BEDOUIN AND DRUZE SPEAKERS’ COLLOQUIAL ARABIC IN ISRAEL: PRESENT VS. PAST

Author(s): Judith Rosenhouse / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2020

Every language changes in time. Languages are, however, not the only thing that changes. All that we learn keeps evolving, including Arabic. As in the past, also current linguistic changes reflect the economical, technological and social circumstances. Thus, Classical Arabic is unlike Modern Standard Arabic and modern Arabic dialects are not like old ones. Following a short survey of the historical background of Bedouin and Druze speakers' settlement in the north of Israel, this paper examines texts spoken by Bedouin and Druze college students from several locations in that area (Brand 2013). A few phonological, syntactic, morphological and lexical features of these texts are discussed with examples. Their features are compared with features found in texts from Schmidt and Kahle(1918, ex-Bedouin speakers) and Blanc (1953, Druze speakers).The findings suggest that in Israel both Bedouin and Druze speakers codeswitch with Hebrew, the dominant language there. This codeswitching refers mainly to modern words in their vocabulary. Phonetic features of Arabic dialects, Modern standard Arabic and Hebrew are mixed, thus expanding the native speakers’ phonetical inventory. Syntactic and morphological changes also exist, reflecting effects of rural or urban near-by Arabic dialects. I n addition to the linguistic analysis, natural and artificial mathematical fractals are presented in the Introduction. Fractals are a rather new theoretical element, which has already been used in linguistics and can be further developed in Arabic dialectology. They are recalled at the end of the paper, because some of their features are revealed also when analyzing the development of the Bedouin and Druze speakers’ dialects. Inconclusion, the analysis of the Bedouin and Druze dialects suggests that new studies and methods of study are required in order to update our knowledge of current structures of Arabic dialects.

PERIPHRASTIC COMPARATIVE STRUCTURES IN MODERN STANDARD ARABIC – WHICH ONES SHOULD BE TAKEN AS MANIFESTATIONS OF ANALYTICALLY ORIENTED EVOLUTIONS?

Author(s): Ovidiu Pietrăreanu / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2020

This paper deals with evolutions that appear to become significant in relation to the way in which degrees of comparison are expressed in Modern Standard Arabic. It deals mainly with structures that represent different types of deviations of what would generally be considered the norm of Modern Standard Arabic: the use of periphrastic structures where single units might have been expected, the adverbialization of the elative ’akṯar within structures conveying the comparative degree, the erosion of the norm-sanctioned use of specifying complements after annexations conveying the superlative degree headed by ’akṯar, the apparent reluctance to use verbal nouns as specifying complements when they are associated with the passive voice. In searching for possible or plausible reasons for these tendencies and phenomena, we have highlighted the plurality of domains and disciplines that can shed light on them: phonetics, morphology, syntax, rhetoric, stylistics. We have also advanced some expectations concerning the way in which some of these phenomena might evolve.

An optimality-theoretic account of syllable restructuring in Early Bislama

Author(s): Andrei A. Avram / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The paper looks at syllable restructuring in Early Bislama. The analysis is couched in the framework of Optimality Theory. The empirical evidence considered is from a corpus of pre-World War II records of Early Bislama, covering a period ranging from 1867 to 1935. It is shown that Early Bislama tends to disallow complex syllable margins and employs mostly vowel epenthesis and, to a lesser extent, consonant deletion as repair strategies for the resolution of etymological onset and coda clusters. Also discussed are the quality of the epenthetic vowels (minimally marked vs. contextually coloured), and the relevance of Early Bislama to the transformations undergone by otherwise stable features of English syllable structure.

IDEOLOGIES IN HELIADE’S PROPHETIC POETRY

Author(s): Ana-Maria Vlad / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 24/2021

The present paper aims as a starting point the idea that an aesthetic perception of identifying the crisis of reality is represented by the poetic prophecy encountered at the congruence of the literary field with the religious one. This hypothesis will be applied to three literary texts by Ion Heliade-Rădulescu: Anatolida, Biblicele and Sînta Cetate. Through them, we will identify the image of a reality that has gone through a crisis of space and time. At the same time, we can speak of a religious, national or social crisis, delimiting the generic feature of prophecy and identifying in Heliade-Rădulescu the poet-prophet, a representative of that period.

THE UTOPIAN ELEMENTS IN ,,SÎNTA CETATE” OF HELIADE RĂDULESCU

Author(s): Ana-Maria Vlad / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 24/2021

In this paper I focuses on Heliade Rădulescu and his visionary poetry. This is a continuation of the my last article intitulated ,,Sînta Cetate by Heliade Rădulescu- The utopism as the paradox description” published in Journal of Romanian Literary Sudies, Issue no. 21/2020. The perfection of a spiritually dead society, the hypocrisy of people too full of self, the split between the hidden desires of a subconscious marked by their own social condition and the "sinful" reality are some utopian elements that deeply mark the prophetic poems of Heliade Rădulescu.

LINGUISTICS AND ITS BRANCHES

Author(s): Mihaela Hriban / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 25/2021

Linguistics is the science of studying language in generally speaking. It’s not a very new discipline. The XIX-th century reveals the beginning of linguistics as an independent domain, in which” language” is placed at the level of knowledge. Thus, linguistics splits off other disciplines such as: biology, psychology, philosophy and becomes a science that has proper rules of development. Thus, we consider that it is important to bring into focus the branches of linguistics such as: phonetics and phonology, morphology, lexicology, lexicography, semantics, stylistics and to reveal the connections that are between them.

TYPES OF INTERTEXTUALITY IN THE BUCHAREST BIBLE

Author(s): Ştefan Găitănaru / Language(s): English Issue: 30/2022

The text of the Bucharest Bible (1688), which is representative for the Romanian culture, is, in the Old Testament part, the result of the linguistic confrontation between the two dialectal areas, that are well represented by complete manuscripts: the northern area (MS 45) and the southern area (MS 4389). The latter was included in the main directions of evolution of the literary language. To highlight this fact, the present study analyses the most important parts of intertextuality at each level of language.

LINGUISTIC FEATURES IN “GRAMATICA FIZICII” (1796)

Author(s): Liliana Soare / Language(s): English Issue: 30/2022

The study deals with a translation made by Amfilohie Hotiniul from Italian around 1790. Our objective is to identify and explain the linguistic traits of the text on the phonetic and morphosyntactic levels. Our analysis reveals phonetic and morphological features specific of the Moldovan dialect at the end of the 18th century, but it also brings into attention some interesting linguistic aspects which can be explained by the Italian influence on the translator, such as the high frequency of structures presenting the analytical marking of the genitive, the definiteness of the noun marked by la, the use of că with a relative pronoun value, passive patterns with the auxiliary vine or the impressive amount of the structures veni+infinitive, also calquing the corresponding Italian constructions.

За вариативността на един тип сложни съчинени изречения в българския и норвежкия

Author(s): Yovka Tisheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2000

Два кратки отзива за докторски дисертации, защитени от българки в странство

Author(s): Zhivko Boyadzhiev / Language(s): Bulgarian,French Issue: 1/2000

Reviews of: 1. Blagovesta Maneva. Modèle temporel de la gémination consonantique en bulgare. Université de Montréal - Faculté des arts et des sciences. Département de linguistique et de traduction. Thèse, présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue d’obtention du grade de Ph. D. en linguistique. 1997, 274 p. 2. Slavka Simeonova Savova. Estudio contrastivo de los niveles fonético y fonológico del español y del búlgaro. Tesis Doctoral dirigida por el Dr. D. José Alvaro Porto Dapena. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Facultad de filología. Departamento de filología española 1. 1997; Tomo I, Tomo II; p. 1-278, 279-688.

ZNAČAJ JEZIČKE DJELATNOSTI ČITANJA ZA RAZVOJ GOVORA

Author(s): Mirela Omerović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 5/2023

Reading is a complex language activity that includes the physiological and communicative activity of a person. The physiological aspect of the reading process is realized by the work of the speech organs with the participation of the organs of sight and with the stimuli from the cortex of the cerebrum. The communication aspect refers to the transmission of information where the reader sends a message to others and to themselves. Many authors state that reading is one of the most important inventions of the human race, and that the evolution of reading both for the individual person and the human species is directly related to the intellectual evolution of human being in general and that it promotes the development of a complete personality. The uniqueness of a human being in relation to all other beings is reflected in the fact that humans possess an innate ability to adopt complex linguistic structures from the environment. The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of the linguistic activity of reading for the development of speech in children of primary school age, and to offer useful models for improving the reading process and vocabulary development in primary school students. It is important to take into account both the physiological and communicative aspects of the reading process in the development of speech in children of younger school age. When the automation of that process is achieved, one of the basic factors for successful speech development is the improvement of lexical competence, based on various lexical-semantic relations within the lexical corpus of a specific language, and expanding and deepening the vocabulary and its place in the development of reading literacy and reading ability. These are very important linguistic factors for the improvement of speech in students as developing speakers.

Фонетични, морфологични и лексикални особености на говора на турскоезичното население от с. Горно Ново село (Старозагорска област)

Author(s): Hristo Saldzhiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2003

The article deals with the phonetic, morphosyntactic and lexical peculiarities of the Turkish dialect spoken in Gorno Novo Selo (Stara Zagora District). The strong interference of Bulgarian is characteristic of the phonetic and lexical levels. Two Indo-European layers can be observed in morphosyntax: an Iranian one, connected with the use of ku and зерем, and a Balkan one, leading to the substitution of the conjunctive for the infinitival constructions.

"Zapraw je korzeniem". Analiza historycznojęzykowa wybranych nazw przypraw korzennych z "Compendium ferculorum" Stanisława Czernieckiego

Author(s): Simone Pasternak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 39/2022

The article is focused on the names of selected root spices taken from the oldest Polish cookbook, which is Compendium ferculorum by Stanisław Czerniecki. The paper briefly describes the importance of roots spices in Polish cuisine in the Baroque era, how the name of root spices was understood by the author of the cookbook and which products he included in this group. In the following part, four names of root spices were extracted: goździki, gałka muszkatołowa, kwiat muszkatołowy and migdał (cloves, nutmeg, nutmeg flower and almond), and then described on the basis of information contained in the Compendium ferculorum. This is followed by a historical and linguistic analysis including considerations of the etymology of the lexemes mentioned. The work ends with a part in which, on the basis of historical language dictionaries and dictionaries of the Polish language, linguistic changes (phonetic, semantic and word-formation) occurring over the centuries within the lexemes mentioned above are traced.

A Syntactic Account for Zero Denominal and Deverbal Verbs in Wolof

Author(s): Mamarame Seck / Language(s): English Issue: 35/2023

Denominal verbs are verbs formed from nouns by means of various word-formation processes. A deverbal is a word (usually a noun or an adjective) that is derived from a verb. This article aims to investigate denominals and deverbals in Wolof. Wolof denominals are formed without adding a new morpheme. This phenomenon, like what found in English, is known as zero denominal e.g., suukër meew mi “to sugar the milk.’ As for Wolof deverbals, they are formed by adding a new morpheme, -al, to the root verb or adjectival verbs., e.g., weexal miir bi ‘to whiten the wall’. To account for these phenomena, I use Clark and Clark (1979), Embick (1997), and Miller (2006) models. This article will contribute to the knowledge about Wolof grammar, particularly, the morphology and syntax of denominals and deverbals in the Wolof language.

ТЕРЕНСКА ИСТРАЖИВАЊА ИЗ ДУНАВСКЕ КЛИСУРЕ: СРБИ У РУМУНИЈИ

Author(s): Aleksandra Lončar Raičević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 9/2023

With the launch of the project entitled Research on the culture and history of the Serbs in Romania, which takes place under the auspices of the Center for scientific research and culture of the Serbs in Romania at the Union of Serbs in Romania, linguistic research dealing with languages has been especially intensified in recent years. This work is a continuation of the phonetic-phonological research within the project and is based on field research that was carried out during September 2022 in Serbian settlements in the Danube Gorge in Romania (Ljupkova and Svinica). The paper will show the accentual features - the inventory and distribution of prosodes in the speech of the Ljupkov region, which show that one of the most distinctive features of this speech is the Old Štokavian type of accentuation, i.e. the newer three-accented system derived from the Old Štokavian two-accented inventory. Special features such as: the appearance of the expiratory accent, shortening of primary lengths, shortening of the long descending accent in the last open syllable, lengthening in emphasis, compound accent and the influence of the Romanian language on the accent system of the Serbian language will be discussed in particular.

Mieszana odmiana językowa jako sposób na wielojęzyczność i wielo­etniczność pogranicza (na przykładzie Śląska Cieszyńskiego w Republice Czeskiej)

Author(s): Irena Bogoczová / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The present paper discusses the linguistic situation in the Czech–Polish borderland, particularly in Zaolzie, which is the Czech part of Cieszyn Silesia. This region is inhabited by an autochthonous population comprising both Czech and Polish nationalities. Before moving on to the more important topics of the cultural and linguistic identity of the local Polish community, the author introduces Zaolzie from the geographical, social, political point of view. In addition to the majority Czech language and the standard Polish used in Polish minority schools, the Cieszyn dialect plays a significant role in local communication. Due to the unique political and social conditions in this region, a spoken mixed language called “po naszymu” has emerged. This language is not associated with any particular ethnic group, and it mitigates the differences between the various language codes while eas­ing tensions between the two ethnic groups. The analysis of the spoken mixed language “po naszymu”, carried out on the basis of extensive excerpts from authentic statements by Poles from Zaolzie in the “O naszych po naszymu” podcast, allows for several important conclusions: “po naszymu” speech does not have an unambiguous norm, which does not mean that it is the result of an accidental mixing of languages; it contains a lot of lexical Bohemisms; its phonetic and inflectional base is formed by the Polish dialect of West Cieszyn, nevertheless the users of “po naszymu” are aware of the incorrectness of their utterances in the sense of their incompatibility with the standard Polish language.

TRABZON VE YÖRESİ AĞIZLARINDAKİ ALINTI KELİMELERDE GÖRÜLEN SES OLAYLARI

Author(s): Ahmet Dinç / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 79/2023

In this article, the loanwords in the dialects of Trabzon and its region are analyzed under two main headings: vowels and consonants. The loanwords used in the local dialect were selected from the existing studies on the local dialect and the words compiled by us. The first part of the article; includes the methodology of the study, the transcription of the translation, the classification, naming and evaluation of the loanwords as well as the part in which the contents of the languages with which Turkish has been in contact in the historical process starting from the Orkhun Inscriptions, the first written collective text of Turkish, to the current position of Turkey Turkish are presented and the statistics of the words that have passed from these languages to Turkish are given. In the second part, sound events and sound changes in quoted words are given under two main headings with subheadings, indicating the language from which the quoted words are taken. The words analyzed include the words that have passed into written language and are included in the current Turkish dictionary. Along with the language in which the quoted word occurs, the works in which this word is witnessed are also indicated. The transcription of the words is based on the "Dialect Research Transcription System" accepted by TDK. Of the analyzed loanwords, 137 are Arabic; 43 are Persian; 29 are French; 21 are Greek; 7 are Italian; 6 are English; 3 are Arabic+Persian; 2 are Latin, Greek and German respectively; and 1 is Sogdian and Bulgarian respectively.

PHONETIC CHANGES IN SPOKEN DIALECTAL ROMANIAN: ASSIMILATION AND DISSIMILATION

Author(s): Sorin Guia / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 35/2023

Phonetic changes happen constantly, in regional pronunciation and in non-institutionalized spaces, because language means, among other things, sound matter in continuous movement. In this article, we present, in a systematic form, several aspects related to assimilation and dissimilation in the spoken Romanian dialect, offering a series of examples collected through direct investigation in the Romanian dialectal space.

BAUDOUIN DE COURTENAY: PRETEČA SAVREMENE LINGVISTIČKE MISLI

Author(s): Dijana Kapetanović-Ljubas / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 24/2023

The paper examines the scientific contribution and creative work of the lesser-known Polish linguist, Baudouin de Courtenay (1845-1929), a distinguished Slavist and Indo-Europeanist. The paper discusses numerous aspects of his modernist theories and provides an overview of the most significant reflections on language that can be considered as precursors to contemporary linguistic thought. In his long academic career from the Kazan period to his engagement at the universities of Dorpat, Kraków, Saint Petersburg, and Warsaw, the paper highlights the various influences he exerted on the linguistic research of his time as well as on the later generations of linguists with a special reference to de Courtenay's influence on Ferdinand de Saussure and the development of general and structural linguistics. The paper examines the evolution and development of de Courtenay's thought in various domains such as the theory of phonemes and phonetic alternations, which positioned him as the forerunner of the Prague Linguistic Circle, psycholinguistic research and the definition of language as a psychosocial phenomenon, South Slavic dialectology and lexicology, as well as the study of the use of language in other sciences and disciplines.

Niedaleko pada kokos od palmy. O innowacjach przysłowiowych we współczesnej polszczyźnie

Author(s): Tomasz Szutkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2023

The research on the phenomenon of variantivity in natural languages should comprise all their subsystems. Much attention has been given to phonetic, morphological, lexical,phraseological phenomena, while strictly paremiological ones have been handled to a less-er extent to date. The discussed issue of proverbial innovations in the contemporary Polishlanguage partly fills in the research gap. The factographic material collected in the paper hasshown a significant nominative and expressive potential of paremic units fulfilled as a result ofnumerous modifications of the canonical form of the proverbs used commonly in the Polishlanguage. The said results could be obtained from the paremiological material excerpted withthe use of www.google.com search engine in generally available online resources. The criterionadopted for selecting the initial units was the indicator of their frequency based on the so-called paremiological minimum. Afterwards, a secondary modified proverb was compared toits original, which enabled a description of basic innovation mechanisms and identification ofthe function of a specific registered innovation.