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Result 1901-1920 of 3376
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The Complementizer say in Nigerian Pidgin English – Traces of Language-internal Processes or Areal Features?

The Complementizer say in Nigerian Pidgin English – Traces of Language-internal Processes or Areal Features?

Author(s): Olga Frąckiewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 50/2016

The paper presents the use of the complementizer say in various types of sentence structures of Nigerian Pidgin English. The data comes from the contemporary language in its written form and is based mostly on transcriptions of Wazobia FM on-air broadcasts as well as its Facebook fan page. The analysis of clausal examples enables us to claim that the differentiation of structures in which say is used in Nigerian Pidgin English is a result of grammaticalization which is an internal-language process but one that is strongly influenced by the conceptual patterns of introducing the complement phrase in substrate languages.

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Staropolski imiesłów czynny jako predykatywny atrybut

Staropolski imiesłów czynny jako predykatywny atrybut

Author(s): Olga Ziółkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2021

The author of the article shows that Old Polish (present) participles are transitional categories – they combine the syntactic features of an attribute and a predicate. She also tries to answer the question of how to recognize their nature. Is one of the functions dominant or are they equal? It is also important to reflect on how the choice of terminology used for syntactic description affects the way of perceiving and interpreting linguistic phenomena. The author considers the functionality of terms which already exist in the research tradition and are designed to name the double function of a participle. She also proposes the term: “predicative attribute” (in Polish: “predykatywny atrybut”) referring to the functional syntax of Stanisław Karolak. She shows that an entire separation, in a syntactic description, of the two syntactic functions performed by a participle, is ahistorical and incorrect as it suggests the existence of something which was unclear and only emerging.

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Linksnių atrakcija lyginamosiose konstrukcijose

Author(s): Veslava Čižik-Prokaševa / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 59/2008

This article carries further an investigation into the Lithuanian case hierarchy, the first part of which was presented in Cižik (2003). The investigation is based on an empirical test of the relative accessibility of the Lithuanian cases to case attraction in comparative constructions of the type tokie dalykai kaip žvaigždės ‘such things as stars’ (where the noun in the comparative construction can be in the nominative or be attracted to the case of the object of comparison in the main clause). The occurrence of attraction is determined not only by case but also by the categorial properties of nouns (animacy, number, proper/common) as well as by word order and other syntactic factors. Accessibility to attraction can, however, be used to establish the position of the Lithuanian cases in the case hierarchy. Whereas Cižik (2003) provided no data for the locative and the results were indecisive as to the relative position of the genitive and the dative, the additional tests described in this article point to the following ordering of cases: nominative > accusative > dative > genitive > instrumental > locative.

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STILSKI POTENCIJAL APSOLUTNOG OBJEKTA U KUR'ANSKOM TEKSTU

STILSKI POTENCIJAL APSOLUTNOG OBJEKTA U KUR'ANSKOM TEKSTU

Author(s): Mithat Jugo,Amrudin Hajrić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 19/2021

The subject of this paper is the stylistic potential of the absolute object in the text of the Qur’an. Besides reference to the basic theoretical definition of the absolute object in Arabic grammar and Arabic stylistics, the paper researches the discipline of ornaments, 'ilm al-badī', and based on the Qur’anic text tries to identify frequent stylistic figures realized by the constructions of the absolute object and its regent. The research showed that constructions with the same root are a significant syntactic framework within which numerous stylistic figures are realized in the Qur’an. Paronomasia of derivation, rhyming prose, parallelism, antithesis, and symmetrical antithesis are some of the stylistic figures which in the form of the absolute object and its regent shape the text of the Qur’an and determine it stylistically. In addition to stylistic marking, the same-root repetition of the word root in the absolute object and its regent represents an important linguistic means in connecting the Qur’anic text. The sound uniformity and echo that develops and resonates through the interpretation of these constructions is closely related to the meaning, affects the recipients’ hearing and mind and performs an argumentative function.

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O pojedinim semantičkim i sintaksičkim obilježjima finalne rečenice u francuskom jeziku

O pojedinim semantičkim i sintaksičkim obilježjima finalne rečenice u francuskom jeziku

Author(s): Lejla Tekešinović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2021

The final clause is often related to the causal clause and the clause of effect. For that reason, the author of the present paper points to individual features of that relation, placing an emphasis on the presence of the causal meaning and the way it is manifested in the context of the complex clause featuring the final clause as subordinate. In the case it is explicitly expressed in the form of the subordinate causal clause, that the meaning, which is actually implied in the given context, triggers a transformation of the final clause into a structure, i.e. the object clause, in which the meaning featuring ‘aim’ and ‘intention’ is also present.

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An experimental study on deictic verbs and the coding patterns of deixis in Ilami Kurdish: A comparative study

An experimental study on deictic verbs and the coding patterns of deixis in Ilami Kurdish: A comparative study

Author(s): Amir Karimipour,Shahla Sharifi / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

Conducting a video-based experiment in English, Japanese and Thai, Matsumoto et al. (2017) report that deictic verbs are more frequently used when the motion is not just toward the speaker but also into his/her functional space (i.e. functional HERE of the speaker) defined by limits of interaction and visibility as well as when the motion is accompanied by an interactional behaviour of the Figure such as greeting the speaker. They claim that directional venitive prepositional phrases (henceforth PPs) like toward me do not exhibit this feature, though. This paper aims to reevaluate these proposals (Matsumoto et al. 2017) in Ilami Kurdish (henceforth IK), thereby figuring out whether the functional nature of deictic verbs observed in the three studied languages is also attested in this dialect. In line with the findings reported by Matsumoto et al. (2017), results of this research reveal that the semantics of venitive verbs of motion in IK is spatial and functional at the same time. In other words, these verbs are more often used in the verbal descriptions of the IK participants, when the Figure shares a functional space with the speaker induced by limits of interaction and visibility, and also when he/she smiles at or greets the speaker. Importantly, results show that venitive PPs in IK can be functional in nature or add some functional meaning (in addition to their spatial meaning) to the verb, so that participants utilize venitive adpositions along with the venitive verb to add emphasis on the kind of motion (to be a venitive one) and express that the Figure would be “very close” to the speaker at the end of motion. These findings suggest that although the functional nature of venitive verbs of motion seems to have a universal foundation, languages may also exhibit some nuances in the functional scope of these expressions.

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Focus dissipation as a narrative and mimetic technique: A case study of Virginia Woolf’s “Blue & Green”

Focus dissipation as a narrative and mimetic technique: A case study of Virginia Woolf’s “Blue & Green”

Author(s): Olga Vorobyova / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

This paper addresses the issue of focus dissipation as a narrative and mimetic technique based on ludic transformations of Figure/Ground correlation in literary text. Such transformations are triggered by text-driven attentional shifts that violate, shatter, or split the integrity of focal elements in literary texture, thus generating a range of verbal and/ or multimodal stylistic effects. Woolf’s “Blue & Green” (1921) suggests a sample of condensed mimetic and diegetic manifestations of focusing/refocusing/defocusing, which heightens textual ambiguity caused by temporal, spatial, epistemic, colour, and substance oscillations. The split of initially focal elements into a set of microfoci, accompanied by the interaction of sensory (visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, and kinesthetic) modes, gives rise to what is known as verbal holography in literary mimesis. The motion of foci, highlighted by the wave-like chains of short nominative sentences and excessive syntactic parallelism, creates a narrative construal of dynamism vs. stability as an iconic trigger of the readers’ emotional response.

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Studies on factors influencing syntactic transfer in L3 acquisition

Studies on factors influencing syntactic transfer in L3 acquisition

Author(s): Nicolas Najjar / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This paper examines the factors influencing syntactical transfer in TLA. There are several factors that influence syntactic transfer in TLA: linguistic (such as typology); individual (such as learners’ “attention control” and age); psycho-linguistic (such as psychotypology and the learners’ awareness of cognates); and other factors (such as L2 type and amount of instruction). In summary, it was found that negative syntactic transfer from both L1 and L2 to L3 occurs when (a) languages are typologically dissimilar (b) learners’ “attention control ability” is low, and (c) L2 level of proficiency and exposure is advanced and L3 level of proficiency is low. In contrast, positive syntactic transfer from L1 and L2 to L3 occurs when (a) languages are typologically similar, (b) students perceive these languages as similar, and (c) L1 and L2 level of proficiency is high and L3 level of proficiency is low. Additionally, the learners’ age was found to potentially influence the language (L1 or L2) from which the transfer occurs into L3: L3 adult learners may count more on their L2 as a source of positive syntactic transfer into L3 whereas children may count more on their L1 as a source of positive syntactic transfer into L3. Finally, it was found that when L1, L2, and L3 are equally proximate, it is the L2 that has the primary influence on positive and negative syntactic transfer in TLA.

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Pragmatic Aspects of Latvian Predicative Infinitive Constructions

Author(s): Andra Kalnača,Ilze Lokmane / Language(s): English Issue: 37/2020

The purpose of this article is to examine Latvian predicative infinitive constructions in a pragmatic aspect, showing that they constitute a special type of pragmatic marking. Unlike such pragmatic markers as particles, conjunctions, adverbs or prosody, predicative infinitive constructions in Latvian are pragmatically functioning as a single unit, i.e., their constructional functionality follows from this unity rather than from separate lexical or grammatical elements. Insofar as they represent a marginal modally marked construction type in Latvian, their use is related to non-neutral, marked registers of the language. Therefore, the article focuses on modal and temporal meanings, as well as polarity of predicative infinitive constructions. As their modal and temporal meanings are closely related to communicative types of utterances, the use of these constructions is restricted to specific text types – warnings, categorical requests and prohibitions, advertisements, headlines in mass media, etc.

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An inquiry into the use and meaning of the forms ἔθηκε(ν) and θῆκε(ν) in the Iliad: Syntax and semantics

An inquiry into the use and meaning of the forms ἔθηκε(ν) and θῆκε(ν) in the Iliad: Syntax and semantics

Author(s): Filip De Decker / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

In this article, I discuss the use and absence of the augment in the 3rd singular forms ἔθηκε(ν) and θῆκε(ν) in the Iliad. In the previous article (De Decker 2020), I explained why I chose this corpus and determined the value of the different forms. Here I proceed to the actual analysis of the forms: do they confirm the previous syntactic and semantic observations that have been made for the use and absence of the augment (the clitic rule by Drewitt and Beck, the reduction rule by Kiparsky and the distinctions: speech versus narrative, foreground versus background and remote versus recent past)?

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Europos Sąjungos dokumentų vertimų variantiškuma

Europos Sąjungos dokumentų vertimų variantiškuma

Author(s): Irena Darginavičienė / Language(s): English Issue: 108/2021

The article considers the translation issues of EU documents. It focuses on the legal language translation techniques and the variability of syntax and lexis. The analysis is conducted on the EU texts translated from English into the Lithuanian language. Though the studied EU documents cover legal, political and economic matters, the translation process is considered as the legal translation whose linguistic features are manifested in lexicon, syntax, pragmatics and style. The translations of EU documents into Lithuanian show syntactical and lexical variability while stylistics and pragmatics of legal texts do not show marked differences. Lexical variability proves to be rather extensive.

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PARTICULARITĂȚILE ORTOGRAFICE ȘI FONETICE ALE ROMANULUI HAIDUCESC ROMÂNESC DIN SEC. AL XIX-LEA

PARTICULARITĂȚILE ORTOGRAFICE ȘI FONETICE ALE ROMANULUI HAIDUCESC ROMÂNESC DIN SEC. AL XIX-LEA

Author(s): Ileana Manuela Rat / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2021

This study is about the phonetics and orthography in the Romanian hajduk novels of the 19th century. It is about what the literary language of today did not take over, that is, popular, regional and archaic phonetics. These old texts have a type of speech – observable situation characterized by a certain degree of vulnerability. The identification of regional, folk and archaic phonetism in relation to the current written literary language is not possible without any discussion about orthographic situation. The existence of oscillations shows that the established phonetics and graphic forms are present and accepted because they did not contradict a rule, so they could not contrast with models fixed on cultural criteria.

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Неспециализированные средства выражения каузативной семантики в славянских и германских языках (на примере ЛСГ защиты)

Неспециализированные средства выражения каузативной семантики в славянских и германских языках (на примере ЛСГ защиты)

Author(s): Anzhelika H. Litvinovich / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4-5/2021

The paper deals with the peculiarities of verbs that convey causative semantics without being specialized for it. The objective of the research is to identify the specific features of Slavic (Russian, Belarusian) and Germanic (English, German) defense and protection verbs with regard to causativity. The study of lexical semantic groups in the aspect of causativity is topical, because it contributes to the specification of causativity as a category. It works towards resolving a controversial causativity theory issue about the scope and boundaries of causative verbs class, as well as helps to reveal some internal laws of the causative category development (gradual nature of the causative category). The following methods were used: contextual, transformational, comparative methods; dictionary definitions analysis, component and distributive analysis. It was found that defense and protection verbs in three (Russian, Belarusian, German) of the four studied languages have units that do not contain a causative component. Within the analyzed lexical semantic group, there are verbs with a high and low degree of causativity (vertical changes of causativity degree). In these two groups, it is possible to identify the units that are able and unable to change the causativity degree in a context (horizontal changes of causativity degree). The gradual character of causativity is an integral feature of the studied Slavic and Germanic verbs. The degree of causativity is their differential trait.

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О семантическом развитии слова в современном русском языке

О семантическом развитии слова в современном русском языке

Author(s): Gulzuhra Kevirovna Kasimova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

In this paper, polysemous nouns motivated by verbs, which have undergone changes in their semantic structure since the late 20th century, were considered. The analysis was carried out using the materials of explanatory dictionaries compared with the functioning of new meanings in the structure of polysemants. The formation of secondary nominations in the semantic paradigm of deverbatives was investigated using the models of word-formation, as well as the semantic and descriptive analysis of lexical units. The results of the study show that new meanings of nouns develop with the help of original values of the motivator and new meanings of verbs that are formed at the present stage mainly in the process of semantic derivation. The original meaning acts as a major source of secondary nominations. It was concluded that the expansion of the semantic paradigm of polysemous nouns follows the active word-formation models. Semantic derivation prevails. The new values belong to different language domains.

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Özbek Türkçesinde Edilgen Yapıların Görünümü

Özbek Türkçesinde Edilgen Yapıların Görünümü

Author(s): Yasin Karadeniz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 04/2021

The - l and - n suffixes are used for the passivity structure in historical and contemporary Turkic dialects. Therefore, passivity in also Uzbek is provided by - l and - n suffixes. But, passive structures have also been used from historical Turkish dialects to contemporary Turkic dialects without these suffixes, in other words, active appearance. Although these structures do not have any grammatical meaning or category in the Turkish language, they can be seen in some cases. Can be reduced grammatical features for various reasons, such as the law of least effort in the language or avoiding unnecessary suffixes. This area of usage, which is called zero morpheme in some linguistic sources, is used in syntax. Relative clause constructions without passivity suffix can be examples of such uses. Various examples of this area of use have also been identified in Uzbek. In this study, it will be stated how passive structures are established in Uzbek, and then the use of passive structures will be examined in two categories as attached and without attachment. In addition, comparisons will be made with various examples from other Turkic dialects.

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Processing of Subject and Object Case Markers in Turkish

Processing of Subject and Object Case Markers in Turkish

Author(s): Elif Erdevir,Mehmet Aygüneş / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

There is no consensus in terms of processing subject-object case markers (Bornkessel, et al., 2004; Schlesewsky & Frisch, 2005; Mueller, et al., 2005; Chow, et al., 2018). The purpose of this study is to determine how [±DEF] objects affect the processing cost and to reveal whether there is a processing difference in subject-object case markers. In the first analysis, it is observed that [+DEF] objects are processed easier than [- DEF] objects. Possible reasons are different definiteness and specificity of [±DEF] objects and [-DEF] objects creating pseudo incorporation with the verb, which causes additional processing cost. In the second analysis, it is observed that subject case creates more processing cost than object case. It is thought that the subject case assignment taking place in TP and object case in VP, linear distance between the subject and the verb, and involvement of extra features in subject case assignment may cause this difference.

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SŁOWOTWÓRSTWO A SKŁADNIA W NAUCZANIU JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO JAKO OBCEGO. CZĘŚĆ 2. ROZWIĄZANIA DYDAKTYCZNE

SŁOWOTWÓRSTWO A SKŁADNIA W NAUCZANIU JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO JAKO OBCEGO. CZĘŚĆ 2. ROZWIĄZANIA DYDAKTYCZNE

Author(s): Aleksandra Walkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2021

The second part of the analysis concerning the relationship between word-formation and syntax in teaching Polish as a foreign language (PFL) provides practical teaching solutions which may be implemented, based on the theoretical analysis included in Part 1. We first examine those contents of the existing PFL curricula and textbooks which directly point to any correlation between the syntactic properties of the base and derived language units. We then proceed to study the form and nature of the transformation exercises which are best suited for training and testing the links between word-formation and syntax. The third part of the paper provides a number of methodological clues and explicit rules concerning the various degrees of syntactic inheritance, and other problems worth taking into consideration in PFL lessons.

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Temizliğin Türkçesi

Temizliğin Türkçesi

Author(s): Filiz Demiröz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 71/2021

Review of: Emrah BOZOK (2021). Temizliğin Türkçesi. İstanbul: Hiperyayın. ISBN:978-625-7339-22-3.. Reviewed by: Demiröz, Filiz.

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Orhun Yazıtlarına Göstergebilimsel Bir Yaklaşım

Orhun Yazıtlarına Göstergebilimsel Bir Yaklaşım

Author(s): Orhun Büyükkarcı / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Spec. Iss./2021

Orkhon Inscriptions are the most important texts that belong to Turks. The aim of this study is to present a semiotic approach to the Orkhon Inscriptions. It is thought that such an approach to the Orkhon Inscriptions, on which numerous studies have been made since its emergence, will be important for semiotics, narratology, and history science, as it will draw attention to the narrative, semantic and syntactic aspects of the texts. Since semiotics can be applied to many different disciplines, in this study, the analysis tools of literary semiotics, which Algirdas Julien Greimas has gradually created since the 1960s, have been utilized. In the first part of the study, there are explanations about the object of study, the limitations of the semiotic method, its usefulness, and why it was chosen. In the second part, a temporal ordering of the narratives in the Orkhon Inscriptions has been made, and the fundamental transformations of the Turkish Nation have been visualized through the semiotic square. Then, the roles of the rulers and other narrative elements, who entered the struggle to re-establish the state with the example of the actor, have been visualized and structurally classified according to their functions with the help of the actantial schema. In the conclusion part of the study, the semiotic values of the Turkish Nation observed within the transition from non-existence to existence, and the recurring structural relations between narrative elements have been discussed and elucidated considering the Turks and their rulers.

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ЛІТЕРАТУРОЗНАВЧА РЕЦЕПЦІЯ ПОЕТИЧНОЇvТВОРЧОСТІ ВАСИЛЯ ПАЧОВСЬКОГО

ЛІТЕРАТУРОЗНАВЧА РЕЦЕПЦІЯ ПОЕТИЧНОЇvТВОРЧОСТІ ВАСИЛЯ ПАЧОВСЬКОГО

Author(s): Nataliia Reutska / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2021

The purpose of the article is to analyze of critic and science works, devoted to the poetry of Vasyl Pachovsky. Research methods: methods of systematization, classification, biographical, historical, formal methods. The scientific novelty of the article is that it was the first review of scientific works on the poetry of Vasyl Pachovsky. Existing works were classified into two groups, in which considered reviews of poetic collections of scientists and studies of poetry by V. Pachovsky in general. A significant number of critical works were devoted to the work of the Young Muse and consideration of the poetic heritage of Vasyl Pachovsky was carried out on occasion. Conclusions. V. Pachovsky's poetic work still needs detailed study, as a significant part of his poetic work was considered in the context of studying the creative heritage of the Young Muse. There are still no scientific works in which a detailed analysis of his poetics, namely a systematic study based on statistical analysis in terms of vocabulary, poetic syntax, phonics, versification.

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