Когниция и синтаксис. Граматика на предикацията

Author(s): Mariana Georgieva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The article presents a cognitive analysis of the morphological nature of predication explication at a syntactic level. The analysis is based on the principle of cognitive matching. It proposes a third axis in the coordinate system of language – consciousness, or the phenomenal zero – and emphasizes the dialectical interrelationship in grammar. The article also refines the definition of the main parts of the sentence, emphasizing their absolute equality and independence.

«Материалы для изучения языка васюганских инородцев (остяков) Нарымского края»… за 1889 г. св. Макария (Невского): особенности памятника, глагольная морфология, превербы

Author(s): Sergei V. Kovylin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (51)/2023

The paper presents a discussion of peculiarities of the Eastern Khanty written monument in the Vasyugan dialect “Materials for studying the language of the Vasyugan aborigines (Ostyaks) of the Narym Krai” and related materials found in the essays of the monument. The data were recorded by St. Macarius (Nevsky) during his winter trips along the Vasyugan River in 1889. The objectives of the study are to discover the features of the materials of the monument by comparing them with the known data on the Vasyugan dialect in diachrony and comparing them with the materials from the Vakh dialect, description and analysis of verbal morphology and preverbs of the idiom. All examples are presented both in the original graphics without changes and in a normalized version with morphemic parsing of lexemes and reliance on parallels presented in grammars and dictionaries published on the Eastern dialects of the Khanty language. The study provides information about the details of the record and the content of the discussed materials, some general linguistic, graphical and lexical features and also the comments provided by St. Macarius (Nevsky) which are significant for understanding the data. Further, the system of verbal categories is discussed which includes realization of action, voice, mood, tense, number and person. Additionally, verbalizers and non-finite forms of the verb are presented which include infinitive, participle and gerund. At the end of the work, there is a discussion of the preverbs found in the monument with the verbs that they modify.

Ауслауты глагольных основ (производных и непроизводных) в самодийских языках

Author(s): Anna Yu. Urmanchieva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (51)/2023

The purpose of this work is to determine the morphophonological classes of verbal stems in Samoyed languages depending on their final phoneme. From a diachronic point of view, it is important to distinguish between derived and non-derived stems: some final phonemes are possible only in derived stems. This question is especially important for vowel stem verbs, since it is directly related to the dilemma of reconstructing the vocalism of the late syllables in Proto-Samoyed: some vowels can appear only as a result of merging of the final vowel of a non-derived stem with a derivational marker. The article examines consonant stems verbs and vowel stem verbs. As a result of the study, a list of non-derived Proto Samoyed consonant stem verbs was singled out. The history of these stems differs in individual Samoyed languages. In Selkup, the number of such stems is reduced only due historical phonetic shifts (disappearance of final *j and *ń). In Northern Samoyed this class of stems is significantly reduced: most of them are preserved only in combination with derivational suffixes. Predominently only those final consonant of non-derived stems are preserved, that coincide with the final consonants of derived stems. The verb stems of the structure (C)VCV- are also considered. It is shown that among non-derived stems, only stems with *ə, *å, *ä can be reliably reconstructed. As for verb stem ending on other vowels, they can be divided into two groups: a) derived verbs (e.g. stative-decausative derivatives) and b) verbs that coincide with nominal stems (such as ‘knot’ ~ ‘tie’, ‘smoke’ ~ ‘to smoke’).

Японский союз shi в зеркале параллельных текстов

Author(s): Vera I. Podlesskaya,Natalia A. Solomkina,Lyudmila G. Shlyakhtina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 02 (53)/2024

The article addresses the meaning and use of Japanese multi-clause constructions with the conjunction shi. In the literature, the construction X shi Y is usually translated as ‘X and, moreover / and altogether Y’. Using the method of contrastive analysis of parallel texts (books about Harry Potter and their translation into Japanese), we demonstrated the nomenclature of lexical and grammatical means in the English original that served as a trigger for the use of the conjunction shi in translation. This made it possible to identify the following semantic characteristics of constructions with shi: a) combined predications belong to some homogeneous set; b) this set is open, i. e. the listener is given to understand that in addition to the named events/states of affairs, there are other similar ones; c) the second predication has more pragmatic weight; d) combined predications are presented as links in a chain of cause-and-effect relationships or in a chain of reasoning leading to a certain conclusion. From the point of view of linguistic theory, the construction is of interest in the context of the debate about the distinction between coordination and subordination. We have shown that although the construction with shi passes the main tests of syntactic coordination (both related clauses are headed by a finite predicate, the conjunction is located between the clauses, none of them can be nested within the other, it is impossible to include only one of the clauses in the scope of a question or other external operator, excluding the other), from a morphological point of view and, especially from the point of view of semantics and pragmatics, the components of the construction do not demonstrate the expected symmetry. We believe that these results indicate that in the zone of clause combining one should not consider the opposition of coordination and subordination as a privative opposition: a multifactorial approach turns out to be more fruitful.

K pravopisu složených přídavných jmen sémantickosyntaktický a formálněsyntaktický

Author(s): Josef Štěpán / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2024

This paper addresses the spelling of the Czech terms sémantickosyntaktický ‘semantic-syntactic’ and formálněsyntaktický ‘formal-syntactic’ against the background of the development of syntactic description in Czech and consists of two parts. (1) The term syntaktickosémantický in syntactic semantics of a simple sentence, which emerged as a scientific discipline only after lexical semantics, is dealt with. This branch of linguistics employs the term formálněsyntaktický for constituent dependence in simple sentences and for denoting (formal-syntactic) relationships called hypotaxis and parataxis in complex sentences. (2) In the description of complex sentences proposed by Štěpán (2013b), the term formálněsyntaktický (from formální syntax) is used to describe the behaviour of subordinators and coordinators, and the term sémantickosyntaktický (from sémantická syntax) for relationships of determination, coordination, parenthesis, apposition, and comparison. In these compound adjectives, their components are written together in Czech without a hyphen in accordance with spelling rules.

Рецензия на монографиs: Надежда Стойкова. Семантико-синтаксические и прагматические характери-стики обращений в русском и болгарском языках. Шумен: УИ "Епископ Константин Преславски, 2021. 195 с. ISBN 978-619-201-475-9

Author(s): Silvia Petkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

За някои особености във формалната структура на термините словосъчетания в съвременния български и руски език

Author(s): Kristiyana Simeonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

The number of terms today in various fields of knowledge is huge. Therefore, the question of their linguistic features and the ways in which they are formed and function is increasingly attracting the attention of terminologists. The terms word combinations have a variety of syntactic and structural models. They are basically prepositions and prepositions. The emphasis in this report is on the consideration of the formal structure of the terms word combinations in Bulgarian and Russian. Their formal structureand the syntactic connection between their components are considered. Some basic formal-structural models are presented, according to which a number of conclusions can be made about the linguistic form of the terms word combinations in the two languages. examples from the field of socio-political vocabulary and from the field of ecology and environmental protection.

Реализация принципа кооперативности в русском и болгарском диалоге

Author(s): Anna Nikolova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2019

The article discusses the realisation of the cooperative principle in Russian and Bulgarian verbal communication. It looks into the strategies and language means used for achieving polite and successful interaction.

Предложения с союзом колкото да и их русские соответствия

Author(s): Elena Yu. Ivanova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2017

The paper deals with Bulgarian compound sentences with the conjunction kolkoto da, whose status among the classes of subordinate clausal constructions is debated in Bulgarian studies. Structures containing the conjunction kolkoto da are subject to analysis, giving rise to arguments substantiating the subdivision of such sentences into two semantic subtypes: those of purpose and those of measure/degree. The range of Russian correspondences for such patterns is outlined.

Обращение как основная фатическая коммуникема

Author(s): Nadezhda Stoykova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2017

The main means of making speech communication are references that unequivocally show that speech is directed to the interlocutor. The address serves to realize the phatic function of language and occupies an extremely important place in the process of communication. As an element of speech communication, this language unit is seen as the main communicema serving to start speech communication and to hold the attention of the addressee during the speech interaction. The address is an introductory element of every kind of speech communication between people. The right choice of address depends to a great extent on both the tone and the nature of communicative communication, as well as the power of its impact on the addressee and the achievement of the communicative goal.

Синтаксические особенности обращений в русском языке

Author(s): Nadezhda Stoykova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2015

This article explores the various syntactic forms which address can be expressed in Russian language in their realizations in different sentences. The survey analizes addresses’ usage in instigator and question sentences and also researches his position in the expressions.

Трансформации прецедентных высказываний как средство передачи экспрессивно-оценочных смыслов в газетных заголовках

Author(s): Elena Radenkova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2015

The paper explores the usage of transformations of the precedent statements in contemporary Russian newspaper headlines. The different types of structural and semantic changes of the precedent statements are studied. The most common type of transformation is replacing one component with anfother in order to refer to the current events or facts which are discussed in the artcle itself. Journalists often use more than a few techniques to transform precedent texts to give them an original sounding in newspaper headlines.

Културни репрезентации при съпоставката на информация във вербалния и невербалния компонент на английски и български рекламни текстове

Author(s): Rumyana Todorova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

The paper deals with cultural representations of information with the help of associational juxtapositions and/or oppositions in the verbal and the nonverbal component of English and Bulgarian advertising texts in times of globalization, glocalization and grobalization. The two-domain mappings of the world used in them make unrelated ideas sound quite real and intriguing thus challenging addressees to buy the advertised products or avail themselves of the services offered. Examples in support of the above mentioned facts are presented.

Dukuri sintaksore me interes dialektor në gjuhën shqipe

Author(s): Mehmet Çeliku / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2017

This article consists of two parts. In the first part, it provides a thorough overview of the history of the study of Albanian dialect syntax, focusing on the reasons that motivated it, as well as the methodological barriers that it faced over years. The first phase of dialectological study, which lasted about 25 years, was motivated largely by the need to determine the features that differentiate the two major dialects of Albanian and their geographical distribution. During this phase, work focused mainly in the domains of phonetics-phonology, morphology and lexicon. Syntax was left behind due to various methodological barriers connected with the lack of equipment. In addition, scholars believed that differentiating features in syntax were so small in number that they did not present any obstacle for the creation of the standard variety, which was the major goal of the Albanology during that time. The second part attempts to generalize a set of criteria for the selection of dialect syntax features to be followed in future studies. Specifically, this section first provides some examples of features that are specific to various dialectical variants, and features that are more common across differing dialectical variants. Secondly, it argues that dialectical features that have spread into the standard variety are not worth investigating as features that do not pertain specific dialectical information. This part also suggests that data collection should happen in not as many geographical points as in the case of the Dialectological Atlas of Albanian, but in a reduced set due to the fact that syntactic microvariation is not as varied as phonological and lexical variation.

Veçori sintaksore të të folmeve të labërishtes

Author(s): Rami Memushaj / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2017

The Lab subdialect, or Labërishte, as one of three subdialects of Tosk, is spoken in the Southwestern Albania, in the territory between the Ionian sea and the Vjosa river, excluding the territory on the west of lower flow of the Shushica river, extending toward the south to Sarandë-Delvinë-Gjirokastër road, including Lunxhëria and Zagoria regions. This subdialect has about 14 local dialects, namely those of Topallti, Kudhës-Grehot, Lopësi, Rëza e Tepelenës and of 2'agoria; of Mesapliku, Kurveleshi, Kardhiqi, Gjirokastra and its outskirts, Lunxhëri, Dropulli (?) and of Muzina; of Dukati, Upper Himara, Lower Himara, Rrëzoma and that of Delvina, although this number is not verified in loco. The number of local dialects of Labërishte may be greater, but the lack of dialectological studies for the territories of Rrëza e Tepelenës, and those of the Drino valley makes it difficult to do subtle divisions. By our dialectologists only six of these dialects are being studied, which in the “Dialectological Atlas” of Albanian are represented by 11 points where dialectal materials are collected, exactly point 116 (Vlorë), and 117 (Matogjin) for the Mesapliku dialect; point 118 (Dukat) for the Dukati dialect; point 119 (Progonat) for the Upper Kurvelesh dialect, and 121 (Fterrë) for the Lower Kurvelesh dialect; point 120 (Vuno) for the Upper Himara dialect, and point 122 (Lukovë) for the Lower Himara dialect; pont 139 (Sheper) for the Zagoria dialect; point 141, and 142 for the Gjirokastër dialect; and point 144 (Delvinë) for the Delvina dia lect. These local dialects have in common a number of features such as the presence of long vowels, of a more retracted [ë] vowel, the assimilation in some of them of mb, nd, ng, ngj clusters, and the infinitive in -ur. More common features have these dialects in the field of morphology and syntax. In this last field it deserves to be mentioned the predominant use of coordination, of'asyndetic clauses, of coordinative conjunctions at the beginning of sentences, and syntactic sandhi of some very old syntagma, especially in Kurvelesh and Himara. Even from this list of common features it comes clear that this subdialect is not so compact. The reasons for such a great number of local dialects in a relatively small area are the mountainous nature of the region, the rivers that divide its parts, and the isolation of this small ethnographic units because of the absence in the past of roads. From dialectal descriptions and materials collected in the territories of the studied varieties it comes out that, beside phonetic, morphological, and lexical differences, these speeches differ also in their syntax. Studying dialectal texts from these local varieties, we have discerned the following syntactic features: 1. Presence of ambigeny vs. its absence - according to collected materials, ambigeny is present in the Gjirokastër and Mesaplik dialect, while fluctuations are observed in Muzinë, Zagori and Kurvelesh dialects. 2. Absence of the preposed article vs. its presence - generally the preposed article is not used in labërishte, although it remains to be further investigated, because of the paucity of evidence. Only in the Upper Himara dialect this article is found, but with certain restrictions. 3. The article së instead of të - the së before masculine nouns is used only in the local dialects of Muzinë and Gjirokastër; in other dialects it is not found before masculine nouns. 4. The archaic future kam+conjunctive is registered only in the dialect of Upper Himara and in the Çorraj village of Kurvelesh. 5. The preposition më in place of në, me, nga - these prepositions are found in the local dialects of Zagori, Kurvelesh and Himarë. 6. The absence of preposition në before place names - this phenomenon is met only Himarë and Mesaplik.

Shënime mbi të folmen e Ndroqit dhe të Pezës (Tiranë) (vazhdim)

Author(s): Mehmet Çeliku / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2020

In this article the author describes the dialectological features of the dialect of Ndroq and Peza. He describes the phonetic, morphologic, syntactic and lexical system of the dialect in its main features, compared to the other dialects of the same region, southwest of the geg dialect, and he reaches in this two conclusions: 1. The main features of the dialect of the localities of Ndroq and Peza are almost the same; therefore, in both of these localities a common dialect is spoken. Only in some villages of Ndroq, such as Sauqet, there are some linguistic phenomena different from the common dialect. This is explained with the influence of the neighboring Shijak’s dialect. We can mention, among others, the development of the groups pl, bl, fl in pj, bj, jf and rather the extensive use of gerundive instead of present continuum. 2. As the author has pointed out in his study of the dialect of Peqin, “Among the series of features that separate the dialect of Peqin from that of Elbasan, belong, on the one hand, features that are characteristic of other dialects of southwestern Geg, on the other hand, some characteristic features only for this dialect”. The present study dedicated to the dialect of Ndroq and Peza, confirms the rightness of the conclusion that the same features that differentiate the dialect of Peqin from that of Elbasan, also distinguish the dialect of Ndroq and Peza from that of Elbasan. Consequently, the dialect of Ndroq and Peza, which is close in many basic features to the dialect of Peqin, can certainly be included in the group of dialects ofsouthwestern Geg. It is now premature to formulate all the distinguishing features of southwestern geg dialect from the features of southeastern geg dialect, since not all the dialects of each group have yet been studied.

Vlera aspektore e të kryerës së gjuhës shqipe

Author(s): Leonard Dauti / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2020

The object of the present paper is the aspect of the perfect tense (kam shkruar ‘have written’) of the Albanian language, analysed as part of a triad connection, who’s other two members are the imperfect and the aorist tenses, three verbal constructs belonging to the same grammatical tense: the past. The analysis applied in this paper to determine the aspect value of the perfect tense of the Albanian language is based on the contemporary theoretical achievements about aspectuality, regarding the aspect as one of its constituent components. All three of these verbal constructs oppose each other in both temporal and aspectual terms. The temporal meaning of the imperfect is related to a temporal moment of the past and detached from the speech act moment. The aorist has an unlimited time span in the past. The perfect has a time span from a point of the past to the speech act point. But the essential difference between these three tense constructs is based on the different aspect that characterizes them. It has been paid attention to the theoretical distinction between aspect, aspectuality and aktionsart, as three categories that belong to different levels of the language: aspect belonging to the grammar; aspectuality as semantic and cognitive category belonging to the discourse; aktionsart belonging to the lexical semantic of the verb. This distinction is reflected in the respective terminology used here: the terms ‘perfect’, ‘imperfect’ and ‘fulfilled’ are used to define the aspect of the verbal forms; those ‘event’, ‘state’ and ‘process’ are used for the aspectual values of the sentence. In today’s Albanian language, the aspect does not enjoy the status of a systematic morphological category, as the presumed classical morphologically marked opposition: the perfect aspect - the imperfect aspect, has disappeared. In the present Albanian language cannot be identified a certain morphological morpheme as a marker o fthe perfect or the imperfect aspect. But, nevertheless, paradigmatic oppositions, which are mainly based on the aspect feature, are testified, such as that between the imperfect and the aorist, or between the synthetic present and the analytical constructions of the type po shkoj T am going’ and jam duke shkuar T am going’. An opposition which is encountered symmetrically even in the imperfect. It can be argued that the oppositions that have reorganized the forms of the verbal system are based on the grammatical category of tense, while the aspect emerges as a secondary factor participating in this organization. On the other hand, each tense construct is characterized by a special aspect, which together with the Aktionsart participates in the aspectuality of the sentence. Having as the main purpose of this paper the definition of the aspect of the perfect of the Albanian language, we have judged as the most appropriate way to take into account the threefold opposition of the past tenses: imperfect - aorist - perfect, which has dictated to first determine the aspect value of the imperfect and the aorist. The characterization of the aspect of each construct is presented through the respective frame created according to the participating components: tense axis; state of affair (antecedent and subsequent state of affair), the initial and final boundary of the state of affair; the time referents: the speech act point (to), the moment of the past point (t«i); the viewing point V. Taking into account all the temporal and aspect referential points has allowed me to determine the exact aspect differences between the three constructs in review. Considering the aspect as the narrator’s special point of view of the development of a state of affairs in time, in defining the frame of each tense construct has been evaluated the necessity of defining the viewing point, as a different instance from that of the speech act point. The temporal structure of the state of affair is conceived consisting of three elements: the initial boundary, the internal temporal development and the final boundary. The positioning of the temporal and aspectual points in relation to the state of affair, respectively with the initial boundary, the internal temporal evolution and its final boundary, enables the presentation of the respective frame that correspond to the aspect of each verbal tense construct. Whereas in the case of the imperfect and of the aorist the narrator views the state of affair from an external observation point, placed in the past, in the case of the perfect the observation point coincides with the moment of speech act; the narrator observes a certain state of affairs from a present moment of discourse. This means that the focus does not include the initial boundary and the temporal development of the state of affairs, but only its final boundary. This boundary also marks the transition to a new state of affairs. So, we have the transition from a process to a new predicative state. Precisely, on the basis of such an analysis we have defined the aspect of the perfect tense as a completed aspect. The perfect tense gives the end of a state of affairs and the transition to a new state, which is its result or consequence. This aspect value of the perfect tense is its invariant.

První písmena Milady Součkové jako příklad labyrintové prózy

Author(s): Kamila Woźniak / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2024

The aim of this manuscript is to define and analyse the elements proving that Milada Součková’s debut text První písmena can be considered an example of labyrinthine prose. In the prose context, we can consider both the labyrinth motifs as a symbolic part of the plot, as well as the labyrinthine form and structure, which are characterized by certain fixed criteria. The so-called “labyrinth effect” is created through the seemingly confused composition of the text, which primarily results from the arrangement of the episodes. The labyrinthine text is characterized by the apparently chaotic composition, which is a kind of spatial montage with both pointwise and omnifarious meanings.

ELEMENTS OF LEXICAL HYBRIDIZATION AND MEANING AND MORPHO-SYNTACTIC INTERFERENCE IN THE ARVANITES DIALECT AND IN THE “ALBANIAN HELENOPHONY” REGION

Author(s): Dhori Q. Qirjazi / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2021

The contacts between the Albanian and the Greek language are old and multifaceted, but the absence of pre-medieval written sources of Albanian makes it difficult to trace the diachronic relationship between them. Traces of the ancient lexicon of Greek, and even of the Doric dialect, in the lexicon of Albanian language, more precisely in the lexicon of the mother tongue of the latter, prove that the ancestors of today Greeks and Albanians were in contact since ancient times.

The winner takes it all: stance and engagement markers in successful project proposal abstracts funded by ERC

Author(s): Augustinas Melinskas,Jolanta Šinkūnienė / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

This paper aims to investigate frequency and distribution patterns of stance and engagement markers across different science fields in European Research Council funded project proposal abstracts. Three science fields analysed using corpus-based quantitative and qualitative methodology are life sciences, physical sciences and engineering, and social sciences and humanities. A corpus consisting of 90 project proposal abstracts was compiled and each text was examined for stance and engagement markers following Hyland’s (2005b) framework of stance and engagement. The results show that stance markers were used much more frequently than engagement markers in all science fields analysed. However, it was found that compared to writers in social sciences and humanities, authors of life sciences and physical sciences and engineering abstracts tended to use more stance markers which may suggest a greater importance placed on creating a stronger authorial persona. In social sciences and humanities abstracts, on the other hand, engagement markers were more frequent than in the other two fields, which may imply that their texts are slightly more reader focused. The results of the study shed light on competitive funding discourse which is still scarcely researched, as well as reveal strategies and techniques used to create effective scientific discourse.