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Teaching the Hungarian accusative case to native speakers of Swedish - problems and solutions

Author(s): Gábor Tillinger / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2023

The accusative case has a widespread use in Hungarian, as it marks direct objects, and it is also used to form certain types of adverbials. In standard Swedish, nouns used as direct objects are never marked, and expressing the direct object function is linked to invariant structural positions in sentences, while traces of (formal and functional) accusative remain in active usage for personal pronouns only. Besides, the Hungarian accusative usually causes extra difficulties for Swedish native speakers because of the resemblance of the Hungarian accusative suffix (V)t and the Swedish suffixed definite article (e)t for neuter nouns in singular. The paper demonstrates different types of mistakes made by Swedish university students learning Hungarian, comparing their difficulties to those of other students having Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic or Finnish as mother-tongue. A similar issue concerning accusative in the South Saami language is presented as well. The paper also discusses how the Hungarian accusative can be effectively introduced to Swedish learners.

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Статус эвиденциального перфекта в терском диалекте кумыкского языка

Author(s): Daniar E. Kasenov,Daria A. Paramonova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 01 (52)/2024

This paper aims to describe the relationship between evidentiality and perfect aspect in the Terek dialect of Kumyk language. It also provides the comparison with other Turkic languages and with a focus on comparison with related languages of the Kipchak group. The paper shows that the aspectual form of perfect does not have any evidential restrictions on its interpretation in Terek Kumyk. Additionally, the paper discusses the status of the particle eken/=mken, which is diachronically related to the perfect form of the auxiliary verb, but which is just a particle and not a part of the complex verbal form since it cannot bear the verbal morphology in the current state of the grammar of the Terek dialect of Kumyk language. In addition to the evidential status of the particle =mken, which can be defined as the inferential marker, the paper also discusses its interaction with interrogative semantics (on the basis of polar and wh-questions), adding to the existing typology of evidential-interrogative interactions. The main conclusion which can be made considering the interrogative contexts where =mken particle is either infelicitous or obligatory is that there is no such phenomenon as interrogative flip in Terek dialect of Kumyk language. We will as well provide some diagnostics proving that the interrogative contexts with the investigated evidential particle can be rather defined as conjectural questions (the situation in which the speaker does not expect the listener to answer his question).

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«Материалы для изучения языка васюганских инородцев (остяков) Нарымского края» за 1889 г. св. Макария (Невского): особенности падежной морфологии

Author(s): Sergei V. Kovylin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 02 (53)/2024

This study presents a discussion of peculiarities of the Eastern Khanty manuscript in the Vasyugan dialect “Materials for studying the language of the Vasyugan aborigines (Ostyaks) of the Narym region” and related materials found in the essays of the manuscript for 1889. The data were recorded by St. Macarius (Nevsky) during his winter trips along the Vasyugan River to some settlement located 444 miles from Narym. The objective of the study is to describe and analyze the case morphology of the idiom of the manuscript comparing it with more modern data on the Vasyugan and Vakh dialects to identify peculiarities. The description of the case system of the noun (which also included spatial orientation cases of serial postpositions) and personal pronouns was carried out separately due to the different set of their paradigms. Cases were analyzed from the point of view of their syntactic and semantic (semantic roles) representation in a sentence. All examples are presented both in the original graphics without changes and in a normalized version with morphemic parsing of lexemes and reliance on parallels presented in grammars and dictionaries published on the Eastern dialects of the Khanty language. The peculiarities of the case system of the monument include: 1) the absence of constructions where the real agent is expressed by a name in the locative case and which are quite frequent in the Vasyugan and Vakh dialects of the Khanty language; 2) the use of the vocative case which is quite rare in Eastern dialects.

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Verb agreement with numeral-noun constructions in Kazym Khanty

Author(s): Denis Yu. Pisarenko / Language(s): English Issue: 02 (53)/2024

The paper examines the variation in number agreement of numeral-noun subjects with a verb in Kazym Khanty. As evidenced by the field data presented in the article, in Kazym Khanty, numeral-noun subjects (e. g., wet amp ‘five dogs’) are capable of causing both the singular and the plural agreement on the verb. The paper shows that such competition between the two models of agreement is a typologically unexpected phenomenon, since for languages in which the noun in a numeral-noun construction is not marked for number, only the singular agreement is expected to be productive. However, the paper shows that in Kazym Khanty, plural agreement serves rather as a default strategy, and it is singular agreement that requires some special conditions but not plural. The paper discusses the semantic and syntactic factors influencing the selection of the agreement strategy. Among the key factors there are such properties of the subject as the ability to control PRO, definiteness, and explicit individuation. The information structure and animacy of the subject are regarded as secondary factors. In the analysis section, the author proposes to postulate different syntactic structure for such numeral-noun subjects that trigger plural agreement and those that do not. The former appear to be Small Nominals and the latter and full DPs, respectively. The discrepancy in the amount of structure between the former and the latter appears to be a source for both the lack of number feature to share with a verb and the inability to sustain an individualized or definite interpretation.

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Contrasting Single-Word Insertions and Multi-Word Alternations in Bilingual Speech

Author(s): Wei Chen / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Prominent sociolinguistic theories focusing on language mixing have proposed that the insertion of single words from one language into another differs from the alternation of multi-word phrases between two languages. This distinction is attributed to the morphosyntactic integration of single-word insertions within the surrounding language, which contrasts with the morphological independence of multi-word alternations. Despite its theoretical prominence, this distinction has not been systematically examined in the context of language comprehension. The current study employs pupillometry to investigate the real-time processing of single-word insertions and multi-word alternations in highly proficient Spanish-English bilinguals in Puerto Rico. By bringing together both sociolinguistic insights on language production and psycholinguistic evidence on language processing, we may show that the nature of contact between the two languages of a bilingual community and the creative abilities of individual language users together shape the patterns and processes of language mixing. A further limitation lies in the use of feminine determiner-English noun language mixes.

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REALIZACJE STRUKTUR ZDANIOWYCH Z WYBRANYMI CZASOWNIKAMI RUCHU W MOWIE DZIECI WCZESNOSZKOLNYCH

Author(s): Kamila Brzeszkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The article is devoted to selected issues associated with acquiring syntax competence by children who are beginning early school education. The author analyzes the linguistic material obtained during the conducted study. The utterances extracted for analysis were constituted by verbs of movement, and at some stage of the construction, there were interferences of various backgrounds. The analysis will allow us to formulate conclusions and observations about the most frequent errors in the formation of syntactic constructions and to indicate which elements of language are not sufficiently fixed in the studied age group.

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Intertextual ‘construal’ relationships in the dynamics of discourse – ‘Aspectuality’ in English Clauses vs. ‘Aspect’ in their Polish Counterparts

Author(s): Dorota Chłopek / Language(s): English Issue: 41/2023

The following is a brief comparative / contrasting discourse of “situation types” in English clauses and their Polish renditions in “The Hobbit or There and Back Again” by J. R. R. Tolkien. The article highlights certain types of situations in English predicates which are intertextually related to their Polish counterparts expressed through contrastive lexical means. The description seeks to sensitize Polish users of English to the impact of the aspectuality of English clauses on the construal of the situations presented in the dynamics of discourse, which is ‘limited’ to the grammatical means available within the Polish language.

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Collocates Pairs and Collocations in Travel Journalism in English, Italian and Polish

Author(s): David Finbar Brett,Antonio Pinna,Barbara Loranc / Language(s): English Issue: 41/2023

Using a corpus-driven approach, this paper will address an important aspect of formulaicity in travel journalism, an under-researched genre that has hitherto received scarce attention on the part of academics in general and linguists in particular. In order to compile three 1-million-word comparable corpora, travel articles were downloaded from the online versions of the Guardian, La Repubblica, and Gazeta, to constitute representative samples of the genre in English, Italian and Polish. The texts were annotated for part-of-speech and lemma using TreeTagger. Collocate pairs were then extracted from the annotated data using tailor-made Perl scripts. Subsequently a dispersion filter of presence in at least 20 different texts was applied. The resulting collocate pairs were placed into thematic groups, including: ACCOMMODATION, FOOD, NATURE, SPORT, CULTURE+HISTORY, PEOPLE, PLACE, TRANSPORT, LOGISTICS, PRICE, ACTIVITY, EVALUATION, ROUTE, BUSINESS and TIME. The first five categories were subjected to further analysis, and it emerged that there were notable differences in their relative proportions between the three languages. The results show a number of collocations that could be identified amongst the collocate pairs in the three languages.

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¿Por qué los españoles «saben» lenguas mientras los polacos tan solo las «conocen»? Los verbos de conocimiento en contraste polaco-español

Author(s): Andrzej Zieliński / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 3/2023

The objective of the study is to delve into the main syntactic and semantic differences and similarities of the so-called verbs of knowledge, that is, the predicates, that denote the cognitive attitude of the sentence subject toward the acquaintance. The author will address the contrastive analysis of the main Spanish verbs –saber, conocer– with the corresponding Polish verbs –wiedzieć, znać, potrafić and umieć.

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Проблема понимания устных высказываний с нулевыми единицами (русско-немецкие параллели)

Author(s): Maria Belyaeva,Evgenij Frolovič Kirov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2020

The article deals with the problem of understanding statements containing zero units, as well as the specifics of their organization in Russian and German colloquial speech. A brief overview of the history of studying grammatical zero units is given and some regularities of their functioning in two languages are discussed.

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Die Verben des Altalbanischen: Belegworterbuch, Vorgeschichte und Etymologie (Foljet e shqipes së vjetër: fjalori i konkordancave, parahistori dhe etimologji)

Author(s): Anila Omari / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2017

Review of: Die Verben des Altalbanischen: Belegworterbuch, Vorgeschichte und Etymologie (Foljet e shqipes së vjetër: fjalori i konkordancave, parahistori dhe etimologji)/ Stefan Schumacher dhe Joachim Matzinger. Me bashkëpunim të Anna-Maria Adaktylos. - Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2013. (Albanische Forschungen; 33)

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“Variacioni sintaksor në të folmet e shqipes: tipare dhe treva”, tryezë e rrumbullakët, 13 dhjetor 2017

Author(s): Anila Kananaj / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2018

Instituti i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë organizoi tryezën e rrumbullakët “Variacioni sintaksor në të folmet e shqipes: tipare dhe treva”. Kjo tryezë shkencore u mbajt si një hap vijues mbas konferencës së vitit të kaluar “Variacioni sintaksor në të folmet dhe dialektet e shqipes” në rrugën drejt përgatitjes për projektin e një Atlasi të Sintaksës Dialektore të Shqipes. Tryeza i zhvilloi punimet në sallën “Aleks Buda” të Akademisë së Shkencave më 13 dhjetor 2017, nga ora 10 deri jië ora 16. Kjo tryezë ishte konceptuar në formën e kumtesave dhe diskutimeve të përgatitura për tiparet, trevat dhe metodat e hulumtimit për hartimin e një Atlasi të Sintaksës Dialektore të Shqipes.

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Sistemi foljor në gramatikën “Osservazioni grammaticali nella Lingua Albanese” të At Francesco Maria da Lecce-s (1716)

Author(s): Ina Arapi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2019

The grammar of Padre Francesco Maria da Lecce is the first published Albanian grammar that we know so far. Of his three works compiled for Albanian, such as the grammar, the Italian-Albanian dictionary first published in 2009 and the lost Christian doctrine, the grammar seems to have been used continuously. This is evidenced by the relatively high number of copies kept throughout Europe and the reprints made from them (Adelung, Hobhouse, Vater, Rossi). However, the material contained therein was little used in the studies of the historical grammar of the Albanian language. The grammar of da Lecce consists of three main parts: the first introduces the declension of nouns, adjectives and pronouns; the second part contains the verb system, which is also the object of our contribution, while the third part deals with the inflexible parts of speech, such as prepositions, adverbs, exclamations and conjunctions. In the introduction to the second part (I. Tavola generale) entitled “Del numero delle Coniugazioni de Verbi alban.” Lecce explains to us that the conjugations in the Albanian language are a total of ten and gives the respective endings. It is our aim to present and classify the Albanian verb forms presented here. Within our possibilities we will try to make a comparison with the verb system of other works of old Albanian literature.

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Një vështrim gjuhësor për rimarin e poezive të Pjetër Budit

Author(s): Elvis Bramo / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2019

This study of a fragment extracted from a corpus of P. Budi's poetics (Pjetër Budi, Poezi, Prishtinë, 2006, by R. Ismajli), as the only original work of this seventeenth-century writer, pursues some partial aims, among which, in addition to verse clauses, attention has been paid to: the linguistic phenomenon of rhymes, respectively to word classes, rhyme schemes, their frequency in the text, syntactic order and function, by syntactically distinguishing sentence units. Furthermore, the article tries to reflect the constructions and figures of speech that Budi managed to create more than four centuries ago, such as repetition, ellipsis and 1’enjambement. Rhyming lexical items, those with assonance or simply, as verse clauses, belong numerically to the subject matter covered by this article. The article also covers the presentation of syntactic structures like: the sentence, the phrase, as a unit of expression in spoken and written discourse, as well as the poetic linguistic text, as a phrase-related discourse unit. They are not brought according to the original punctuation, but rather based on the meaning and construction of the above units, taking into account the order of their constituting components. This in-depth overview conducted by the author, constitutes the first entirely linguistic description of the poetics of Peter Budi, one of the oldest Northern Albanian writers. Out of the complete research, the first chapter entitled "Këtu desha me vüm këtë imnë...", has been extracted.

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Parafjalët e gjuhës shqipe dhe kontributi i Mehmet Çelikut në këtë fushë

Author(s): Anila Kananaj / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2019

Parafjalëtjanë një kategori fjalësh mjaft e diskutuar në gjuhësi. Diskutimet kryesore kanë të bëjnë me statusin leksiko-gramatikor, përkatësisht sintaksor, në sintagmat ku ato shfaqen. Pjesa më e madhe e studiuesve tanimë i trajtojnë parafjalët si klasë funksionale, por një pjesë prej tyre pohojnë se ato bëjnë pjesë në klasën leksikore të fjalëve (Jackendoff 1973, O'Grady 1990) dhe disa të tjerë janë të mendimit që ato përbëjnë një klasë heterogjene, d.m.th. një grup parafjalësh janë fjalë funksionale dhe një grup tjetër i parafjalëve janë fjalë me natyrë leksikore (Zwarts 1992). Duke përdorur kritere semantike dhe sintaksore, Rauh (1993) dallon parafjalë leksikore dhe jo leksikore. Levin (1993) nxjerr në pah lidhjet semantike të foljeve me plotësat e tyre në anglishte, përfshi këtu plotësat parafjalorë. Pra, parafjalët mund të shihen edhe si lidhje semantike midis dy përbërësve. Englebert (1993) dhe një numër autorësh të tjerë i trajtojnë pafjalët në kuadër të morfo-sintaksës, pra nuk ka më një ndarje të prerë midis morfologjisë dhe sintaksës por trajtim në kufi të të dyjave.

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First language and second language English editorialists’ use of interactional metadiscourse

Author(s): Khulood Al-Anbar,Sharif Alghazo,Marwan Jarrah,Abdel Rahman Mitib Altakhaineh / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

This study explores the use of interactional1 metadiscourse by first language (L1) and second language (L2) English editorialists. The study uses Hyland’s (2019) model of metadiscourse to analyse 80 editorials published between 2020 and 2021 in The Guardian and The Jordan Times newspapers (40 from each newspaper). A mixed-method approach – adopting quantitative and qualitative measures – was used to analyse the data. The frequency of interactional metadiscourse resources was statistically examined to find similarities and differences (if any) between the two corpora. The analysis revealed a statistically significant difference in the use of interactional metadiscourse resources in the editorials of the two newspapers. For instance, L2 editorialists used fewer hedges in their editorials and more boosters than L1 editorialists. In addition, engagement markers were used the most by L1 editorialists. The study provides some implications for editorialists who write in English and recommendations for future research.

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РИТОРИЧЕСКИЙ ВОПРОС КАК ФИГУРА РЕЧИ В ПОЭЗИИ ФЕОФАНА ПРОКОПОВИЧА

Author(s): Alexander Aleksandrovich Lebedev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2024

The article examines the role of rhetorical questions in the poetic works of Feofan Prokopovich. Thestudy is based on the analysis of various poetic works of Feofan Prokopovich, with “Epinikion” being the most significant one. The relevance of the work is explained by the insufficient study of rhetorical question as a fi gure of speech in the context of poetic syntax and diachronic rhetoric. The paper offers a brief excursion into the history of studying the personality of Feofan Prokopovich and highlights the important connection between the author’s rhetorical and poetic views, with a particular focus on the specifics of interrogative constructions in the context of poetic creativity comparedwith questions used in everyday speech. The article contains statistical data related to the use of rhetorical questions by eighteenth-century poets and analyzes the functionality of rhetorical questions in the poetic works of Feofan Prokopovich, their role in creating the emotional expressiveness of texts, and the specifics of their use both in the text of “Epinikion” and other lesser-known poems. The study resulted in identifying general trends in using rhetorical questions in poetic works by Feofan Prokopovich, as well as defining and clarifying potential influence on the subsequent poetic and rhetorical works of later authors.

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Expression Forms of the Present Tense in the Qur'ani-Karim

Author(s): Shakar Ilgar Malikova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

It is known that, in Arabic, a word is divided into three parts: noun, verb and particle (harf). A noun refers to a thing and is not related to time. A verb expresses an event, which is why it relates to time. A particle is a word that has no meaning but is used with a noun or a verb. Verbs express events that happen at a particular time. At the same time, it should be noted that although medieval Arabic linguists paid great attention to the subject of the verb and its inflexion (i'rab), they did not deeply investigate the tenses and time limits of the verb. If we compare the tense forms in Arabic with those in other languages, we will face particular difficulties finding the exact equivalent. The lack of Arab research on this topic is reflected in the verbs madhi (past tense) and mudhare (present tense). Since our topic is related to the present tense, we will try to examine the forms of expression, or more precisely, how the present tense is expressed either in the Arabic literary language or in the Holy Quran. In general, verb tenses indicate their grammatical characteristics. We know that in terms of time, verbs are divided into past, present and future tenses. The present tense has a broad meaning. The present tense of the verb expresses the events that are happening at the moment of speaking. In the literary Arabic language, the present tense is expressed mainly through the mudhare verb المضارع فعل from a morphological point of view. In addition, in the holy book Qur'ani-Karim, the present tense is expressed differently. If we pay attention to the verses in the Qur'an, we will see that the tense meanings of verbs are determined not only by their morphological structure but also by the context in which they are included. It should also be noted that the expression of any time in the Holy Qur'an in different ways is mainly intended to convince humanity of the authenticity of this message sent by God. It primarily refers to evangelising Heaven, Hell, Judgment Day and other issues.

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Lokucione të ndërmjetme me strukturë togfjalëshe në gjuhën shqipe

Author(s): Haredin Xhaferi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2017

Intermediary locutions are groups of words or sustainable units of togfjalësh that do not perform syntactic functions as sentence constituents. Just as for locutions of other groups, for these types of locutions there aren’t any specific studies. They are treated by M. Çeliku as intermediary words and intermediary groups of word. These locutions are different from the structure and the meaning. From the structure they are togfjalësh or not togfjalësh in the linguistic meaning of the term togfjalësh. There are fewer intermediary locutions compared to those with non togfjalësh structure. Even their structural types are fewer. Their structure is formed by two, three or more marker words and functional words. Each word that participates in the structure of these locutions has lost its individual meaning and its individual syntactical function and the entire unit operates as a single entity with a single meaning. Marker words are connected between them with the characteristic connection of compound words. I. The locutions formed by two words have in their structure two marker words (nouns): fundi i fjalës, fundi i fundit etc. II. The locutions with more than two words have in structure a functional word. The functional words are prepositions or particles. 1. The locutions formed by a preposition and two marker words constitute a relatively large number. For example: nga njëra anë, nga ana ime, me pak fjalë, me gjithë mend, në radhë të parë, për sytë e ballit, pa pikë dyshimi, sipas mendimit tim, etc. 2. The locutions formed by a particle and two marker words are just a few: aq më tepër, aq më shumë, ca më pak, etc. In conclusion I can say that the intermediary locutions find use in communication. Their elements, although formally retain the subordinate connection, function as a single unit, with a specific meaning. As and locutions of the other groups, these locutions present linguistic interest for further study.

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Az ’áll’ ige a szlovák nyelv lokatív mondataiban

Author(s): Molnár Zsuzsanna,Mária Sipos / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2024

Our article aims to present the rules of use of the Slovak quasi-copula meaning ’stand’. The study is part of a series of research carried out in the Uralistics Research Group of the HUN-REN Research Centre for Linguistics. In Slovak, as in Hungarian and several other languages, the verb ’stand’ has been grammaticalized and has become a quasi-copula used in locative and existential sentences. In the framework of the analysis, we present the list of the objects in the locative sentences whose location is typically described using the quasi-copula ’stand’. Our results show that, in addition to the geometric properties of the object (height, prominent verticality), the aspect of functionality is also very important. In general, ’stand’ expresses if the orientation of the object is such that the object is capable of performing its role, i.e. in Slovak locative sentences, a visual similarity is not the only basis for the presence of the posture verb ’stand’ as a verbal element.

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