ТЕНДЕНЦИЯ К СОКРАЩЕНИЮ ФОНЕМНОГО СОСТАВА СЛОВА КАК ПРОБЛЕМА ОБЩЕСЛАВЯНСКИХ ТИПОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ

Author(s): Olga Novak / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

This research is dedicated to spirantization, elision and substitution of the phoneme /h/ as the specific feature of the South Slavic dialects represented in a South Slavic dialect continuum, but reflected in different ways in literary languages.Throughout the Bulgarian linguistic territory the phoneme [h] is consistently preserved in its etymological place only in the Rupian dialects, more accurately only in the Rhodope (Middle Rupian) and Thracian (South Rupian) dialects. In Serbocroatistics the problem of the status and functioning of the phoneme [h] is challenging. In the Serbian and the Croatian languages the instability of consonant phonemes is not only the feature of the dialectal continuum, but also of the literary speech which only emphasizes the close connection between these forms of the language. The listed characteristics of the phonetic model of a word in South Slavic dialects can be attributed to the number of syntagmatic features that are specific to vocal-type systems according to A. Isachenko's classification. It states that the typological sign has not only a static form (a system of phonemes, their number and ratio), but also a dynamic one (rules for the combination of sounds). Taking into consideration the fact that the instability of /h/ is not a common Slavic feature, I consider it possible to agree with the conclusions of the Slavicists that this phoneme sounded differently in Slavic dialects in the late Slavic period. The instability of the phoneme /h/ in South Slavic dialects and the tendency to it substitutions can be regarded as Slavic Balkanism.

ÎMPRUMUTURI DIN LIMBA ROMÂNĂ ŞI MAGHIARĂ ÎN GRAIURILE SĂSEŞTI DIN TRANSILVANIA

Author(s): Sigrid Haldenwang / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 16/2009

Zusammenfassung. Das Siebenbürgisch–Sächsische ist ein westmitteldeutscher Dialekt, dem rund 240 Ortsmundarten angehören. Die meisten Gemeinsamkeiten hat dieser Dialekt mit den Mundarten, die zwischen Köln und Trier gesprochen werden sowie mit dem Luxemburgischen. Im Laufe des jahrhundertelangen Zusammenlebens der Siebenbürger Sachen mit Rumänen und Ungaren in derselben Heimat, ist in den Wortschatz der siebenbürgischen Mundarten auch rumänisches und ungarisches Wortgut aufgenommen worden. Die siebenbürgisch–sächsischen Mundarten finden ihren Niederschlag im Siebenbürgisch-Sächsischen Wörterbuch, das im Rahmen des Instituts für Geisteswissenschaften in Hermannstadt/Sibiu, nach festgelegten wissenschaftlichen Grundsätzen bearbeitet wird. Eine Besonderheit des Wörterbuchs besteht darin, dass es auch deutsche Belege aus lateinisch verfassten, siebenbürgischen Urkunden von der Mitte des 13. Jahrhunderts bis zur Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts aufnimmt. Diese Belege werden unter dem Gesichtspunkt ihrer Bedeutung für den mundartlichen Einfluss auf die deutsche Schriftsprache in Siebenbürgen oder für die Geschichte der deutschen Sprache gebracht. Der vorliegende Beitrag bezieht sich auf substantivische Entlehnungen aus dem Rumänischen und Ungarischen. Die Entlehnungen gehören verschiedenen Bereichen an...

Genetická klasifikace slovanských jazyků — 350 let evoluce klasifikafnich modelů

Author(s): Václav Blažek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 5 (Suppl.)/2023

The contribution summarizes almost all models of classification of the Slavic languages presented in previous 350 years, from simple enumeration through the qualitative to quantitative approaches, leading usually to developmental models depicted as tree-diagrams, but also the linear and net models. The individual models, especially the quantitative ones, are discussed in details and finally correlated with witness of Byzantine historians.

Nepublikovaná studie Fomana Jakobsona Hlavní tendence staročeského hláskového vývoje

Author(s): Robert Dittmann,Anastasia Rozhkova / Language(s): Czech Issue: 5 (Suppl.)/2023

The study submits a critical edition of Jakobsonʼs notebook Основные тенденции старочеш[ ской] Lautgeschichte, written by hand in Russian in the 1920s, and its translation into Czech. The notebook describes the main tendencies of the Czech phonological development up to the 14th century. The work can be taken as a link between Jakobsonʼs earlier views on some aspects of the Czech phonological development (outlined for instance in his correspondence with Trubetzkoy) and his later brief overview concerning this topic in Remarques sur ľévolution phonologique du russe comparée à celle des autres langues slaves (1929).

ROMANIAN HARNIC ‘INDUSTRIOUS, HARDWORKING’ AS A KEY TO THE ETYMOLOGY OF THE UKRAINIAN ГАРНИЙ ‘BEAUTIFUL, GOOD’

Author(s): Aleksey A. Romanchuk / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The author suggests a new etymology of the Ukrainian гарний ‘beautiful, good’ and the Romanian harnic ‘industrious, hardworking’. He thinks that a Slavic (of the Proto-Slavic time) verb with the meaning ‘to work hard’ was the source of both mentioned lexeme. The existence of this verb is supported by the Ukrainian dialectal [гарувати] with the same meaning, which has direct analogies both in East Slavic, some West Slavic and South Slavic (Serbian, Slovenian) languages. The origin of this Slavic verb can be explained through the analysis of two other Ukrainian dialectal words that are semantically close to each other, but differing in phonetics and, as some researchers believe, according to origin. The mentioned words are [гара] и [ґара], with the meaning ‘a cart with a box for transporting earth or sand; a sledge for transporting large loads’. Since in this case there is an indisputable semantic identity of both forms (practically identical phonetically as well), we cannot, contrary to the versions expressed earlier, separate from each other the question of their origin. The phonetic difference has to be explained by the difference in the time of the borrowing. Thus, the author thinks that the for-Slavic verb, which became the source for the Ukrainian [гарувати], гарний (as well as [гарник] ‘cart worker’), and the Romanian harnic, came from a word borrowed during the Proto-Slavic time with the meaning ‚cart’. However, contrary to the previous opinion, the author thinks that this borrowed word comes not from the German Karre ‘kart, wheelbarrow’, but from the Romanian car ‚cart‘.

‘Jail’ in Diné bizaad

Author(s): José Andrés Alonso de la Fuente / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

It is argued that certain words for jail in Diné bizaad (Navajo)„ e.g. ’awáalya and wáalya, come from Spanish. Although it has been long suspected that this word is a loanword, all the suggestions so far presented in the literature remain unconvincing on phonological grounds.

Phonology and Attrition:

Author(s): Yurii Chybras / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

This article’s research question is to explore the role of sociolinguistic factors in combination with phonology-driven perception. The preliminary hypothesis is that sociolinguistic factors like bilingualism and L2 interference (attrition, as in de Leeuw, E., Chang, C. 2023) may have a decisive role in the process of sound perception and is based on the example of English-Czech/Slovak and English-Ukrainian loanword adaptation cases involving the phonemes /ɡ/,/h/, /ɦ/, and /x/: Czech and Slovak speakers adapt [h] as [ɦ] while Ukrainian speakers tend to adapt the same phoneme as [x] despite having /ɦ/ in their phonological inventory. This tendency seems to correlate with phonological attrition (L2 interference of Russian) and has been a topic of active discussions, especially so since the 2022 full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine. The research method is based on a questionnaire with audio samples containing both already existing and made-up proper names and words. Half of the test vocabulary units are designed to contain the chosen sounds, the rest of the units are represented by established, already existing, names, and units that do not contain the chosen sounds to provide a cover for the experiment. The respondents are asked to listen to the audio samples and write down the units as they hear them using Ukrainian alphabet. The respondents were provided with a fake description, and a fake goal of the experiment to exclude possible bias.

Резултати по проект „Прозодични аспекти на българския език в съпоставителен план с други езици с лексикално ударение“ (Годишна конференция на Американската асоциация на преподавателите по славянски и източноевропейски езици (AATSEEL)

Author(s): Mirena Patseva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

Litvanya Tatarlarina Ait El Yazmalarindaki Türkçe Metinlerde Söz İçi Ve Söz Sonunda Ünlü Türemesi Üzerine

Author(s): Hüseyin Durgut / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Spec/2023/2023

Adding a vowel that is not in the original of a word to that word for various reasons is called vowel derivation. There is no morphological reason for vowel derivation and it aims to facilitate the pronunciation. There are three types of vowel derivation: at the beginning of the word, within the word and at the end of the word. The derivation of vowels at the beginning of a word in Turkish is not seen much in standard Turkish and is more common in dialects. Vowel epenthesis is a common phonetic event in standard Turkish. This phonetic event is encountered both in borrowed words and in words of Turkish origin. One of the reasons for the vowel epenthesis in Turkish is to make the borrowed words that do not fit the syllable structure of Turkish fit the syllable this structure and thus to eliminate the difficulty of pronunciation in the borrowed words. As it is known, only some consonant pairs can be found together at the end of words of Turkish origin. For this reason, in words borrowed with consonant pairs that are not suitable for the syllabic structure of Turkish, we come across vowel derivations within the word. This vowel derivation, which first appeared in the spoken language, can also pass into the standard language over time. The vowel epenthesis can also be seen in some Turkish origin words in order to add strength to the meaning. In Turkish, vowel epithesis is not as common as vowel epenthesis. The vowel epithesis is mostly seen in dialects and there are very few examples in standard language. The vowel epithesis is a phonetic event that is more common in some Turkic languages than in Türkiye Turkish. The derivation of vowel at the end of the word, especially seen in borrowed words, provides ease of pronunciation in words of foreign origin that do not fit the sound system of the Turkish language. The vowel epithesis occurs in borrowed words containing consonant pairs that are not suitable for the syllable structure of Turkish, as well as in borrowed words with twin consonants at the end of the word. It is seen that examples of vowel epithesis in Turkish texts found in manuscripts of Lithuanian Tatars are more common than in Türkiye Turkish. In particular, the Miraj text and some poems belonging to the Old Anatolian Turkish period, which are among the manuscripts in the “kitab” type, provide us with a rich material on this subject. In these texts, examples of vowel epenthesis and epithesis in borrowed words from Arabic and Persian are used in pairs in an interesting way. In other words, we see that the same borrowed word is used both with vowel epenthesis and epithesis. In this study, events of vowel epenthesis and epithesis in Turkish texts found in manuscripts of Lithuanian Tatars are examined and the reasons for the higher incidence of vowel epithesis in these texts are discussed.

Статус эвиденциального перфекта в терском диалекте кумыкского языка

Author(s): Daniar E. Kasenov,Daria A. Paramonova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 01 (52)/2024

This paper aims to describe the relationship between evidentiality and perfect aspect in the Terek dialect of Kumyk language. It also provides the comparison with other Turkic languages and with a focus on comparison with related languages of the Kipchak group. The paper shows that the aspectual form of perfect does not have any evidential restrictions on its interpretation in Terek Kumyk. Additionally, the paper discusses the status of the particle eken/=mken, which is diachronically related to the perfect form of the auxiliary verb, but which is just a particle and not a part of the complex verbal form since it cannot bear the verbal morphology in the current state of the grammar of the Terek dialect of Kumyk language. In addition to the evidential status of the particle =mken, which can be defined as the inferential marker, the paper also discusses its interaction with interrogative semantics (on the basis of polar and wh-questions), adding to the existing typology of evidential-interrogative interactions. The main conclusion which can be made considering the interrogative contexts where =mken particle is either infelicitous or obligatory is that there is no such phenomenon as interrogative flip in Terek dialect of Kumyk language. We will as well provide some diagnostics proving that the interrogative contexts with the investigated evidential particle can be rather defined as conjectural questions (the situation in which the speaker does not expect the listener to answer his question).

Определение регулярных фонетических соответствий карельской диалектной речи. Консонантизм

Author(s): Irina Petrovna Novak / Language(s): Russian Issue: 01 (52)/2024

This article is a continuation of the study of the phonetic system of Karelian sub-dialects using the Cognate Analysis algorithm on LingvoDoc linguistic platform, more specifically, their consonantism. Source data for the study was lexical dialectal materials dating to 1979-1981 on 24 Karelian sub-dialects, sampled from the “Comparative Onomasiology Dictionary of Karelian, Veps, and Sami Dialects” (2007). A comparison of these data with corresponding material on six Veps sub-dialects gives ground to conclude that the Veps substrate has played the lead role in shaping the Livvi and Ludic Karelian supradialects. The correspondence series produced by the software in tabular form highlighted the main distinctions in consonantism between Karelian dialects. These include, first of all, voiced/voiceless opposition, distribution of front fricative consonants, degree of consonant palatalization, distribution of the consonants j / d’, vocalization of the consonant l, retention/contraction of geminates in post-sonorant and coda positions. Having involved uncertain correspondence series in the analysis, we managed to determine the main functional features of some correspondence phenomena more precisely and to expand their list. A comparison of the resultant vocalism and consonantism maps suggests a division of Karelian subdialects into two large zones: the Karelian Proper, comprising the northern, southern (Central Russia), and middle (Middle Karelia) subgroups, and the Livvi-Ludic one, which falls into the Livvi and the Ludic subgroups depending on features of the vocalic system. The Ludic sub-dialect of Vlg. Gallezero occupied an intermediate position between them. The results of this study will be used in making a Karelian dialect classification based on linguistic data.

Hyrje e veprës “Vëzhgime, kërkime dhe studime në lëmin e gjuhës shqipe” në 10 vëllime (pjesa e tretë)

Author(s): David Luka / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2018

Vëllimi i gjashtë ndahet në tri pjesë: 1. Histori e gjuhës shqipe; 2. Fonetikë historike e gjuhës shqipe dhe 3. Gramatikë historike e gjuhës shqipe. Historisë së gjuhës shqipe i kushtohen gjashtë shkrime, prej të cilëve katër janë të një rëndësie të veçantë, sepse trajtojnë probleme kyçe të kësaj fushe, për të cilat është shkruar e diskutuar shumë, por ku ende nuk janë arritur mendime të njësuara.

Problems of Assimilation of Borrowings Belonging to Different Language Families

Author(s): Sevda Allahyar Mahmudova / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2023

Borrowing is an evolving phenomenon within language involving the dynamic interaction between two languages: the borrowing language and the language from which elements are borrowed. The assimilation process is central to the borrowing language, presenting a multifaceted challenge. The primary concern arises from assimilation unfolding through distinct stages, each marked by notable phonetic and grammatical transformations in the lexical-terminological unit. This article addresses the complexities of assimilation, shedding light on its degrees, levels, and underlying principles. The main aim of this investigation is to delve into the intricate process of assimilation in language borrowing. The study elucidates the degrees, levels, and fundamental principles of assimilation by examining linguistic materials from diverse systems. By doing so, the research aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of how borrowed elements undergo phonetic and grammatical changes as they assimilate into the borrowing language. Ultimately, the investigation seeks to contribute valuable insights to the broader field of linguistic evolution and cross-cultural influences, thereby advancing our understanding of the dynamic interactions between languages. Drawing upon linguistic materials from diverse systems, the study endeavours to comprehensively understand the intricacies of assimilating borrowed elements. By exploring the nuances of this process, the research aims to contribute valuable insights to the broader discourse on linguistic evolution and cross-cultural influences.

Raport paraprak mbi studimin e së folmes së Elbasanit (1901)

Author(s): Gjergj Pekmezi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2023

Siç pohon vetë në parashtresën e raportit të tij paraprak, i ngarkuar nga Komisioni Ballkanik i Akademisë Perandorake të Shkencave të perandorisë Austro-Hungareze, më 1901 Pekmezi ndërmerr udhëtimin e tij për të qëndruar për një periudhë tremujore në Elbasan, me qëllim studimin e së folmes së këtij qyteti. Ndonëse ai vetë nuk parashtron se në çfarë rrafshi do të kryhej ky studim, se çfarë rrugësh e mjetesh parashikonte të ndiqte për realizimin e tij, n i s u r nga vetë raporti arrihet të përcaktohet dhe të hidhet dritë si për sa i takon gjerësisë së objektit të punës së tij, apo për aspekte të ndryshme të metodës së ndjekur, ashtu dhe për nivelin e analizës gjuhësore dhe të argumentimit të hipotezave të caktuara prej tij. Ndryshe nga sa mund të orientojë e sugjerojë vetë titullimi i raportit, si studim i së folmes së Elbasanit, materiali nuk është një studim i thjeshtë përshkrues gjuhësor nën lupën e dialektologut, siç do të ishte e pritshme, por një gërshetim i punës së gjuhëtarit me atë të filologut, e deri diku edhe të sociolinguistit. Ndonëse këto tri aspekte të punës së tij nuk zënë të njëjtën peshë në studim, përsëri, duke marrë parasysh objektin e punës, kohën e shkurtër, burimet dhe materialet në dispozicion, mund të pohohet se Pekmezi, një student i diplomuar jo më larg se para dy vitesh për filozofi e filologji në Universitetin e Vjenës, arrin të shpalosë me kompetencë të plotë si zotërimin e dijeve përkatëse, po ashtu edhe aftësinë për analiza tepër të sakta në të tria drejtimet: gjuhësor, filologjik e sociolinguistik. Gjithsesi, duhet theksuar se vërejtjet e tij të natyrës sociolinguistike janë në plotësim dhe mbështetje të vrojtimeve dhe analizave të tij gjuhësore.

ЗА НЕКОИ ОСОБЕНОСТИ НА ЕРОВИТЕ ВО ЗОГРАФСКОТО ЕВАНГЕЛИЕ

Author(s): Irena GJORGJESKA,Sonja Novotni,Mihailo Marković / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 22-23/2024

Church Slavonic manuscripts of Macedonian origin created in medieval Macedonian churches and monasteries are of particular importance for the history of Macedonian literacy and for Slavic science in general. Slavic parchment manuscripts with their archaic nature, language peculiarities and diverse content represent a rich Macedonian manuscript heritage. The Zograph Gospel is an ancient Macedonian manuscript with an extremely significant cultural movable and immovable Macedonian heritage, as it is one of the oldest preserved monuments of culture that originates from the Xth or the beginning of the XIth century and is written in the verb script, the original script in which they created the holy brothers St. Cyril and St. Methodius. In our essay, we paid attention to some of the orthographic-phonological peculiarities in original excerpted examples with a contextual display of the verb/Cyrillic script, which represents the beginning of this type of study in Macedonian Slavic studies.

THE NEW ORTHOGRAPHIC, ORTHOEPIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHALLENGES – DIDACTIC PERSPECTIVES

Author(s): Maria-Nicoleta Ciocian / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 39/2024

The language, as a dynamic system, perfects its means of expression along with the transformations of the current society. The present article seeks to highlight, for the most part, the new changes brought by the third edition of the Orthographic, Orthoepic and Morphological Dictionary of the Romanian language, as well as some models of didactic challenges, useful activities for students - future teachers and educators.

DERIVATION OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: SUFFIXES AND PREFIXES

Author(s): George Costin Rusu / Language(s): English Issue: 39/2024

Medical terminology often prefixes and suffixes in Latin and Ancient Greek. The formation of these terms implies a good knowledge not only of their etymology but also of some cultural landmarks because the references can be some of the most varied: from history, to mythology, biology, aesthetic values. Those who study the formation of medical terms undertake a work of linguistic archeology that offers the satisfaction of understanding some of the most varied areas of knowledge.

ПРЕДВУКОВСКИ КОРЕНИ ВУКОВЕ АЗБУЧНЕ РЕФОРМЕ

Author(s): Vanja Stanišić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2024

As explained earlier by Vladimir Mošin, the absence of language standard (i.e. state offi ce) always entails certain disintegrative occurrences in a literacy. A disintegrative impact invariably represents a resurfacing of the original linguistic structure. The dissolution of an old standard is as a rule associated with a foreign standard, which can be accounted for as an interaction between different writing systems, which is especially pronounced in bordering or peripheral area of a certain literacy. Graphic solutions created as a result of such interaction could eventually evolve into a new graphic standard in a given linguistic structure. All this has taken place in the course of formation of the contemporary Serbian Cyrillic script, which in essence represents the fi nal evolutionary phase of the process herein described.

Karakteristična i frekventna leksika orijentalnog porijekla u govoru Bošnjaka Albanije

Author(s): Haris Ćatović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 35/2024

This paper presents the characteristic and more frequent lexicon of Oriental origin that forms an important core of the lexical system of Bosniaks who have been settled in Albania for over a century and a half, in the Durrës district, in the villages of Borak and Kodžas. The Oriental lexicon in the speech of Bosniaks in Albania reflects their habits which were adopted in their native region before their migratory activities. This lexicon remains a key and integrative linguistic factor outside the native area because the Bosniaks continued to use it. Their expression is dominated by words of Oriental origin which, from the perspective of modern Bosnian language, belong to the layer of passive lexicon. This lexicon reflects the cultural background, specifically the Oriental-Islamic civilizational sphere which had a significant influence on all aspects of life in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Ottoman Empire. The Bosniaks managed to transfer the accumulated experience from their homeland to new generations through the use of this lexicon, reflecting their awareness of themselves, their identity, and allowing them to define themselves as a unique phenomenon in the Albanian socio-cultural space. This refers to the Oriental lexicon which in the standard language has the status of passive lexicon or dialectisms, meaning it has been marginalized in the standard language due to standardization and preference for its more modern lexical equivalents. Their speech includes Orientalisms that were known not only in the Herzegovinian speech area but also in the broader Bosnian speech zone, including the Sandžak dialect of the Bosnian language, which has a somewhat wider usage when discussing its spread within the South-Slavic speech diasystem. Such Orientalisms will be marked as general-use Orientalisms (gen. or.). In addition to these, their speech also contains Oriental lexicon specific to the Bosniak dialectal area in Albania, which will be marked as (reg. or.).

Polabian Diphthongization

Author(s): Paweł Janczulewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

The article deals with the issue of the diphthongal reflexes of Proto-Slavic high vowels *i, *y, *u, and tautosyllabic *ъl/*ьl in Polabian, on both synchronic and diachronic levels. The author contests the common view that the discrepancies in the spelling of the diphthong from *u in Polabian texts result from dialectal variation of its reflexes. It is proposed instead that Proto- Slavic *u fronted to *ü prior to diphthongization, eventually yielding an [aʏ]-type diphthong pan-dialectally (normalized as aü), so both features of this *ü (frontness and roundedness) were preserved in the diphthong’s off-glide. An unrounded reflex of *u is found only in the preposition / prefix *u(-), which is probably due to the later delabialization of [aʏ].