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МОРФОСИНТАКТИЧНИЯТ ПОДХОД В ПРЕПОДАВАНЕТО ПО БЪЛГАРСКИ ЕЗИК КАТО ЧУЖД: ВАЛЕНТНОСТ И РЕКЦИЯ НА БЪЛГАРСКИЯ ГЛАГОЛ

Author(s): Krasimira Hadzhieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

Despite the skepticism of a number of linguists towards the valency theory it should take an important place in foreign language teaching. Valency theory is closely related to the phenomenon of verb rection. The valency of a verb refers to its ability to control the number and type of the arguments that can appear in its environment. Valency is a syntactic (and a semantic) notion. The rection of a verb refers to its ability to determine the morphological form of the words that appear in its environment. Since the verb is in control of the declension of the neighbouring words (nouns, adjectives, pronouns, etc.), that is to say, it requires a word to be modified to express different grammatical categories such as number, case, definiteness, etc., rection could be considered a morphological notion. Due to the interface between this two phenomena, in other words, due to the interaction between syntactic and morphological features of the words a morphosyntactic approach is applicable in foreign language teaching, and in particular in teaching Bulgarian as a foreign language. Valency and rection are among the major sources of grammatical errors in foreign language learning. Consequently, a good approach for learners of Bulgarian is to learn new verbs simultaneously with their valency and rection.

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СЛОВООБРАЗУВАТЕЛНАТА КАТЕГОРИЯ АГЕНС ПРИ СЪЩЕСТВИТЕЛНИТЕ, ОБРАЗУВАНИ С НАСТАВКА -ИК, В РАМКИТЕ НА ПРЕДИКАТНО-АРГУМЕНТНАТА ТЕОРИЯ

Author(s): Lora Zheleva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: XXXVII/2024

The paper presents an analysis of the derived nouns, formed by the suffix -ик, which are in the derivational category Agent. The theory of the predicate-argument structure is applied. It is assumed that the suffix -ик in these nouns expresses the argument Agent and the stem expresses a predicate or an argument from their semantic structure. The analysis is based on the way the theory of predicate-argument structure is applied in four researches: the two volumes of the Polish academic grammar from 1984, which are devoted to syntax and morphology, and the fifth and the ninth volume of the Bulgarian-Polish Contrastive Grammar, which are devoted to syntax and word-formation.

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Fjalia përkundrejt thënies dhe propozicionit në sintaksën e shqipes

Author(s): Anila Kananaj / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2017

The conception of the sentence as a unit of syntax analysis is a problematic issue that has not yet found a satisfactory solution in the syntax of the Albanian language. In the Albanian syntax so far no distinction has been made between the units of sentence, utterance and proposition. Throughout various grammatical texts these three units merge into one. This approach has brought many problems in the syntactic interpretation of various phrases in Albanian. In harmony with the contemporary developments of linguistics, I think it is appropriate for these three units to be distinguished from one another. Broadening the object of the syntax to such extent has led to a large number of issues in the syntactic analysis. Making the unit of sentence the primary focus of the syntactic examinations would result in in-depth studies in Albanian syntax. On the other side, utterance is the main focus of pragmatics and text linguistics. Narrowing the object of the syntactic study would solve a number of theoretical problems that arise from merging of the units of proposition, sentence and utterance. Since proposition, sentence, and utterance belong to different language levels, it is natural that there will be problems in implementing a single work unit for all of them. It is necessary, and even a must, that these three units should be treated and used in a differentiated manner throughout specialized and university books, as well as school texts.

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AZERBAYCAN FOLKLOR MALZEMELERİ DİLİNDE ANALİTİK KARMAŞIK CÜMLE YAPILAR

Author(s): Könül Dənziyeva / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 63/2024

Analytical subordinate complex sentence structures in the language of Azerbaijani folklore materials were discussed in the article. It was noted that the essence and content of our folklore is expressed through sentence structures. One of these sentence structures is complex sentences. Complex sentences are sentence structures formed by the combination of two or more sentences through semantic and grammatical subordination. Analytical complex sentences are one of the types of complex sentences according to the connecting means of the components. In analytical complex sentences, the clause is connected to the main sentences with subordinating conjunctions, connecting words and particles. In the article, the components found in the language of folklore materials are analyzed in the analytic complex sentences., which are connected with subordinating conjunctions, connecting words and particles. As a result of the research, it was noted that as in our written literary language, in the language of folklore materials, analytical complex sentence structures were used. The study of these sentence structures will provide rich material for the historical syntax, and will play the role of a source in uncovering the ancient traces of our oral literary language.

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Sûdî’nin Bostan Şerhi’nde Nesir Dili

Author(s): H. Ibrahim Okatan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 21/2024

Sûdî is one of the representatives of 16th century Turkish classical prose literature. In his annotated work of Bostan he preferred quite a simple language, free from internal rhyme and compound words. He made his explanations short, using defining annotation style. As he pursued overall goal of language teaching, there are oft-repeated sentences of information in the work. His mastery over Persian language enabled Sûdî to meticulously work on the derivational and inflectional affixes. As the main part of speech necessary to understand a statement is the verb, there is quite a lot of information embedded in the work regarding the modality features of Persian verbs, whether they are transitive or intransitive, or whether they are affirmative or negative. There is information given as to in what sense phrases are used, which words pronouns refer to in the text, and how a pair of lines that conveys figures of speech should be inferred and understood. He severely criticized the authors who previously worked on Bostan due to their mistakes in their annotated works, their inadequate knowledge of Bostan, their sheer lack of comprehension of the sentences. It is obvious that he made use of Turkish, Persian and Arabic conjunctions, gerunds, participles and adverbials. There does not seem to be any particular use of artistic language in his prose. He produced a kind of prose a lot easier to understand than those used in his age.

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Mu'īnü'l-Mürīd’de Yetkinlik Sıfat Fiili

Author(s): Elif Gülnur Koca / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 34/2024

In this study, it is aimed to examine the participles, which are an important component of the Turkish language, through the work "Mu'īnü'l-Mürīd". The work was written in the Khwarazm region and was penned to explain the principles of Islam and Sufi doctrines to the Turkmen people. In this study, the competence participles and their sub-functions found in the work are discussed. These sub-functions include suitability, skill, possibility, habit, and differentiation from others. In this study, it is explained how these sub-functions are addressed with examples from the work. By addressing an important linguistic element of the Turkish language through the work, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the functions and structural features of the language. Ultimately, examining the competence participles and sub-functions in the work "Mu'īnü'l-Mürīd" will help us better understand the structural elements of the Turkish language.

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Mu’înü’l-Mürîd’de /+DIn/ Şeklinin Hâl İşlevleri

Author(s): Özge Çelik / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 34/2024

The functions of case suffixes in current grammar teaching are quite limited. Generally, shape is taken as a basis and no evaluation is made according to the function of the suffix in the suffix sequence. In this study, the functions of the /+DIn/ form as a case suffix in the work called Mu'înü'l-Mürîd from the Khwarezmian Turkish period are discussed.

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СТРУКТУРА И РИТОРИЧЕСКИЕ ФУНКЦИИ СУБСТАНТИВНЫХ СОЧЕТАНИЙ С ПОСЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬНЫМ ПОДЧИНЕНИЕМ В ОРАТОРСКОЙ ПРОЗЕ ФЕОФАНА ПРОКОПОВИЧА

Author(s): Anfisa Vladimirovna Rozhkova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 7/2024

The relevance of this study arises from the limited exploration of the syntactic structure in the works of Feophan Prokopovich. The focus of this research is on 318 substantive combinations drawn from five of the author's oratorical pieces. The objective is to analyze the structure of these combinations, provide a lexico-semantic characterization of their components, and identify their rhetorical functions. The research employs various methods, including survey analysis, classification, and stylistic analysis. The findings reveal that constructions featuring definitions paired with either dependent or main nouns are the most prevalent. In the majority of cases, a direct order of main and dependent nouns is observed. Definitions that accompany dependent nouns appear in both pre-position and post-position roughly equally, whereas those associated with main nouns predominantly occupy the pre-position. While the analysis identifies core models responsible for a significant number of constructions, there remains a substantial variety of patterns with flexible arrangements and differing numbers of components. The ways in which nouns and adjective definitions are expressed, along with their structural organization, suggest that these combinations serve as valuable rhetorical resources. Techniques such as inversion, chiasmus, metaphor, synonymous series, amplification, and repetition align with the text’s content and contribute to the oratorical objectives, such as honoring the monarch, his heirs, the state, and its warriors and victories. Furthermore, the figurative nature of many combinations is linked to the Church Slavonic tradition. The results of this study are significant for future investigations into substantive combinations within the history of the Russian literary language and for the exploration of the stylistic uniqueness of Feofan Prokopovich’s works.

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УНИВЕРСАЛЬНОСТЬ И ЭВРИСТИЧЕСКИЙ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ СИНТАКСИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕОРИИ А. А. ШАХМАТОВА

Author(s): Zamir Kurbanovich Tarlanov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 7/2024

The article analyzes the syntactic theory of A. A. Shakhmatov from the point of view of its heuristic potential and relevance for modern linguistics. It proves that the concept of communication as the psychological basis of a sentence introduced by A. A. Shakhmatov in the early XX century has always been a reliable key to understanding the sentence as the most important linguistic unit and to explain the directions of its historical development. In contrast to the prevailing opinions in European linguistics, according to which in a combination of two notions that form the basis of a sentence any of them can be the main one depending on the will of the speaker, A. A. Shakhmatov argued that the dominant and subordinate notions of communication depend not on the will of the speaker, but on their own nature: the dominant idea is the idea of a substance in the material world, while the subordinate idea is the idea of its changeable sign or characteristic. This variability of the idea of a characteristic, dictated by the nature of what it denotes, is the impetus for syntactic changes in a sentence, because language, which reflects the experience of ethnic existence, is the most important means for expressing ethnic thinking. This is the essence and heuristic potential of the syntactic theory of A. A. Shakhmatov convincingly confirmed by research on the historical syntax of the Russian language.

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O emocjach w audiodeskrypcji na przykładzie serialu pt. "W głębi lasu"

Author(s): Katarzyna Gabrysiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2024

The aim of the article is a linguistic analysis of emotions appearing in audio description, i.e. a verbal recording of visual content in the form of an additional soundtrack. Emotions are a fundamental element in verbal and non-verbal communication. In the film, expressed through gestures and facial expressions, they play a key role in the full interpretation of, among others, dialogue scenes. The task of the audio describer, which acts as an intermediary between the image and the blind person, is to present the observed emotions using linguistic means available in a given language system. A database of ready-made linguistic constructions assigned to specific emotions is intended to facilitate this process and speed up the entire process of creating audio descriptions.

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За синтаксиса на релативния комплементизатор дето

Author(s): Yovka Tisheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The object of analysis in the article are the uses of the lexeme дето in colloquial Bulgarian and in written informative and commentary media texts. The research aims at presenting the syntactic features of дето as an indicator of subordinating conjunction in the complex sentences and comparing the functions of дето-clauses in oral texts from everyday informal communication and in written texts from public media sphere. The purpose of the analysis is to make generalizations about the status of дето in Bulgarian oral and written texts.

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Akuzativne klitike u bosanskom jeziku. Druga pozicija i teorija faza

Author(s): Elmira Resić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2024

In this paper we analyze accusative clitics (e.g. me, ga, ih) in the Bosnian language within the so-called Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1995, 2000, 2001). We assume that syntactic structures are built by operations Merge and Agree. At the same time, we adopt the so-called Phase Theory (Chomsky 2001), which postulates that the derivation of syntactic structure occurs in phases, allowing minimal chunks of the structure to be successively sent to Spell-out. The paper suggests that the transfer of accusative clitics to the PF and LF component occurs in the vP phase, which implies that these clitics become unavailable for syntactic operations when the complement of the v0 head is sent to Spell-out. In this regard, accusative clitics in the Bosnian language do not syntactically merge with the verb in V0 position because the incorporation of the clitic into the verb is not syntactically motivated. Also, the so-called second position of accusative clitics (e.g. Selma ga voli) is the result of their post-syntactic movement to the second position within their intonation phrase (IP) since cliticization is not conditioned by the syntactic status of the clitics, but by their prosody.

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Между граматикализацията и фразеологизацията в синтаксиса

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Между граматикализацията и фразеологизацията в синтаксиса

Author(s): Mariana Georgieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2024

In the article, a cognitive analysis of the predicates for language activity as an articulatory process is made, saying-saying, and the position is expressed that these are metaarticulation, metacommunication. Their grammaticalization, phraseologisation is soft ontology and soft communication. Such meta-ontology, meta-articulation is even a kind of emblem of communication, its micro-formula, micro-prototype even. We believe that these auto-articulation predicates of metalanguage and its ontology - itself an ontology - are a technology of communication as its automatism in a unit of measure.

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ПЕРИФРАСТИЧНИ ИЗРАЗИ СА ГЛАГОЛИМА ДАТИ/ДОБИТИУ СРПСКОМ ЈЕЗИКУ И ЊИХОВИ ПРЕВОДНИ ЕКВИВАЛЕНТИ У МАЂАРСКОМ ЈЕЗИКУ

Author(s): Mirjana Ivanković / Language(s): Serbian,Hungarian Issue: 1/2024

In this paper we focus on a smaller segment of the mentioned linguistic phenomenon - the functionally used verbs dati `give` and dobiti`receive`in Serbian and their translation equivalents in Hungarian. The goal is to determine the inventory and peculiarities of the nominal elements with which these verbs are associated in the two languages. The initial hypothesis is that while there are numerous formal and semantic matches inobserved structures, differences also exist. The aim of research is to identify semantic connections between the elements of two languages, as well as similarities and differences in their formal manifestation. The material for the research consists of examples recorded in the literature and dictionaries of Serbian. The results of the analysis will establish whether periphrastic expressions with the verbs dati/dobiti are more common in one language, as well as how oftentheir Hungarian equivalents are also periphrastic expressions. Since such a comparative study has not yet been conducted in the observed languages, it is expected that it can contribute to translation and teaching practice.

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Ioan Dănilă și normativitatea limbii române

Author(s): Luminița Drugă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 51/2024

It is often said that ‘a good farmer makes a good farm’ and that our most important achievements are those that remain after us and find a place in ‛a corner of the mind’ (Eminescu) or, as Tudor Arghezi stated, ‛a name inside a book’. This article proposes a brief exploration of the scientific work of Ioan Dănilă, a complex personality in the academic, cultural, editorial, and journalistic life of Bacău. With a complete teaching career, having gone through all levels of the Romanian education system, from primary to university, Ioan Dănilă also had a complex scientific activity with contributions in the fields of didactics, contemporary Romanian language, and dialectology, the field in which he defended his doctoral thesis. However, Ioan Dănilă gained scientific notoriety through the extraordinary passion he dedicated to serving the norms of the Romanian language and implicitly defending correct writing and speaking alongside the algorithmization of Romanian morphosyntax. Generations of students have ‛drunk’ from the fountain of linguistic knowledge provided by Professor Ioan Dănilă.

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Slovesa reakce v češtině a aktuální členění věty

Author(s): Vojtěch Veselý / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2024

This paper examines whether the presupposition of a stimulus implied by verbs of reaction in Czech is manifested in the topic-focus articulation of the sentence, and whether it is affected by the fact that the stimulus and the reaction together form (or do not form) a reciprocal situation.

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VATROSLAV JAGIĆ I FILOLOŠKE ŠKOLE 19. STOLJEĆA

Author(s): Ivo Pranjković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 35/2024

This paper focuses on Jagić’s attitude towards certain Croatian philological schools of the 19th century, in particular towards the Rijeka and Zagreb Philological Schools and towards the Croatian Vukovian Philological School. His attitude towards the Rijeka School is illustrated with the help of his reviews of works by Fran Kurelac and Vinko Pacel. His attitude towards the Zagreb School is primarily illustrated with the help of his polemics with Adolfo Veber Tkalčević, the leader of that school, which focus on orthographic and syntactic issues, and his attitude towards the Croatian Vukovian Philological School primarily through his reviews of works by the main proponents of that school, i.e., Tomo Maretić, Franjo Iveković and Ivan Broz.

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A note on generalized generalization

Author(s): Vítězslav Švejdar / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The generalization rules of sequent calculi allow, under some restrictions, to derive a formula ∃χφ or ∀χφ from a formula φχ (γ), i.e. from the formula obtained by substituting a variable γ for all free occurrences of χ in φ. We introduce modified generalization rules that make it possible to derive ∃χφ or ∀χφ from φχ (t) even in some cases where t is a complex term. These modified rules were invented in connection with attempts to prove the interpolation theorem for classical predicate logic without equality but with function symbols. This theorem seems (and remains) to be an unresolved case in the literature.

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