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KOROBORACIJA U ARAPSKOJ SINTAKSI

Author(s): Amira Trnka-Uzunović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 21/2017

The author presents a model for the auxiliary element in Arabic sentences, an element that contributes significantly to the semantic, syntactical and stylistic richness of the language. Based on an analysis of definitions found in relevant sources, the author distils the core characteristics of a type of appositive, namely the semantic and formal ‘corroborative’, and establishes its various forms with their subspecies. Analysis of Qurʼanic verses and poetry demonstrates that the ‘corroboration’ (intensification) of particular content is used to promote an interest in and draw attention to that content. Insofar, as grammatical appositives are defined on the basis of similarities and differences, the paper presents four simple examples of the remaining four appositives: attribute (al-naʻt), apposition (ʻatf al-bayān), permutation (al-badal) and content linked by conjunction (al-ʻatf). A comparative analysis of various types of appositive suggests the conclusion that all the auxiliary elements of the Arabic sentence are linked by the same syntactic peculiarity, following the flexion of the relevant appositive, while the differences attested facilitate their recognition and understanding the context in which they are found.

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Uloga arapskih prijedloga u prijelaznosti glagola

Author(s): Zehra Alispahić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 20/2016

In the Arabic language, propositions are an important tool for transforming intransitive verbs into transitive verbs. When coming across a verb, the semantics of propositions are reflected in two ways: either by determining the semantics of the verb in question, or by way of semantic transition. The propositions which take part in making a verb transitive can change the meaning of the verb or even of the whole sentence. A verb whose transitivity is linked to various propositions can effect different potentials of style which differ among each other in accordance with the differing meanings of the propositions linked to the verb. In this way a verb can become transitive with several propositions without the possibility of one proposition replacing or pushing out the other in the same context. The transitivity of verbs, which comes with propositions, have a major importance and impact on the intention and style of the Qur’anic text. Furthermore, understanding the secrets of the supernatural qualities of the Qurʼan is closely related the position and meanings of propositions. Scholars of Stylistics argue that the ultimate goal of propositions is to unveil their secret, and not simply the question of the genitive case or of mediating the transitivity of intransitive verbs.

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Çështje të gjuhës së epikës legjendare heroike sidomos në sintaksë

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Çështje të gjuhës së epikës legjendare heroike sidomos në sintaksë

Author(s): Mahir Domi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01al/1984

Gjuha si mjet i shprehjes, në përgjithësi, po ashtu i realizimit të vlerave artistike të një krijimi letrar, përbën një objekt të rëndësishëm të studimit të letërsisë popullore. Gjuha e folklorit intereson si folkloristin, si gjuhëtarin, si teoricienin e letërsisë. Ajo formon një nënsistem në gjuhën e një populli, zë një vend të veçantë në të, duke qenë pjesë e saj, po me veçoritë e veta. Ky vend i veçantë lidhet me faktin se gjuha e folklorit pasqyron në mënyrë më të drejtpërdrejtë, më besnikërisht gjuhën e gjallë popullore, për pasojë edhe veçoritë e pasurinë e një gjuhe, po pa qenë e njëjtë, pa u identifikuar me gjuhën e folur të përditshme, pse është gjuhë pjesërisht e standardizuar, e kodifikuar në një masë ku më të madhe ku më të vogël, e përpunuar, duke qenë folklori krijimtari artistike, letërsi. Me të drejtë gjuha e poezisë popullore është quajtur si një etapë e caktuar në zhvillimin e formave gjuhësore letrare.

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Многократно извеждане на к-думи в българското въпросително изречение. Изследване на казус

Author(s): Hristina Krusteva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

The research deals with the case of multiple fronting of whwords in Bulgarian questions and the underlying principles for the order of the question words. The conducted experiment and the given graphics from it are discussed in the context of the hypothesis of Galina Dukova-Zheleva (2010) for the formation of prosodic unit from wh-words in cases of multiple fronting. The methods of the research are instrumental method and outlining contrasts.

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Sintaktička, leksikološka i stilistička raščlamba prijepisa Senjskoga statuta Vuka Ručića

Author(s): Mario Šimudvarac / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2014

In the article the author specifies the syntactical, lexicographical and stylistic features of the transcript of the Senj statute of Vuk Ručić from 1701, he speaks about the translation of the transcript of the Senj statute into the standard Croatian language and gives a conclusion about the overall linguistic analysis of this old Croatian legal text.

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HAGIOGRAFSKI KODEKS PASIONAL MR 164. FLEKSIJA, DERIVACIJA I SINTAKSA IMENĀ U BIBLIJSKOME LATINITETU NE-BIBLIJSKIH TEKSTOVA. APPENDIX: PASSIO SANCTE BARBARE.

Author(s): Lucija Krešić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 24/2020

Hagiographic codex Passionale MR 164 is considered as the oldest of Archdiocesan Library Metropolitana in Zagreb. It consists of two parts: the main one is Carolingian Passionale and the other is Beneventan appendix Secunda expositio super psalmum CXIX and Vita Marie Egipciace de Greko in Latinum translata. Hagiographic Passionale is dated in 10th century and it is considered to be written in the east Adriatic coast, in Ravenna. Beneventan part is dated by the note of its scribe deacon Majon at the beginning of the 11th century. It is written in Split for the needs of Split’s Archdiocese and the Archbishop Paulus. The content analysis and sanctoral of Carolingian part lead MR 164 to Ravenna’s church Sant' Apollinare Nuovo. The linguistic analysis confirms language of MR 164 to be the Biblical Latin of non-Biblical texts. This paper deals with flexion, derivation and syntax of the names within Biblical Latin of non-Biblical texts found in Carolingian Passionale. One of the topics considered is the independence of Biblical Latin as a special idiom, as well as its connection to Vulgar Latin. Transcription of Passio Sancte Barbare is attached to the main text of the paper.

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Batinić Angster, Mia, Rečenična anafora: Morfologija i sintaksa povratnih imenskih izraza u hrvatskom i talijanskom jeziku.

Author(s): Josip Galić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2021

Review of: Batinić Angster, Mia. 2020. Rečenična anafora: Morfologija i sintaksa povratnih imenskih izraza u hrvatskom i talijanskom jeziku. Zagreb: Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje, 290 str. ISBN 978-953-7967-96-3

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Принцип локализације и проучавање социјативних значења у руском и српском језику

Author(s): Marija M. Opačić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 23/2021

In this paper, our attention is focused on the definition of external and internal coordinate types in study of sociativity meaning in Russian and Serbian. In the second part of this article we consider P. Piperʼs view on the localisation principle and the notion of the general prototype in linguistic typology on the example of the functionalism. In the third part we represent two concrete prototypes of functional theories in Russistics – A. V. Bondarko’s functional grammar and P. Piper’s theory of semantic localisation. The internal coordinative type is explained in the fourth part in semantic analysis of the sociativity meaning in Russian and Serbian. Our coordinative classification is based on the distinction of structural and semantic subtypes. The special, gradual coordinate type is noticed on the border of the external and internal coordinate types. In conclusion, we presented the most important criteria in our paper – the notion of the prototype, the external and internal coordinate types, the dominant and gradual realisation.

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Формална обележја компаративних фразеологизама у средњевисоконемачком језику

Author(s): Branislav D. Ivanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 23/2021

This paper deals with identifying relevant formal (structural) markers of comparative idioms in Middle High German. From the analysis of examples,it can be concluded that most of these idioms have a bicentric structure.The typical forms of bicentric comparative idioms in Middle High German are infinitival and adjectival phrases, and rarely even nominal and adverbial phrases. Monocentric comparative idioms in Middle High German are always subordinate clauses with subjunctive elements als and sam. In terms of comparative particles, the whole subclass is conservative. Comparative idioms in Middle High German do not show reduplication of the equative particles – the most important distinctive feature in contrast to free comparison. The nominal phrase within the secundum comparationis shows innovations of the Middle High German language: determinators and adjectival attributes are consequently in the left field. A smaller number of comparative idioms in Middle High German have the inversion of the primum and secundum comparationis, and show alliteration and homeoteleutonas well.

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Говорни чин претње у аподози кондиционалних реченица

Author(s): Marina J. Šafer / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 23/2021

This paper examines conditional clauses with the apodosis that qualifies as threat speech (for example, Убићу вас од батина будете ли сликали мојудецу!). It also addresses the communicative function of the protasis – most often in the form of an indirect directive (order/prohibition: → Немојтесликати моју децу!), while in lesser extent the protasis only describes an unfortunate situation, without a directive value (А ти, ако си ме слагалаза сестрин алиби, кунем ти се да ћеш прва завршити у затвору. → Бољеби ти било да ме ниси слагала.) The apodosis can imply concrete, definite(летећете с посла) or imprecise, uncertain (може свашта да се деси), and sometimes even overreacting, harsh consequences (задавићу те → наудићути) that will befall the addressee if they remain deaf on the speaker’s order/prohibition. Apart from the pragmatic, the paper analyses the syntactic-semantical characteristics of these conditional clauses: the use of conjunctions(ако, ли, уколико), the use of protasis predicate, apodosis predicate (verbforms, the use of aspectual verbs in the protasis predicate – наставити,престати, performative verbs – клети се, гарантовати, упозорити, and modal verbs – имати, морати in the apodosis predicate, etc.), frequent adverbial determiners in the protasis (e.g. још једном), the arrangement of the protasis and apodosis part, etc. Since the threat predominantly occurs in non-formal, vernacular (sometimes rude and vulgar) communication, the corpus is made with examples from Serbian television shows of different genres (comedy, drama, and crime), and Serbian internet portals. It was determined that the protasis predicate is predominantly formed by present verbs of perfective aspect (mostly aspectual verbs), but in this role Future II also occurs, while the apodosis predicate is mainly in Future I form, but we also have present verbs of the imperfective aspect, as well as the imperative mood of the verb заборавити (e.g. заборави да имаш породицу). The particleли with a conjunctional value, most commonly accompanied by a protasis predicate in the form of Future II (будеш ли / не будеш ли), is frequent as well. In the majority of examples, the protasis precedes the apodosis, which is expected, as this arrangement depicts the cause-consequence flow.

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Las destrezas discursivas de las construcciones condicionales en el Libro de los exenplos por A.B.C.: el dístico rimado

Author(s): Emilio Montero Cartelle / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 19/2020

The drift of syntax towards new approaches and manners of analysing is both the reflection and the consequence of the evolution of linguistics generally and, more specifically, of text linguistics. After years focused on the system, its components and their relations, linguistics has opened up to its realisation and to the construction of discourse. Texts, on the other hand, are no longer seen as mere providers of data or as isolated objects. They have become the result of a communication act and refer to classes, templates, or schemas which conventionalise the manner in which content and the choice of resources are used and organized. The use of these premises to approach conditionality, that is, to any expression that denotes such value, seeks to look at its informative operativity and to commit its contribution to thematic progression (coherence) and to the connection of its components (cohesion). It is actually a demand imposed by the particularities of the Libro de los exenplos por A.B.C., whose didactic nature presides over and mediates everything, from its purpose to its discursive configuration, to the units that make it up, the selection of the linguistic techniques it actualises and the interlocutors it is addressed to. The study of the rhyming couplet confirms these aspects. It uses conditional structures other than those documented in the conclusions and in the body of the exemplo and, when this is not the case, it uses them with very different functions.

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The Colors of Proverbs in Portuguese: From Portugal to Brazil and from Angola to Timor

Author(s): José Teixeira / Language(s): Portuguese Issue: 18/2019

At the semantic-pragmatic level proverbs have a relatively autonomous structure and may even be considered, somehow, a kind of microtexts. This characteristic has led us to use them to test the mechanisms of synesthesia in languages, namely to try to understand whether proverbs not directly linked to color (such as the Portuguese proverb “Who wants everything, loses everything”) provoke semantic-cognitive processes that imply non-random color associations. For this, from a group of 9 Portuguese proverbs without direct reference to color, we collect the answers given to a set of surveys carried out in Portugal (EP – European Portuguese) and in Brazil (BP – Brazilian Portuguese), which, on the one hand, show that we can say that each proverb has specific colors and, on the other hand, that there are differences between these colors for EP and BP. In a second phase, we collected data on the same proverbs in Angola (AP – Angola Portuguese) and East Timor (TiP – East Timor Portuguese) in order to compare the results with those obtained in Portugal and Brazil and thus try to verify some relations between languages and cultures that these differences may show.

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Bicola-Focusing in the Poetic Book of Job

Author(s): Diana Tomingas / Language(s): English Issue: 1 (77)/2020

This article investigates the word order in the biblical Book of Job by analysing focus structures within the bicola of the book. The theory of focusing that is developed in this article is based on Adina Moshavi’s work on focus structures. The conditions that need to be met for a focus structure to occur, as well as the typology of focusing, will be developed. There is also a brief analysis of the placement of (bicola) focusing within the poetic Book of Job.

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СЛОЖНОЕ БУДУЩЕЕ ВРЕМЯ В «ПРОСТОМОВНЫХ» ПАМЯТНИКАХ XVI ВЕКА

Author(s): Ekaterina Andreevna Smirnova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2021

The article describes various modal meanings expressed by one grammatical construction of compound future tense, using three sixteenth-century manuscripts written in the “prosta mova”, the literary language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The special focus is placed on Compound Future I, namely the “маю + infinitive” construction and its meanings in the “prosta mova” clerical and regulatory manuscripts. In all the studied texts this construction has modal semantics with different meanings depending on a particular text – e. g., obligation, possibility/impossibility, inevitability or vow. In the clerical manuscripts, the constructions using the linking verb in the past tense (мель + infinitive) express both the modal meaning and the future-in-the-past meaning. Two most common meanings for the studied grammatical construction are prediction (inevitability) in the clerical texts and obligation in the regulatory text. This kind of research is important for studying the Slavic languages interference, which obviously had a significant impact on the “polysemy” of the studied construction in the XVI century.

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MORPHOLOGICAL, SYNTACTIC AND COGNITIVE-DISCOURSE ASPECTS OF ENGLISH TERMINOLOGICAL THESAURUS “INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE OUTER COVERINGS OF THE HUMAN BODY”

Author(s): Galina Lapa,Albina Semysiuk,Olexander Rak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

У статті розглядаються морфологічні, синтаксичні та когнітивнодискурсивні аспекти англійського термінологічного тезаурусу “Інфекційні захворювання зовнішніх покривів тіла людини”, аналізується відкритий характер його моделі, підкреслюється можливість введення додаткових дискриптів щодо деталізації семантичних та когнітивних властивостей вже існуючих фахових термінологічних одиниць з метою дослідження типологічного та лексикографічного опису фахової мови, що функціонує у англійському дискурсі “Інфектологія”. Мета статті – описати номінації тезаурусу “Інфекційні захворювання зовнішніх покривів тіла людини” як частину медичного дискурсу, визначити їхні характерні ознаки, а саме: морфологічні, синтаксичні та когнітивно-дискурсивні особливості для поглибленого вивчення професійної мови та термінологічної лексики цієї галузі медицини. У дослідженні використано такі наукові методи та прийоми: описовий, статистичний, метод аналізу, морфологічного та синтаксичного моделювання, структурно-семантичний аналіз термінів тощо. Актуальність наукової розвідки полягає у потребі сучасних лінгвістичних досліджень щодо інтегрованого вивчення мовних явищ у професійній літературі, у необхідності з’ясування взаємодії їх структурних, семантичних та когнітивно-дискурсивних аспектів. Інтерес досліджуваного дискурсу пов’язаний з питанням функціонування професійної мови, інтерактивних процесів у науці тощо. Висновок. Синонімічні відношення термінів, метафоризація, запозичення, перехід загальновживаних лексичних одиниць у термінологічну лексику засвідчують високий рівень систематичності термінів, необхідних для уніфікації, стандартизації професійної термінології, та є основою лексико-графічної кодифікації.

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The Politeness Systems of Address, Variations across Breton Dialects

Author(s): Melanie Jouitteau / Language(s): English Issue: 11S/2021

This paper provides a synthesis of the various address systems in Breton dialects, and their evolution during the last century. It discusses the available data and provides the elicitation results from recent fieldwork. Three distinct address systems are described: hierarchical T–V (plurals are directed to superiors as a V form), gendered T–V (plurals are directed to women and girls as a V form), and non-dual (the once singular marker noted †2SG is missing in all of the paradigms, and the once plural form noted †V is the unique address pronoun and does not realise a formal marker). These systems are mapped to their respective territories of usage and an analysis is offered of the diachronic evolution and the cross-influences of these three systems over the last century. Most of the speakers in the central and southern area are restricted to a unique address pronoun, like Modern English you. This system is gaining ground towards the coasts, where a distinctive T address among male close friends or relatives gives rise to a T–V gendered system like in Welsh (Watkins). In the remaining North and South-East areas, a hierarchical T–V system organised centrally around age and social status is resisting the extension of the central area much more. Evidence is presented for independent subsystems inside both T–V systems: addresses to animals, to clergymen and to God. Occasional inversion of an expected marker serves emotionally charged interactions (aggressive T, hypocoristic V).

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Grammatische Entwicklungstendenzen der deutschen Gegenwartssprache – ein Einblick

Author(s): Christian Efing / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2021

This paper gives an insight into grammatical developmental tendencies in contemporary German by way of examples. After a discussion of important technical terms (like developmental tendencies), several tendencies are described.

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La investigación científica del español sudamericano: consideraciones sobre la selección de criterios

Author(s): Joanna Wilk-Racięska / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 3/2020

The aim of the article is to draw attention to some of the features of Amerindian languages underlying several morphosyntactic transformations in South American Spanish, which cause it to significantly differ from Spanish. The focus is on the hierarchy and lexicalization of the aspect and the broadly understood concept of dynamicity. The article proves that these differences, resulting from different visions of the world (Lozada Pereira, 2006) and different conceptualizations of temporality (Evans, 2007; Wilk-Racięska, 2007), can be of great significance in research of both American Indians and some of the transformations in Spanish language.

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Grammar vs. Lexicographic Practice – a Few Remarks on What English Dictionaries Do Not Say About Countable and Uncountable Nouns (Though They Should)

Author(s): Grzegorz Drożdż / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

The issue of countability and uncountability of English nouns may seem simple – nouns are count when their designations can be counted, and mass when they cannot (e.g., Huddleston & Pullum, 2002, p. 334). Consequently, we might expect that lexicographic characteristics of nouns will be generally unequivocal: count or mass. However, a closer analysis of this issue reveals several fundamental problems of a grammatical and lexicographic nature. The article analyses how grammatical problems with such classifications translate into lexicographic practice. The analysis focuses on five reputable dictionaries of English and their approaches to the issue of countability and uncountability of selected nouns.

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Struktura kreolskich form werbalnych

Author(s): Barbara Hlibowicka-Węglarz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2019

The study examines the morphosyntactic features of a creole verb system, as well as the principles of its functioning. It focuses on the markers of tense, mood and aspect (the TMA system) that, due to the uniqueness of the system’s functioning, have been investigated for many decades. The examples quoted in the paper come from Santiaguense, the oldest form of Cape Verde Creole that developed in the 16th century on the lexical basis of Portuguese.

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