noun Phrases; as well as 3) the ordering of constituents within the clause where the order depends on the information status, i.e., on whether it is presupposed or asserted, and on the presence of particular syntactic constructions. In terms of word order, it appears that the oldest Latvian translation of the Bible is closer to the Koine original, albeit at times it also shows some German influence.

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Somu sarunvalodas gramatiskās pazīmes reālajā lietojumā un mācību materiālos

Author(s): Emīlija Mežale / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 13/2022

The Finnish colloquial language is characterized not only by lexical but also by grammatical features, which have emerged from dialects and rapid talk, and have become commonly used. In addition, as Finnish colloquial language is widely used in everyday situations and is often considered a more neutral form of communication than literary language, it can pose challenges for language learners who have mostly been exposed to literary language during their studies. Finnish linguists have been interested in the aquisiton of colloquial language since the 1980s. However, there has been a lack of research, in which it would be viewed from the perspective of the language learner and compared with the actual use of colloquial language. The author, who herself has learned Finnish as a foreign language, continues to study Finnish colloquial language in this article, this time focusing on language learning and language skills. The article deals with theoretical questions about the concept of colloquial language and the place of colloquial language in language acquisition, and compares the features of colloquial language found in Finnish language study materials with the ones actually used. According to her research interests, the author has chosen the features of colloquial language that appear in the written form, looking for examples in social network texts. The introduction to the article defines the purpose of the research, as well as explains the terms used and describes the corpus used in the research. In the second part of the article, the author studies the problems related to the acquisition of Finnish colloquial language, looking at previous research, while the third part compares the features of colloquial language mentioned in the study materials with the actual use of language in Instagram.

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KIRIM TATARCADA MOĞOLCA ALINTI KELİMELER

Author(s): Işılay Işiktaş Sava / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 75/2022

After Genghis Khan's grandson Batu Khan and his armies captured the Crimean peninsula in 1239-1240 and established the Golden Horde state, the Golden Horde broke up over time and Crimean, Kazan and Astrakhan khanates emerged. Eventually a language relationship started between Crimean Tatar and Mongolian. Today, there are Mongolian words in the language of the Crimean Tatars, who live in Crimea, Uzbekistan, Romania and Turkey. To date, no particular study has been performed on Mongolian words existing in Crimean Tatar. N. Poppe, J. R. Krueger, L. V. Clark, W. Zajackowski, St. Kalujinski, E. F. Isbertin, Á. Birtalan, E. Csáki, E. K. Nagy, Cl. There are various studies of scientists such as Schönig, E. Z. Abdullayev, A. Caferoğlu, H. Eren, R. R. Arat, O. N. Tuna, T. Gülensoy, O. F. Sertkaya, A. G. Sertkaya, Z. Ölmez and M. Ölmez have studies about Mongolian words that Turkic dialects have in their historical and contemporary periods. However, in the current studies, the data in the Crimean Tatar language were either not included in them or only a few words were mentioned. In this study, the phonetic, morphological and semantic features of the words that have been borrowed from Mongolian to Crimean Tatar will be examined based on the Crimean Tatar dictionaries and grammars, and evaluations will be made about the use of these words in Crimean Tatar together with comparison to other studies.

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Podjela i nazivlje nezavisnosloženih rečenica u novijim hrvatskim gramatikama

Author(s): Lana Hudeček,Milica Mihaljević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2022

This research has been motivated by the problems the authors have encountered while defining certain linguistic terms within the project Croatian Linguistic Terminology – Jena (and also the project Croatian Web Dictionary – Mrežnik) and while writing the School Grammar of the Croatian Language. Based on the corpus of contemporary grammar books and papers we analysed the classification and terminology of coordinated sentences. Older terminology is also included in the analysis. The linguistic corpus which has been compiled within the project Jena enables a complete insight into the attestation of certain terms and gives the context and meanings in which the term is used. In addition to the analysis of different classifications of coordinated sentences, the research focuses on terminological aspects and problems in defining certain terms that we have encountered in Jena. The paper analyses these problems: inconsistency in writing certain terms (as compounds or as two words), the use of terms of Croatian or international origin, terms which in different grammar books and papers have different meanings, and are often polysemous, e.g., objasnidbena rečenica (Eng. ‘explanatory sentence’). This paper suggests a classification of coordinated sentences within the framework of traditional grammar, primarily for school grammar books and textbooks, and aims to solve some terminological problems and to encourage further discussion on certain problems concerning the classification and terminology of coordinated sentences.

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