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KREKÁŇOVÁ, Ivana: Etymológia záhadná aj zábavná. Pôvod slov od algoritmu po zavináč. Bratislava: MAMAŠ 2022. 264 s. ISBN 978-80-8268-040-2
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The present article was conceived as a concentrated introduction to the theory of lexical-semantic fields. The extraordinary development in recent decades of studies in this field implies a particular variety of theoretical and methodological orientations that it reflects. The understanding of theoretical concepts allows a better understanding of them, providing a series of clues as to their area of relevance, their mode of operation, their unclear aspects and their practical effectiveness.
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Until the first part of the twentieth century, the theory of terminology was highly descriptive and normative, having the Wüsterian desideratum of monosemy of terms at its core. Despite its shortcomings, the classical theory of terminology has had its benefits. The term-concept correspondence reduces ambiguity, improves specialized communication, facilitates the creation of conceptual hierarchies, and draws the cognitive structure of a specialized field, thus enabling the creation of taxonomies and the compilation of standardized terminologies. From this point on, the way the term was perceived changed significantly, reaching the modern theories of terminology from the '90s, which situated terms in context. Specialized languages were no longer totally dissociated from common language, while polysemy was detected transdisciplinarily, through the conceptual transfer from one discipline to another. With this in mind, the present paper aims at illustrating how these theories of terminology may reflect the many facets of Maritime Terminology.
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Our study aims to depict the meanings of the word travel / traveller as they appear in the specialized explanatory dictionaries. We have shown the extent to which these words have become known in the common language (idioms, phrases, proverbs).
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The lexical system involves a lot of units between which there is a set of relationships. They can be identified on several levels: on the line of the plane of expression, on the line of the plane of the content of the lexical units or at the same time on both planes. Based on these relationships, we can distinguish certain lexico-semantic categories, including polysemy, synonymy and antonymy. In this study we will make a brief presentation of them, because they are among the most well-known, but also controversial semantic relations.
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The issue of defining the lexical fields caught the attention of numerous linguists from Romania and abroad. The current article analyzes the concept of lexical-semantic field and presents some viewpoints regarding these primary paradigmatic structures. Basic concepts used in the analysis of a lexical-semantic field are defined and exemplified, analysis in which the common semes of the lexemes that make up the respective field are identified, but also the variable ones. The semantic analysis of the fields, in which the semantic oppositions are also noticed, is based on dictionaries. The particularities of the lexicon’s structure are highlighted also through the description of the lexical-semantic fields.
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The aim of this article is to describe the lexical unit covidianin. In this article, the author establishes the spelling and word formation of the lexeme covidianin. Subsequently, its meaning and application are described. The meaning of the word in question has been established based on available definitions, selected texts, and graphic resources. Moreover, a description of synonyms and antonyms allows for the further specification of the usage of covidianin.
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The aim of the article is to present an analysis of the open-slot phraseme “kto [...], ten się w cyrku nie śmieje” (Who [...] doesn’t laugh in the circus). The examined phraseme is an example of a construction that has gained popularity because of computer-mediated communication and internet memes. Structural features distinguish this phraseme from other, more typical internet memes. The analysed phraseme is more similar to proverbs or other types of gnomic expressions. The quality of open slots in the phraseme is also highly distinctive because the open slots require a verbal phrase in contradistinction to other phrasemes, which usually require a noun phrase. The article includes a semantic, lexical and syntactic analysis of this phraseme, as well as an attempt to determine its origin.
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This paper seeks to address the complex question of legal language, as a crucial part of social interaction at formal, administrative level. The theoretical part focuses on three main elements – legal discourse, legal texts and legal translation, while the practical part provides several examples for each of the abovementioned components. A significant amount of the given article is dedicated to defining and classifying key concepts in legal terminology, using various resources of both Romanian and foreign researchers, as well as to examining certain difficulties that emerge in translation process, thus requiring specific translation strategies and methods and implying an interdisciplinary approach, as this is a matter of great interest not only for legal professionals, but also for linguists all around the world.
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Apart from the most used names or titles to describe divinity, for example: God, Father, Son, Christ, Holy Spirit, or the most widely used in regards to the Evil One, such as: Satan, Devil, Demon, in the Bible we can also find other names or titles, sometimes metaphorical, which we will refer to in this article. The semantic characteristics of the proper name may be based on the designation of an event which remained in the memory of the individuals. The meanings of the divine names do not exclude each other, instead, they are complementary. We observe the synonymous richness for the names of God’s person, as for the names of the rival person to God too.
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The present paper approaches the issue of lexical creativity in Romanian contemporary media discourse, referring both to a pragmatics and a lexical perspective. In a pragmatics approach, lexical creativity is related to the speaker’s intentions manifest in this type of discourse, while the lexical approach can offer explanations for the comic effects of a series of newly formed words which occur temporarily, especially in journalistic language. The ephemeral existence of the majority of these recent lexical creations, as well as the argotic origin of root word, of affixes use or of certain meanings assigned to words from common Romanian, could be a starting point for proving the existence of a subvariant in media discourse that is a sui-generis slang.
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The present article is aimed at analysing neologisms, mainly American English neologisms, which seem to have invaded the Romanian language over the last couple of years. We will look into their attempt to adapt to the Romanian morphological system, their penetration into the group of collocations (traditionally known as having a structural fixity), we will also analyse the phenomenon of word „creation” in the Romanian language, starting from already existing words, but having the English language as a model (for instance, verbalisation on a nominal basis). As far as this aspect is concerned, the terms of reference are part of what we call „the pandemic vocabulary”. Last but not least, we will try to highlight the fields which assimilate these neologisms and the socio-professional categories that use them as well as the way in which „global jargon”, as Pascal-Brucker calls it in a humorous, but also bitterly ironic manner, is obtained in certain circumstances.
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The present paper is meant as a continuation of several previous papers that illustrated and analyzed the career of (recent) anglicisms in Romanian, and the place held by calque and clichés, etc., specifically in as far as they occur in translation (i.e. texts that, avowedly or not, were the result of translation). Far from advocating prescriptivism or linguistic purism, the author of this paper observes that correctness is a matter of efficiency and opportuneness in the act of communication, and one of its many manifestations is of course translation. Although nowadays the contrast between the prescriptive and the descriptive approach tends to be over-emphasized, and the public at large as well as most experts in linguistics typically resent severe prescriptivism, the long linguistic tradition of language cultivation (or linguistic ecology) still claims its rightful place. The following general remarks about linguistic standardization, linguistic norms, prescriptivism (vs. descriptivism and relativistic laxity) highlight the opposition between objectivity and subjectivity in standardization; yet the functional structure of a system, such as language, manifests itself objectively – which is naturally and essentially opposed to relativization. The main topic of the paper, the howlers in translation (from English to Romanian), gave us the opportunity for remarks about, and illustrations of, the opposition between technical terms and denotative anglicisms, on one hand, and connotative terms and inacceptable usage or downright solecisms, on the other hand – implying false friends, calque, clichés, etc. – with some (literary) translators providing simplistic, poor-quality renderings, in which instances of incredible howlers are in plenty.
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Our study aims to depict the meanings of the word nose as they appear in the specialized explanatory dictionaries. We have shown the extent to which this word has become known in the common language (idioms, phrases, proverbs).
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Proverbs represent the concise expression of an experience reduced to its essence, leaving aside all that is irrelevant, and they are true creators of recurring patterns. Thus, images of general human vices become universal, being subsumed to some categories of experience. In this study, we intend to make a few remarks on some images and motifs frequently encountered in the proverbs about greed and avarice in folk literature in order to highlight their extraordinary power to encapsulate meaning.
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Three historical kinship terms attested in South Slavic legal texts of translated character are the subject of this article: pramama ‘great-grandmother‘; pratachta – a problematic term adapted to different contextual ambiance, but presumably designating the mother (stepmother) of the mother in law; prachtoura ‘great-granddaughter‘. They reveal a sustainable model of nomination, transmitted in the modern ways for linguistic expression of the more distant kinship. The word forming model of one-part cognate terms formed with prefixes пра or прѣ is historically productive, and retains its vitality from the past to the contemporary times. There are both established, commonly used and of high-frequency representatives, and rare ones. Although one can suppose the influence of the corresponding Greek term, respectively the attempt to calque it, the distant kinship provoked the use of a domestic fund, as the mentioned prefixes, which mark the temporal anteriority and the feature ‘old, aged’. It is not coincidental that in the traditional popular culture the expression “up to the ninth generation” implies the distant kinship. Distant kinship was obviously important in the times of the Ottoman domination, when the family played a major role in preserving identity. Positions in more distant genealogy were a challenge to the Slavic translators of Byzantine legal writings on the degrees of kinship from the late Middle Ages. They enriched the kinship terminology with new representatives.
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The paper presents ritual culinary lexis related to the ritual of childbirth from the Bulgarian dialects. In the ethnocultural aspect, the motivational sign of the names that underlie the nomination are studied, and according to which they are classified into separate groups. Ethnographic material is of particular importance in determining the motivational sign of the names, although there are terms in which it would be very difficult to determine the motivating word even in the context of the whole ritual. In each group the culinary terms are presented with their meanings and distribution in the Bulgarian language territory. The material is excerpted from the "Archive for Bulgarian Dialect Dictionary" at the Institute for Bulgarian Language "Prof. Lyubomir Andreychin" - BAS, "Bulgarian etymological dictionary", from field work and other written dialect sources. The semantics of the names is analyzed in the context of the birth rite with which it is directly related. Some changes in the semantic structure of the names, unfolded in diachrony, are pointed out. They have changed their meaning and have gradually changed from specialized names to commonly used words. The aim is to show the close connection between rituals and ritual lexis and the need to study this lexis from both linguistic and cultural point of view, as a significant part of the terms are motivated by the names of rituals and ritual realities
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As a result of this study, the purpose of which is to establish on the material of various discourses (lexicographic, artistic, associative, advertising, Internet discourse) the actual composition of color terms used in cowberry’s coloristic descriptions, a coloristic spectrum of plant descriptions has been identified, including more than 30 basic color terms, and also lexemes with the meaning ‘to be in bloom’, ‘not ripe’ / ‘ripe’, with a ‘light’ seme; a number of color composites testifying to the importance of subtle color differentiation of cowberry in the native speaker linguistic consciousness. Other important results of the study are: 1) the identification of the cowberry’s descriptions color dominant (red), confirming the status of the plant as a standard sample of red and manifesting mass color stereotype of its perception; 2) the description of the periphery of cowberry’s color nominations, which made it possible to designate the range of individual author’s characteristics of the plant (more than 20 nominations, according to an associative experiment); 3) the identification of the functional potential of cowberry’s color descriptions, which is manifested in the ontological function, in the function of the aestheticization of reality, cultural-marking, ethnolinguocultural, advertising; 4) the establishment of new color terms, based on floristic nomination, production mechanisms, the lexicography and functionality study which will make some contribution to the Russian color conceptosphere description.
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