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Review of: М. Лакова. За някои закономерности в езика и в речта. Издателство ЕТО. София, 2000. 84 стр.
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This article deals with some problems related to the definition and the analysis of the linguistic mechanisms governing the concurrence between the most frequently used temporal conjunctions in modern French and in modern Bulgarian. In this connection, the contrastive character of the study determines its bipartite composition whose first part examines an interesting question of the syntax of French compound phrase with a temporal subordinate clause, namely the alternation between the most typical temporal conjunctions quand and lorsque, specially in economic and scientific functional style. It is proved that the preference for quand is. generally, a result from the engagement of the speaking subject to processes expressed by the verb of the subordinate temporal clause in opposition to lorsque which prevails when such an engagement is lacking. The second part consideres the concurrence between the most important Bulgarian temporal conjunctions - kogato and kato, as an analogy to the phenomenon studied in French, in spite of the different factors being at its basis.
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Review of: Св. Коева (съст.) Съвременни лингвистични теории. (Помагало по синтаксис). Пловдив, Пловдивско университетско издателство, 2001. 232 стр.
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Review of: Слово. Юбилеен сборник, посветен на 70-годишнината на проф. Ирина Червенкова. (съст. Н. Делева, А. Липовска). Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“, 2001, 312 стр.
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Review of: N. Мihоv. Particularités structurelles et sémantiques de la phrase complexe à subordonnée temporelle (analyse contrastive avec le bulgare). Villeneuve d’Ascq, Septentrion, 2002, 628 p.
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The article deals with the phonetic, morphosyntactic and lexical peculiarities of the Turkish dialect spoken in Gorno Novo Selo (Stara Zagora District). The strong interference of Bulgarian is characteristic of the phonetic and lexical levels. Two Indo-European layers can be observed in morphosyntax: an Iranian one, connected with the use of ku and зерем, and a Balkan one, leading to the substitution of the conjunctive for the infinitival constructions.
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No linguist or grammarian proposed the status of mode for the imperfect. The new modal meanings attached to the imperfect are: counterfactuality and distancing. The prelude would allow marking the unreality of the facts imagined by a child. Therefore, the prelude forms would serve to express two types of modality: an epistemic one, in which the transition from the real world to the imaginary one, of the game ("reality-switching") is marked, and one of the illocutionary, as specified by the authors: Berthonneau & Kleiber (1994), Anscombre (2004), Patard and Richard. We note that similar epistemic modal effects have been observed in other uses of the imperfect by authors such as; Adam (1992), Gosselin (1999), Berthonneau & Kleiber (2003), Bres (2006), being associated with counter-real processes (eg: "Un pas de plus et elle était dehors.") or hypothetical (eg: " Si j'étais riche, je partirais aux Maldives.». Thus, modal values leave open all possible perspectives: follow-up, inflection or process interruption, as specified by S. Mellet (1988: 10).
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The study aims to emphasize how lexical particles and grammatical constructions ex- press indirect evidentiality and the speaker’s stance in Romanian. As with the other Ro- mance languages, Romanian contains the grammatical means to express the speaker’s knowledge source, such as the Conditional Mood, a prototypical quotative/reportative evidential marking, or the Subjunctive and the Future, which, together with the Presump- tive, a modal form specific to this linguistic system alone, function as markers of indirect evidentiality of the inferential type. Additionally, each of these forms can be augmented by a rich lexicalized system of adverbs and particles. For example, pesemne [‘probably’, literally on + signs], poate [‘may be’; a regressive form from the third person singular of the verb a se putea < Late Latin *potere (Classical Latin posse)], probabil [‘proba- bly’, < a borrowing from the Fr. probable and the Lat. probabilis] are lexical particles of inferential evidentiality, and cică [‘supposedly’; a lexicalized form from the expression [se zi]ce că – literally it said that], pasămite [‘apparently’ whose etymology is controver- sial] and chipurile [‘supposedly’; a borrowing from Hungarian, literally ‘faces’] are means of quotative/reportative evidentiality. This lexical and grammatical system marking indi- rect evidentiality will be analyzed with respect to their grammaticalization processes, but also addressing the discursive behaviour.
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Despite the claim that the world is progressing toward gender parity, gender stereotyping continues to be a challenge for many countries, including Indonesia. This critical discourse study sought to investigate if gender stereotypes (still) exist in English language textbooks (ELTs) utilized in international and local (Indonesian) contexts. To this end, this study analysed visual texts portraying male and female characters from the student books of English Chest 6 and Let’s Go 6 from a Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis (FCDA) perspective. In terms of gender representation and responsiveness, both quantitative and qualitative analyses revealed that both ELTs depict unequal portrayals. Furthermore, gender stereotypes were identified in both educational documents under investigation in two social settings, namely family and occupation/profession. This empirical research implies that, in order to achieve more equality in education, both textbook authors and schoolteachers around the world should be fully aware of gender issues encapsulated in educational documents.
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The author of this paper examines fundamental syntactic concepts and terms, including syntactic position and sentence constituent, used within the framework of the sentence constituent approach to sentence structure. The paper provides a basic characterization of selected concepts and terms and highlights substantial differences between them. Three closely related aspects of sentence constituents are illustrated through the example of the subject in a two-part sentence in Slovak. The paper emphasizes the inadequate recognition of the distinct conceptual validity of these concepts and terms in current scholarly literature and advocates for their systematic differentiation.
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The relevance of the study is determined by an insufficient description of the linguistic and stylistic features of I. I. Dmitriev’s fairy tales. The purpose of this work is a comprehensive analysis of interrogative and exclamation sentences in these fairy tales. The paper presents the first classifications of these types of syntactic constructions, determines their role in the creation of rhetorical figures, and describes their functions taking into account the genre characteristics. Seven fairy tales served as the material for analysis. The research methodology included the review, classification and stylistic methods. Interrogative and exclamation sentences are present in all texts. Interrogative sentences can be classified into three groups: rhetorical questions, hypophores, and actual questions. When characterizing emotionally charged constructions, the position of the exclamation mark and its combinations with other punctuation marks were taken into account, which helped to distinguish three groups of sentences. Rhetorical exclamations form a separate category within each group. Interrogative and exclamatory sentences often become structural and compositional signals showing the key points of the plot or marking the speech of characters. The results of the analysis show that the demand for small phraseologized complete or incomplete simple sentences is determined by a particular genre’s focus on lively conversational speech. The combination of punctuation marks within one sentence (question mark – exclamation mark, exclamation mark – period, ellipsis – exclamation mark) serves as a graphic signal of emotionally rich and natural conversational intonation. In turn, rhetorical questions, rhetorical exclamations and addresses characteristic of poetic language create additional expression. The results of the research may be useful for further study of the literary language of the XVIII–XIX centuries.
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The aim of this paper is to propose a model for a didactic representation of Italian prepositions and their Serbian equivalents that could facilitate 1. the comprehension and acquisition of Italian prepositions by Serbian learners of L2 Italian, and 2. possibly also the comprehension and acquisition of Serbian cases by Italian learners of L2 Serbian. Italian prepositional constructions and Serbian morphological cases may express the same syntactic and semantic functions. Taken separately, both Italian prepositions and Serbian cases have been studied in great detail and in depth, not only from the point of view of inflectional morphology, but also from syntactic and semantic perspectives. However, the functions that these categories perform in the two languages have to date been compared only sporadically and in very general terms, without any attempts of a systematic and exhaustive contrastive analysis. Additionally, the authors of didactic materials intended for Serbian speakers learning Italian, as well as Italian speakers learning Serbian as an L2, often do not pay sufficient attention to a contrastive representation of Italian prepositions and Serbian cases. For this reason, they still represent one of the most frequent error types during the process of acquisition of the languages in question. Therefore, this paper compares the Italian prepositional constructions consisting of simple prepositions followed by nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs on one side, and their Serbian equivalents on the other side, by means of contrastive analysis methods. The results of our analysis could be applied in the creation of grammars, dictionaries, textbooks, and additional didactic materials for L2 Italian for Serbian learners and for L2 Serbian for Italian learners.
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This paper investigates the linguistic means used to express general scientific activity above the level of an individual word. Th e corpus approach and the contrastive method are used to analyze typical and characteristic, general scientific VERB + NOUN collocations of the Croatian language and compare them with collocations in the German general scientific language. Th e aim is to find out how VERB + NOUN collocations are positioned within euristic structures of scientific language, and finally to assign the collocations to the corresponding type of general scientific language activity. General scientific collocations are an important part of everyday scientific communication, primarily written. A bilingual list of isolated translation equivalents of transdisciplinary VERB + NOUN collocations in Croatian and German (e.g., use (scientifi c) sources ‘(wissenschaftliche) Quellen heranziehen’, use arguments ‘Argumente heranziehen’, apply the approach ‘einen wissenschaftlichen Ansatz’) has been compiled to meet the needs of Croatian authors in scientific writing. Furthermore, a contrastive approach is used to compile a list and provide a description of VERB + NOUN collocations through which eristic structures of scientific communication are realized, focusing on the most important interlingual differences and problems arising in the scientific writing of native Croatian speakers. Th e results of the research also have implications for native speakers of Croatian language who publish their scientific research in the Croatian language as they provide insight into the application of VERB + NOUN collocations in contemporary scientific language. Th e results of the analysis also show that there is a lack of contrastive research on the lexico–syntagmatic level and interlingual comparisons of individual aspects of the two scientific languages.
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