Z historie ženských pojmenování v českých zemích

Author(s): Jana Pleskalová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2021

The study follows the development of naming women with names used in public during the period before surnames were introduced by law (i.e. before 1786). The analysis of anthroponyms proved that naming women reflects their social status. Daughters were most frequently identified by their first names and by their relations to their fathers, aswell as wives and widows were most frequently identified by their first names and by their relations to their husbands. Naming units of a descriptive nature have originated in this way, with a tendency towards simplification during further development, e.g., Anna manželka Matěje Jírova … Anna Matěje Jíry … Anna Jírova (these are several stages of naming a person referred to as "Ann, the wife of Matěj Jíra"). Wealthy widows or wives of a more prominent social status than their husbands had the same complementary anthroponyms as men (Anna mlynářka skalická – "Ann, the miller of Skalice") and their children or husbands were often referred to in the way the particular women were, e.g., Martin Evka (derived from Eva), Ondřejovi, Kateřininému synu ("to Andrew, the son of Catherine"). These facts prove that the way of naming women with names used in public was primarily determined by their social status, rather than by the gender.

KRÁLIK, Ľubor: Etymológia a nárečová lexikografia (na materiáli Slovníka slovenských nárečí)

Author(s): Pavol Žigo / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2021

Review of: KRÁLIK, Ľubor: Etymológia a nárečová lexikografia (na materiáli Slovníka slovenských nárečí). Bratislava: Veda 2020. 176 s. ISBN 978-80-224-1875-1

Contextual sensitivity of the lexemes učiteľ [teacher] and učiteľka [female teacher]

Author(s): Lujza Urbancová / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

The study deals with the lexical meaning of lexemes female teacher, teacher (male teacher and a generic meaning of the lexeme), which might be in Slovak influenced by context and discourse as well as by attitudes and gender stereotypes of interlocutors. In pragmatic research, the author focuses on semantic indeterminacy as an implicit component of lexical meaning determined by the socialization of interlocutors. Analysis of the lexemes female teacher, teacher and their collocations with the adjectives typical, crazy, burned out, in different contexts, has shown that the gender of the person referred to has an influence on the meaning. The implicit or socialized meaning of the lexemes of the feminine gender is frequently associated with those phenomena that are percieved negatively in society, while the names of the masculine gender do not contain this component.

Šošovica a šošovka v latinskej a slovenskej anatomickej nomenklatúre

Author(s): František Šimon / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2023

The paper deals with terms in which anatomical structures are likened to a lentil. The first anatomist who compared lens to a lentil, was Rufus from Ephesus. Until modern times, the lens did not have its own name, its shape was only likened to a lentil. The first author who used the noun lens together with the adjective crystallina to describe it was Govert Bidloo. In the first Slovak medical publications of the 20th century, the Czech equivalent čočka was used for the Latin term lens, since the first Slovak anatomical nomenclature by Ledényi the equivalent šošovka (Eng. lens) has been used. In Latin anatomical nomenclature, the adjectives lentiformis and lenticularis derived from the Latin lens never express a relation to the lens. Their Slovak equivalents should have the form šošovicovitý, similar to a lentil, for the adjective lentiformis and šošovicový, referring to a nucleus lentiformis or having the shape of a lentil, for the adjective lenticularis.

Antroponymá typu Antihamlet, Lžidimitrij, Pseudomauríkios/ Pseudo-Mauríkios (o pravopisnej stránke kompozitných antroponým modifikovaných prefixmi/ prefixoidmi)

Author(s): Ingrid Hrubaničová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 6/2023

In this article we discuss the word-forming, semantic and orthographic problems of a specific group of anthroponyms with the word-forming structure that combines prefixoid and anthroponym (Antihamlet, Lžidimitrij, Pseudomauríkios). We define the category of culturally symbolic anthroponym, role or situational anthroponym and conceptual anthroponym. We also address the appellativization of such anthroponyms – antijánošík, pseudojánošík. We pay separate attention to the names of historical pseudo-authors (Pseudomaurikios, Pseudoherodotos, Pseudolonginos) and we provide arguments why it is necessary to respect also the yet uncodified spelling of such anthroponyms – Pseudo-Maurikios, Pseudo-Herodotos, Pseudo-Longinus –, relying on the communicative requirements and specific functions of such names in the professional fields in which they originate and are used.

Niekoľko poznámok o miestnom názve Šoporňa

Author(s): Patrik Jakubek / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 6/2023

The article deals with the origin and development of the oikonym Šoporňa. As there are different opinions about the origin of this settlement name, the author’s aim is to present all the motivational backgrounds, taking into account all the relevant geographic-historical-linguistic aspects, and to take an adequate position on them. The comparative method finally revealed, that the name of the village was probably not motivated by the apellative šopa (known in English as a shed), as a folk etymology suggests, but rather by the natural conditions of the locality.

Týmus v slovenskej anatomickej nomenklatúre

Author(s): František Šimon,Ján Danko / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2024

After the term prsná (Engl. mammary), kojenecká (Engl. sackling) and dojčenská (Engl. Sackling) žľaza (Engl. gland), the Slovak nomenclature of human anatomy finally settled on the term detská žľaza (Engl. infant gland) for thymus, which is given in parallel with the Slovakized term týmus. In the nomenclature of veterinary anatomy, only the Slovakized term is used and there are no attempts to create a suitable Slovak term. Nevertheless, the term brzlík, the Slovak equivalent for thymus sometimes appears in non-prescriptive publications, both professional and popular science.

Ňeropťe s toho klebeti, čo som vám povedala!

Author(s): Stella Ondrejčiková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2024

Paleo diéta, keto diéta alebo paleodiéta, ketodiéta?

Author(s): Judita Páleníková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2024

Odbočovať či odbáčať?

Author(s): Silvia Duchková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2024

Z webovej poradne

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2024

The document brings questions from the public and answers from Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences on several topics as: the the use of outdated physical and technical unit names in professional texts, such as "konská sila" or use of phrases such as "pri postel´" Emphasizing that while some older units are still in common use and recognized in current dictionaries, they are not permitted in official documents like textbooks and technical standards. It clarifies the correct usage of prepositions in Slovak language, particularly in relation to placement and time, and addresses the declension of certain proper nouns and geographical names, providing guidance on the correct forms in various contexts. Additionally, the text explains the etymology and proper usage of certain Slovak words, including those borrowed from other languages, and offers advice on the correct spelling and declension of words in both singular and plural forms. Keywords: **unit names**; **prepositions**; **declension**; **etymology**

Malí nezbedníci v slovenských nárečiach (1. časť)

Author(s): Miloslav Smatana / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2024

The article delves into the rich lexicon of Slovak dialects, focusing on expressive terms used to describe mischievous children. It highlights the diversity and variability of these expressions, which range from affectionate to pejorative. The study categorizes these terms based on their emotional connotations, from neutral to vulgar. It also explores the regional differences in the usage of these words, noting how some terms are common across Slovakia while others are unique to specific areas. The article provides numerous examples of these dialectal words, illustrating their meanings and contexts. Additionally, it touches on the etymology and historical usage of some expressions, emphasizing their cultural significance. The research is part of a larger project aimed at documenting Slovak dialects comprehensively. The findings underscore the richness of the Slovak language and its regional variations. The article concludes by promising further exploration of this topic in future publications.

Potrebujeme výraz mandatórny?

Author(s): Judita Páleníková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2024

The article discusses the use of the adjective "mandatórny" in Slovak administrative texts, questioning its appropriateness compared to "obligatórny" or "povinný". It explores the origins and usage of "mandatórny", noting its rare occurrence and specific contexts, such as legal and medical fields. The term is derived from the English "mandatory" and has been influenced by both English and Czech languages. The article highlights the potential for confusion with similar terms like "mandátny" and "mandátový". It concludes by questioning the necessity of adopting another foreign term when existing Slovak equivalents suffice, emphasizing the preference for clear and unambiguous terminology in professional settings.

O slovese vystúpať

Author(s): Silvia Duchková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2024

The article discusses the verb "vystúpať" in Slovak, noting its usage in various contexts such as tourism, literature, journalism, and blogs. It highlights two primary meanings: ascending to a higher position and reaching a certain height, value, or intensity. The verb is derived from "stúpať" and is frequently used in different forms, indicating its widespread acceptance and usage in the language.

Priezviská Dula, Dulka, Dulík

Author(s): Iveta Valentová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2024

The article deals with the motivation, origin and formation of the surnames Dula, Dulka, Dulík, or more generally surnames with the base dul-. The most probable interpretation is that they are related to the name of the tree or shrub dula (Cydonia, English quince). However, due to interlingual contacts, they could have been formed from other appellatives or proper names and their onymic motivation could have been different. The author also analyzes these other possibilities.

Malí nezbedníci v slovenských nárečiach (2. časť)

Author(s): Miloslav Smatana / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2024

O niektorých pravopisných javoch v názvoch firiem, produktov, aplikácií a služieb s ohľadom na súčasnú jazykovú prax

Author(s): Kristína Piatková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 5/2024

This paper explores the spelling of proper names, business names, and app names in the Slovak language. It focuses on proper names that start with a lowercase or uppercase letter in a compound word. The motivation behind names is examined, including the ownerʼs name, generic designation, foreign words, and acronyms. Similar names are found across various companies, products, and services. Creating words in an individual way allows for the investigation of authorial invention and exploration of the word-forming potential of language. The creation of new words contributes to the expansion of vocabulary, while also observing its influence on Slovak orthography.

Niekoľko diskusných poznámok o derivátoch cudzích geografických názvov v Pravidlách slovenského pravopisu

Author(s): Ivor Ripka / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 5/2024

The document discusses the formation of resident names from foreign geographical names in Slovak orthographic rules. It highlights the historical and systematic approaches to creating these names, focusing on the use of suffixes and infixes. The text provides examples of how different geographical names are transformed into resident names, considering factors like syllable count and phonetic characteristics. It also examines the inconsistencies and challenges in standardizing these names, particularly with non-declinable toponyms. The study references various linguistic sources and previous research to support its analysis. It concludes by emphasizing the need for updated orthographic guidelines to address the evolving linguistic landscape.

Jaki śi mudri, taki śi glupi (Zo zemplínskej lexiky)

Author(s): Martin Chochol / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 5/2024

The document delves into the lexicon of the Zemplín region, focusing on expressions related to human psychological traits and behaviors. It builds on previous research, expanding the semantic field to include a variety of expressive and idiomatic phrases. The text provides numerous examples of how different characteristics, such as intelligence, foolishness, and emotional states, are described in the local dialect. It also highlights the use of metaphors and similes to convey these traits, reflecting the rich cultural and linguistic heritage of the region. The study emphasizes the importance of preserving these expressions as part of the broader Slovak linguistic tradition. It concludes by acknowledging the support of various grants and the contributions of dialectological research.

Krátky slovník slovenského jazyka ako potrebný typ jednozväzkového slovníka a ako dôležitá súčasť kodifikačných príručiek spisovnej slovenčiny

Author(s): Ján Kačala / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 6/2024

The topic of the article is the characteristics of the Short Dictionary of Slovak Language as a special one-volume type of explanatory dictionary of the Slovak language and its place in the context of codification manuals of the contemporary written Slovak language. The author pays attention to the methods of lexicographic work in the design of a one-volume explanatory dictionary and particularly points out the changes in the methods of interpretation of some types of denotations and the groups of denotations that have been enriched by the 5th and unchanged 6th edition of the Short Dictionary of the Slovak Language in Matica slovenská publishing house.