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The Bulgarian particle cu occurs both in ad-verbal position, as a verbal clitic, and as an element added to certain indefinite pronouns and adverbs. It is claimed that this particle has pragmatic meaning rather than lexical meaning, and that it serves as a mitigating device; that is, a linguistic means of softening the expected negative perlocutionary force of a speech act. More specifically, it serves to counter the expectations of the hearer, and this invariant meaning is present both in its ad-verbal and ad-pronominal use. Asyntactic test for distinguishing verbs with this particle from verbs with a lexicalised cu is suggested, and cases of lexicalised usage of the ad-pronominal cu are pointed out.
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Review of: Ц. Иванова, М. Алексич. Српско-бугарски речник. Тематски. Хомонимни - Сръбско-български речник. Тематичен. Омонимен. Велико Търново, Издателство „Пик“, 1999. 287 стр.
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Review of: A. Janowska. Funkcje przestrzenne przedrostków czasownikowych w polszczyźnie. Katowice. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego, 1999, 134 стр.
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The aim of this paper is to decide, whether the so-called grammatical balkanisms can be acknowledged as balkanisms. Traditionally, the features like: loss of the declension, a veiy rich temporal system, loss of the infinitive, the post-positive determiner, the so-called uyer” vowel, the future tense created by the auxiliary with the meaning ‘velle’ are regarded as balkanisms. Sometimes other features, like the conditional mood of the “Balkan” type are regarded as balkanisms. The following languages were acknowledged as “Balkan”: Bulgarian, Macedonian, Romanian, Modern Greek, Albanian and sometimes Serbo-Croatian. Nevertheless, having studied these problems on the Indo-European background it is possible to assert that the so-called grammatical balkanisms are not really balkanisms, because the majority of these features are known in other Indo-European languages, especially the loss of the declension and the veiy rich temporal system. Other “Balkan” features, like loss of the infinitive, the future tense created by the auxiliary with the meaning 'velle ’ and the conditional mood of the “Balkan ” type are known in English. Even the post positive determiner is known beyond the Balkan Peninsula, namely in the Northern Germanic (Scandinavian) languages: Norwegian and Swedish. The second problem is that the so-called “Balkan” features are met in Balkan languages with no equal intensitivity, for instance: total loss of the declension in Bulgarian and Macedonian, partial loss of the declension in Romanian and a reduction by one case in Modern Greek (from 4 cases to 3) and Albanian (to 5 cases). Summing up, I can assert that the grammatical criteria for determination of the Balkan league are not appropriate and the lexical criteria are better, because there are a lot of lexical items, which are known only in Balkan languages. Moreover, these lexical items are usually known in all Balkan languages. Using the lexical criteria we can regard Serbo/Croatian as a Balkan language.
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That is, about phraseologisms with a "language" component that mean obtaining information (based on the Corpus of Parliamentary Discourse from 1918–2021) In the article, I analyzed 3 Polish phraseologisms – someone grabbed / captured / gained the language // caught / grabbed / got the language (ktoś złapał / schwytał / zdobył języka // złapać / schwytać / zdobyć języka); someone inquires / inquires for language // inquires / inquires for language (ktoś zasięga / zasięgnął języka // zasięgać / zasięgnąć języka); someone pulls / pulls someone’s language // pulls / pulls someone’s language (ktoś ciągnie / pociągnął za język kogoś // ciągnąć / pociągnąć kogoś za język) – functioning in the Polish parliamentary discourse. The material comes from the Corpus of parliamentary discourse (CPD) developed at the IPI PAN, containing nearly 700 million segments. I compared CPD data – in the semantic and frequency plan – with the general Polish language (based on corpuses: NKJP, Monco.pl and „Odkrywka”). It turned out that in the case of the analyzed phraseologies, as components of the secondary nomination system, the Polish parliamentary discourse does not perform a specific semantic and turnout ‘distortion’. The analyzed phraseologisms function in CPD just like in general Polish, which is a peculiar difference compared to the research on lexemes and lexical constructions in CPD.
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Expressive qualifiers and the identification of emotionally marked vocabulary in the lexicographic sources The article compiles and compares the signaling or qualifying expressive vocabulary methods in 13 early and contemporary lexicographic sources. The author refers to the findings of researchers to date, including on the history and scope of use of qualifiers, in particular expressive qualifiers (e.g. piesz., lekcew., pog., wulg., żart.), and other ways of signaling by lexicographers of expressive marking of words, e.g. in the form of terms used in the definition (e.g. „expressively about...”, „with pity about...”, „offensive word”). Based on the collected material, she formulates conclusions about the possibilities and difficulties in the excerption of expressively characterized vocabulary from the lexicographic sources in a diachronic approach. It justifies that in studies of expressive lexis, it is necessary to observe colloquialisms as well as diminutive and bold words. He also draws attention to the possibility of using electronic dictionaries in quantitative and qualitative research on expressively characterized words.
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The oldest construction vocabulary in the Polish language (outline of the issue) The article presents an outline of the research problems of construction vocabulary contained in the Old Polish Dictionary, collecting words until the year 1500. Preliminary analyzes have shown that the oldest layer of vocabulary in this field relates to wooden construction, widespread in Poland from the earliest times. The text presents a proposed classification of the material and discusses several thematic groups: names of buildings, tools, materials, construction activities. Then, the prospects for further research were outlined: the need for a complete thematic classification of the construction vocabulary used in the Old Polish era was indicated, as well as to determine its origin, including words related to building common to all Slavic languages and dialectal names used only in certain Slavic areas, and for both groups to determine which words were taken from the Proto-Slavic or even Proto-Indo-European era, and which and when were borrowed from foreign languages. The next stage of research would include words newly created in Polish from native forms and words borrowed into Polish in the Middle Ages. On the basis of the collected material, it was initially indicated that Old Polish borrowings in construction vocabulary come less frequently from Czech and Latin, and the greatest number from German.
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The history of the soup’s name warmuszka The subject of the article is the name of an old dish made of water and bread, registered in the Silesian dialects as warmuszka. The purpose of the article is to discuss the etymology of the name and to show how the name functioned in comparison with other terms for bread soup in the old general Polish lanquage and the dialects. Material research revealed that the most likely source of the name warmuszka is Middle Upper German form warmuos adopted through the Czech language in various forms (farmuszka, framuszka, faramuszka, warmuz) and adapted to the Polish language, eventually.
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A word goes around the world. Considerations on the internationalism lordosis and its Indo-European origin Like many other internationalisms, the Polish medical term lordoza (cf. English lordosis, German Lordose, Czech lordóza etc.) ‘anterior curvature of the spine, producing convexity in front (occurring as a physical deformity)’ stems from Ancient Greek. The various national languages took over not only the form, but also the original meaning of the Greek noun λόρδωσις; the latter is based on the verb λορδόω ‘to bend backwards’, which, in turn, derives from the adjective λορδός ‘bent backwards’. Morphological analysis makes it evident that Gk. λορδός (which reflects the apophonic variant *lord-) is etymologically related to the Indo-European verbal root *lerd-, which is confirmed by certain Indo-Aryan verbal formations (e.g. Sanskrit lardayati ‘s/he loads’). It is suggested on the basis of assorted lexical data that the Indo-European root *lerd- apparently meant ‘to carry a burden’ > ‘to bend backwards due to a heavy burden’ > ‘to contort, deform’. The reconstruction of the original meaning of the verbal root *lerd- allows us to assume the original sense for λορδός ‘bent backwards under the influence of the weight carried’. Thus, the word under discussion, λόρδωσις, originally denoted the ‘physiological bending of the spine caused by carrying a heavy load’.
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The influence of computer-internet reality on the spelling norms of contemporary Polish The paper – in accordance with the title – concerns the influence of information technology on the orthographic system of the Polish language. The use of computers and the Internet not only resulted in the appearance of new words in Polish, but also contributed to the decision on how to write specific computerisms (allowing their polonized version), and even to the formulation of spelling rules that standardize the spelling of certain word series, such as the names of computer fonts, programming languages, programs and operating systems, or the names of Internet portals. However, not all issues concerning the writing of newly appearing in Polish language computerisms have already been considered by linguists. The normative solution requires, among other things, spelling of derivatives created on the basis of nouns ending in silent e, which have been adopted from English. This is why the author discusses the existing spelling habits of the users of contemporary Polish language and signals the facts which should be taken into account when formulating an appropriate orthographic rule.
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The present paper belongs to the stream of the verbal prefixation contrastive studies. It aims at conducting a short investigation of French verbs prefixed by sur- and their Polish equivalents found in the “Great French-Polish Dictionary”. In the first part, selected theoretical approaches concerning the French prefix sur- are presented, with particular attention to the semantic-based theories by Danny Amiot and Kristel Van Goethem. The second part focuses on the results of the contrastive French-Polish analysis of 48 verbs distributed into 9 semantic categories: excess, intensity, repetition, posteriority, simultaneity, spatial superiority, hierarchical superiority, notional uses, and lexicalized uses. The goal is to show what linguistic means (grammatical and/or lexical) the Polish language utilizes to express different semantic values conveyed by the French prefix sur- in each of the listed categories. Consequently, the Polish equivalents are divided into several classes, of which the most relevant are: verbs prefixed by prze- and do-, prepositional constructions (with the prepositions na and nad), and periphrastic adverbial constructions.
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Lexis is the most flexible and mobile domain of Linguistics. Through lexis, the researchers understand the wholeness of the words that are specific to a writer, a region or of a certain epoch. Taking into consideration some acceptances, some researchers express the fact that the Romanian vocabulary represents the words that are specific to a certain domain that corresponds to the functional styles such as: journalistic, epistolary, literary, technical-scientific and official-administrative.
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Under the denomination of doublets, from the linguistic point of view, we understood any pair of linguistic elements that come from the same etymon, but have a different semantic and phonetic evolution. From the theoretical point of view, an etymological doublet is formed, on the one hand, by a popular or patrimonial word and, on the other hand, by a cultural loan also called cultism. Our main purpose is to analyze the most important semantic changes that double pairs present –we identify a number of ten Spanish doublets-, starting from 1780 to 2001. In the Spanish language there are few studies dedicated to this topic, so our investigation is based from a diachronic point of view.
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In this article we have proposed to present results of the research of the layer of autochthonous words from the Romanian language, namely the letter C (căciulă – ciucă). It is about research from the perspective of the linguistic geography of the substrate words căciulă, călbează/gălbează, căpuşă, cătun, ceafă, cioară, cioc, ciucă in the Romanian language spoken east of the Prut, according to the data provided by linguistic atlases (ALM, ALRR. Bas., ADCC/ОКДА), dialect texts, the dialectological archive/Dialectal dictionary, etc., elaborated by researchers from Chisinau. The identification of native words from the Romanian-speaking area in the east of the Prut with those from the vocabulary of the Daco-Romanian dialects on the right of the Prut, but also with those from the southern dialects – Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, IstroRomanian – allow us to note some similarities regarding their character as preservers of old elements in the lexical field.
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