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This article analyses several words belonging to various morphological categories (nouns, adjectives, verbs), from the dialects of the southern area of Romanian (the sub-dialects spoken in Oltenia), words generally considered to be of Bulgarian origin, and it refers to how these words were integrated into the morpho-syntactic system of the Romanian language.
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The submitted paper is a brief review of phonetic phenomena occurring in the Chinese adaptations of family names used by Polish people. Numerous instances of various linguistic strategies were found in the research material. These are: sound addition type of changes (anaptyxis, paragoge), sound reduction type of changes (apheresis, apocope, syncope), sound order changes (metathesis), as well as substitutions of the original sounds with their phonetically closest counterparts existing in the integrating language.The present deliberations pertain also to the onymic lexical units adaptation process occurring in the course of interlanguange contacts, as well as to a phenomenon of formation of numerous proper name pairs based upon a single anthroponym.The research material consists of 123 Polish surnames and their 325 substitution variants being used in the Chinese language.
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Świat współczesny przesycony jest środkami masowego przekazu i kulturą ukierunkowaną na szybką informację. Jednocześnie jesteśmy świadomi naszego „aktorstwa” i naszej ciągłej „gry” z otaczającą nas publicznością, która nieustannie dokonuje oceny naszej osoby. Życie publiczne warunkuje u nas zachowanie różniące się od tego, jakie jest ono w naszym życiu prywatnym, domowym. Dlatego też większość sytuacji komunikacyjnych ma charakter negocjacji, ponieważ staramy się przekonywać naszych rozmówców i wpływać na ich decyzje i opinie w krótkim czasie.
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Difficulties in tracing the etymology of lexical isolates and loans from other languages are exemplified in the discussion of a gathering of English words previously without satisfactory explanations of origin.
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Language is continuously changing, and so is i.a. the semantic scope of words. These changes concern also the basic lexical resource. Do the contemporary dictionaries of Polish keep up with the changes? The subject of this paper is a selected example of a description of a lexical norm codified in such dictionaries. The principal goal of this paper is to determine the significance of the specification level of the description of the lexical meaning of the units defined in dictionaries (e.g. mleć (to grind), mielony (ground)) for certain language users. It turns out that it is crucial for interpreting various legal acts and regulations. It influences i.a. the interpretation of tax regulations and, what follows, the amount of taxes to be paid by enterprises or their customers. The analysis uses the language material contained in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego (National Corpus of Polish). This paper describes how the content of entries could affect the classification of goods and the VAT rate calculated on the goods – it describes the practical application of the lexical norm in a field that seems to be far from linguistics, namely industry and economy.
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All English regular verbs and about half its irregular verbs have the same form for the finite past tense and the past participle. The finite past tense is different from the participle only for a closed class of about 100 irregular verbs. These latter can be analyzed by a lexical device of wide-ranging applicability called Alternative Realization. All other Past forms of Vs, finite and non-finite, can then be derived from a single morpheme -ed which appears in two contexts: one when V is finite and one when it is selected by a semantically empty stative verb, have or be. There is also a third use of -ed to form passive participles, in both verbal and adjectival passives.The paper presents a formalized system of selection features for lexical items including but going beyond classical subcategorization. This system permits formulating a single full lexical entry for the suffix -ed that covers all its uses. The final version of this entry exemplifies how to specify Alternative Realization, uninterpretability of categories and disjunctive contexts, and independently justifies each of these notations.
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Tone is a distinctive feature of the lexemes in tone languages. The information-structural category ‘focus’ is usually marked by syntactic and morphological means in these languages, but sometimes also by intonation strategies. In intonation languages, focus is marked by pitch movement, which is also perceived as tone. The present article discusses prosodic focus marking in these two language types.
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In our research, we define concept as a form of reflection of a nation and its culture in a national language. We believe that verbalization of the concept’s components is a key condition for its functioning in the linguo-cultural map of the world. By analyzing lexicographical data, we made an attempt to describe the verbalization of concept in the English language.
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Imageability has been argued to induce asymmetry in processing of nominal lexical units as this feature of the mental lexicon is sensitive to the organization of the conceptual system. Double modality of the representation of high imageable nouns in the mental lexicon, contrasted with single representation in low imageable nouns is argued to facilitate the processing of a concrete noun and slow down successful retrieval, access and any further processing of an abstract noun. The aim of this study is to investigate whether there is a variation in the semantic processing of high and low imageable words in people with aphasia compared to the healthy control speakers when presented with a visual or auditive stimulus. Conducted research was designed to examine the processing of the lexical feature of imageability and hence included four tests from PALPA battery of tests adapted for Croatian: Auditory Synonym Judgement, Written Synonym Judgement and Word Semantic Association. To reduce the effect of perceptive impairments, general semantic processing was verified by conducting two follow-up PALPA comprehension tests: Spoken Word-Picture Matching and Written Word-Picture Matching. The study included 30 aphasic participants and 30 paired healthy participants; all native speakers of Croatian. In line with the predictions, there was a statistically significant difference between experimental and control group; the experimental group further confirmed the predictions by achieving significantly lower results with respect to low imageable words. Difficulties in recognition of low imageable words in aphasics confirm the existing variations in the organization of processing pathways. The main finding of the research demonstrates that the aphasics, especially Broca’s aphasics, have problems when processing complex psycholinguistic tasks, as well as complex structures involved both in the grammatical and conceptual representations.
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The complicated matter of language makes the task of bilingual dictionaries difficult, since they have to present the meaning of lemmas as well as possible contrasting the vocabulary of two languages. An active dictionary enables users to produce correct texts in the foreign language. The user should get as many equivalents as possible, and also learn about meaning differences, stylistic characteristics and usage of different equivalents. A dictionary has to offer paraphrases, synonyms and text examples of word and idiom usage. In a bi-directional dictionary, e. g. Bulgarian-German and German-Bulgarian, the user should be enabled to double-check potential translation using the passive dictionary (back translation).Thus bilingual dictionaries in their usual form are not able to help the user translate stylistically marked and lexically non¬isomorphic texts or texts with too many idiomatic expressions. A great deal of the lexical richness remains hidden to the user who relies on the help of the bilingual dictionary. The two parts of the dictionary should be relatively symmetric. This article contains some suggestions how to achieve this relative symmetry.
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The paper presents the lexis of sports communication register as it is represented in the Dictionary of Slovak Neologisms that is currently being developed at the Institute of Slovak and Media Studies of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Prešov. Apart from a short introduction into the process of developing the dictionary and a theoretical background to the methodological approach that the dictionary is based on, the paper presents the neological lexis of sports communication register in terms of their nomination as well as the character of the new vocabulary that emerges in this field.
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The study analyses meaning and using of the lexeme lopta (ball) in coach register of the volleyball coaches coaching girls and boys of older school age. Theoretically, it is based on the theory of communication register, theory of lexical motivation and complex concept of meaning without strict borders between semantics and pragmatics. Empirically, it is based on the analysis of tri-modal (audio-visual-graphical) corpus of the speech of two volleyball coaches (one of the girls team, one of the boys team), each of three training units and three games (50 917 tokens). The concept of register motivated meaning is explained. While analysing meaning of the lexeme lopta and its nominal and verbal collocations (359 types of collocations), we go from the general meaning of the lexeme, through its context specification to its situational actualization. Lexeme lopta in the coach communication register is used as one of the central noun lexical units, as a polysemic one with the register motivated meaning or register motivated meaning specification with high collocability rate.
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The study is a "pilot probe" into the field of sports thematisation using artistic style in "sports prose" for children. Based on the concept of the communication register and applying the basic theories of the theory of lexical motivation, we analyse the sport motivated lexicon in a concrete - intentionally selected - space for the children of the specified artistic text: “Ferdo cvičí mravenisko.” In this way, we uncover the next "layer" of sport linguistics, which is why we want to contribute to the interdisciplinary exploration of the sports communication register.
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The article analyzes the lexical composition of early translations of the historical texts of old Belarusianliterature (the category of persons) of the 15th century. On the basis of matching individualwords with their counterparts in the Old Russian and Old Polish languages it is concluded that themain lexical body of texts is consistent with Polish counterparts. Some nominations are enteredinto an ancient text with the help of the conjunction markers abo, albo and represent glosses withinthe text, the purpose of which is to explain to the reader unclear words in the opinion of the interpreterof the word. The vocabulary of these texts has many nominations: metaphorical, figurativemeaning, emotional-evaluative expressions, which enrich the vocabulary of the Old Belarusianlanguage and raise it to the level of the literary. The article also presents the nominations, whichare recorded only in the analyzed historical texts and are no longer found in other texts of the OldBelarusian written language. Thus, the role of the Old Polish language and Old Polish literaturein enriching the dictionary of the Old Belarusian language is presented, as well as the work of oldBelarusian scribes on the interpretation and translation of the original text in such a way that thetranslation meets the needs of different culturally oriented layers of the old Belarusian society.The article analyzes the lexical composition of early translations of the historical texts of old Belarusian literature (the category of persons) of the 15th century. On the basis of matching individual words with their counterparts in the Old Russian and Old Polish languages it is concluded that the main lexical body of texts is consistent with Polish counterparts. Some nominations are entered into an ancient text with the help of the conjunction markers abo, albo and represent glosses within the text, the purpose of which is to explain to the reader unclear words in the opinion of the interpreter of the word. The vocabulary of these texts has many nominations: metaphorical, figurative meaning, emotional-evaluative expressions, which enrich the vocabulary of the Old Belarusian language and raise it to the level of the literary. The article also presents the nominations, which are recorded only in the analyzed historical texts and are no longer found in other texts of the Old Belarusian written language. Thus, the role of the Old Polish language and Old Polish literature in enriching the dictionary of the Old Belarusian language is presented, as well as the work of old Belarusian scribes on the interpretation and translation of the original text in such a way that the translation meets the needs of different culturally oriented layers of the old Belarusian society.
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The mechanisms of speech influence of high-ranking state officials (in Vasily Aksyonov’s trilogy Moscow Saga) are identified, analyzed and systematized from the linguistic point of view: constructions with direct speech (of Joseph Stalin and Lavrentiy Beria) are analyzed, the role and place of lexical and grammatical units used for depicting the image of state power and the implementation of the author’s pragmatics are determined. The method of philological text analysis (in particular, semantico-stylistic and contextual methods) was used in the study. The stylistic features of the functioning of pronouns, proper names and finite verb forms in Stalin’s and Beria’s speech are examined: the use of personal (we/you), possessive (our/your) pronouns and proper names, showing the remote nessor proximity of certain people to the leader and his relation to them (they act as a differentiating element between two sides:“I” + “my environment” = “us”; “all others” = “them”); the demonstrative pronoun “this” is one of the Stalin’s favorites (among other reasons, he uses it for strengthening the indication on the subject of speech and as an expression of neglect). The confidants are referred to by their first names without surnames, the party members – as “comrades”, and all other people – by structures of the following type: a common noun + a proper name (first name + patronymic are used in respectful forms of address). Present tense verbs used for describing currently important and usually repetitive actions characterize the speech of Stalin and Beria. Another means of characterizing the characters are the author’s words that accompany the act of speaking (Beria seems more emotionally agile to the author, so he uses descriptive verbs with more negative connotations for creating the image of this character). Categorical meaning and lexical semantics intertwine in grammatical forms. The semantic functions of grammatical forms are associated with the speaker’s intentions, with his communicative goals, so the study of the meaning and function of the grammatical form is impossible without the analysis of contextual conditions. The language possesses the most important property to transfer the attitude of native speakers and their vision of the events within categorical and grammatical relations. Grammatical categories are actively used for depicting the image of state power in Vasiliy Aksyonov’s Moscow Saga.
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In the present work, the author analyses the use of franglais or Frenglish in the French military linguistic register, in which it is becoming more and more present. He notes that this linguistic situation is particularly noticeable among officers, who very often use Anglicisms. English is frequently used even in places where it would be better to use existing French terms. Linguists whose fields of research focus on military terminology view the presence of Anglicisms mainly as a negative phenomenon. It impoverishes military language and results in the neglect of French military terms. Therefore, some linguists do not hesitate to talk about English “linguistic pollution”.
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The paper The Reality of East Germany reflected in the German lexis. Is “Ostalgie” still present in today’s German? based on the master’s thesis German Lexis of the GDR period mirrored in the „Duden” dictionary deals with lexis classified in the Duden dictionary as characteristic of the GDR period. Diachronic and synchronic analysis of the excerpted units in terms of their parts of speech, semantics, etymology and usefulness are preceded by a theoretical background, which tries to define the status of the German language after the World War II and in the GDR. The main aim of the paper was to demonstrate to what extent the reality in the Eastern Germany shaped German in the GDR and subsequently in Germany after its reunification.
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Majdanpek is a town in the Danube region of the north-eastern Serbia and the centre of a municipality whose territory is bounded in the east by the Miroč mountain. In the present paper the microtoponyms collected in Majdanpek and 13 villages belonging to its municipality are presented, as well as in some settlements situated on the eastern slopes of Miroč, that administratively belong to the neighbouring municipalities of Kladovo and Negotin. The region has a mixed population, consisting beside the Serbian majority of the bilingual Vlachs, which results in a considerable number of Romance admixtures in the microtoponymy. The Vlach names are transcribed here to Cyrillic and listed alphabetically together with the Serbian ones. For each name, its object and location are indicated.– 100 –
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