Eesti käänamissüsteemi seaduspärasused

Author(s): Heiki-Jaan Kaalep / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 06/2012

The article offers a description of the Estonian declensional system. The underlying principle is that of W. Wurzel’s concept of stable and unstable inflectional classes. Basing its claims on frequency data, the article presents a conceptual implicational structure of the nominal paradigm, headed by the nominative singular. The article also shows that the extra-morphological properties of a word comprise the derivational structure (together with the knowledge of the base), the phonological properties of the nominative singular, and the foreignness of the word. The important phonological properties are: the final phonemes of the word, the length of the final syllable, in some cases also the length of the penultimate syllable, and the location of stress on the penultimate syllable. The article presents its own classification of stable inflectional classes, based on their derivational and phonological properties, and gives the rules for deducing the base forms of the nominal paradigm from the nominative singular form.

Döngüsel Çizgiselleştirme ve Türkçe Örneklemi

Author(s): Murat Özgen / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 158/2012

Recently, linearization and linear dependence relations have begun to hold a significant place within the theory starting from the approach put forward by Kayne (1994) ‘Linear Correspondence Axiom along with such studies as Uriagereka (1999), Chomsky (1995; 2000; 2001; 2004; 2008) and particularly Fox ve Pesetsky (2005a). Linearization, by its simplest definition, can be defined as the turning a two dimensional object or structure into a single dimensional object or structure. Syntactic phrases are two dimensional structures and the linguistic items within these phrases (they may be lexical or functional) are in dominance and sisterhood relations. In other words, the phrases have both width and depth (Hornstein, Nunes ve Grohmann, 2005: 219). In this case, Linearization, is an interface requirement imposed onto syntactic objects by the Articulatory-Perceptual (A-P) system, which is in close interaction with PHON. For instance, (1) a. [CP [TP SUBJ [vP [VP OBJ V] v] T ] C] b. (SUBJФ) (OBJФ VФ) Therefore, as soon as syntactic objects are mapped to PF, they lose their two-dimensional structures, and they are spelled-out as label-free p-phrases. As seen above, this simple linearization within the framework of Phase Theory predicts the p-phrases in ‘b’. The linearization approaches suggested in this respect with syntax-PF mapping have not been discussed in terms of Turkish data before. The aim of this study is to review the algorithm and the operations of the resetting-based approach Cyclic Linearization (Fox ve Pesetsky, 2005a) mentioned in the literature, and to discuss this algorithm within Turkish data. In this respect, the study seeks to answer the questions as to what the algorithm of the approach is, how the algorithm works in Turkish data, and what kinds of problems we face when we apply the algorithm. Preliminary observations show that the algorithm applied within Turkish data reveal conflicting arguments, and in this context, it is suggested that a new linearization approach should be formed dealing with the data the approach cannot account for

THE TELLTALE SIGNS OF CZECH SPEAKERS’ MOTHER TONGUE IN THEIR ENGLISH INTONATION

Author(s): Irena Headlandová Kalischová / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2010

Intonation, even though one of the least tangible areas of language (Underhill 1994), is brought to examination here; in particular it is the phenomenon of the most prominent prosodic peak in an utterance. This contribution presents part of the results of a comparative study of the intonation centre placement in English dialogues read by English native speakers and Czech speakers of English. The focal point of the research was to establish whether Czech speakers are able to produce intonation in accordance with the actual message of the text. The framework of the study is represented by the theory of functional sentence perspective.

Adaptarea fonetică a împrumuturilor lexicale din limba sârbă în graiurile româneşti din Banatul sârbesc

Author(s): Romanta Iovanovici / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2011

In this paper we research the words that have recently been borrowed from Serbian into the Romanian dialect spoken in the Serbian Banat. Because of the linguistic isolation from the centres of innovation, there was a stagnation of the enrichment of the lexicon of Romanian dialects spoken in the Serbian Banat, mostly in the technical and electronic domain, but also other domains. This has lead to the borrowing of words from Serbian, which have been adapted to the phonetic system of the Romanian dialects from Banat. In most cases, the place of the accent has changed. When sound changes are concerned, the most numerous ones are those affecting consonants.

КОЛИКО ЈЕ ДРЖАВНА ГРАНИЦА УТИЦАЛА НА ПРОЗОДИЈСКИ СИСТЕМ ГОВОРА М. ГАЈА (У РУМУНИЈИ) И В. ГАЈА (У СРБИЈИ)

Author(s): Žarko Bošnjaković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 5/2019

The author, based on two idiolects (MG1932 and VG1922), determines the prozodic similarities and differences arising from the establishment of the state border between Mali Gaj (in Romania) and Veliki Gaj (in Serbia). Both speeches once belonged to the Smederevo-Vršac dialect (tеle, оtac; volеla, od oveе, vodоm, devоjkom), but they have been exposed to the influence of the Šumadija-Vojvodina dialect (vоda, оtac, vоleli, donеse, bunа#r, dеvо#јkom), which is the reason why these speeches are categorized as transitional. However, Romanian influence (venčаnje > venčаnje, devоjjku > dеvо#jku > dеvojku, iz Temišvаra > iz Temišvаra) is evident, and it is more pronounced in the idiolect from MG. In both idiolects, the frequency of the short-rising accent is very high in the following positions: 1 (sestrа) (MG, 79,60% and VG, 80,19%), 2 (potоk) (MG, 45,94% and VG, 64,81%), 4 (sestrе) (MG, 86.85% and VG, 91.30%). The use of the short-rising accent is more frequent on the Serbian side. In the 4th position, the old place of accent is almost lexicalized (ове, тако) and it is better preserved on the Romanian side (MG, 4.57% and VG, 1.08%). For the kanovački accent in positions 1 (MG, 13,93% and VG, 14,15%) and 2 (MG, 37,83% and VG, 24,07%) it can be said that it is relatively well preserved. However, its frequency is higher on the Romanian side. The New-Shtokavian transmission to a proclitic is absent in both idiolects almost in the same percentage (MG, 71.74% and VG, 71.42%). More pronounced differences were observed in the positions: 3 (lopаta), 5 (sestrоm) and 6 (devоjka), in which the older condition is always better preserved in the Romanian part of Banat (MG, 62.60%: VG, 28.83% , 50.4%: VG, 16.51%, MG, 70.27%: VG, 21.97%), while moving of the accent in the New-Shtokavian direction is more pronounced on the Serbian side. In positions 5 and 6, the postaccentual length is very stable on the Serbian side, while in Romania it is almost lost (VG, 66.97%: MG, 0.8%; (VG, 67.03%: MG 2.70%).

УНУТРАШЊА МИКРОРАСЛОЈЕНОСТ ГОВОРА ТУТИНСКО-НОВОПАЗАРСКО-СЈЕНИЧКЕ ЗОНЕ

Author(s): Bojana M. Veljović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 5/2019

In this work we study the occurrence of microstratification in the speech of Tutin, Novi Pazar and Sjenica, which belongs to the Zeta-Sjenica dialect. The internal stratification of the mentioned areal is, firstly, the consequence of its peripheral position. In its marginal regions the speeches of this zone are in contact with the speeches of Kosovo-Resava dialect on the one and of Eastern Herzegovinian dialect on the other hand, and the consequences of such contacts are also evinced in the linguistic system. Therefore, the first task of this work is to determine the linguistic traits which entered this speech as a result of interdialectal permeation and which are reflected through the territorial, horizontal stratification. Apart from that, in this speech, there is also a vertical stratification, which implies the differences conditioned by the speaker’s origin and confession. At different levels of linguistic structure, namely, there are noticeable features which are conditioned by non-internal linguistic factors, among which are especially noticeable contacts with other language speakers (Turkish and Albanian), which were taking place on this territory for centuries. The effect of the Turkish and Albanian language is primarily noticeable among the speakers of Muslim religion, and especially among those who descended from the Catholic Hoti tribe who immigrated to the Pešter Plateau from Albania. As a result of the mentioned factors, on the entire examined territory differences are noticeable which lead to the polarization in the speech of the Muslim folk, in which stronger presence of foreign elements and speeches of Christians is evinced, which to a great degree remains outside such influence. Determining the span and origin of such linguistic occurrences is also a matter of interest in this work.

ЈЕЗИЧКЕ КАРАКТЕРИСТИКЕ ЛАЗАРИЧКИХ ПЈЕСАМА У КЊИЗИ ОБИЧАИ И ПĬСНИ ТУРЕЦКИХЪ СЕРБОВЪ ИВАНА СТЕПАНОВИЧА ЈАСТРЕБОВА

Author(s): Miodrag Jovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 5/2019

The book “Обичаи и пĬсни турецкихъ сербовъ” written by the Russian diplomat, scientists, and historian Ivan Stepanovič Jastrebov, to whom the Serbian nation is much indebted for all he did during his stay in office in Prizren – on two different occasions, between 1870 and 1886 – is primarily a monograph of the ethnographic type. The texts of 500 songs – intact or just parts of them, mostly written in the decasyllabic poetic meter, or to a lesser extent, the octosyllabic, nonasyllabic or even heptasyllabic meter (especially the lazarice songs), describe the individual customs of the population of Kosovo and Methonija and the neighboring territories of western Macedonia. A part of the volume is dedicated to the descriptions of customs related to the Christian calendar (the patron saint days, Christmas, the Epiphany, Đurđevdan, Lazarice, etc.) – in this paper we focus on the lazarice songs. They represent the first relevant records of folk speech of the two Serbian dialects in Kosovo and Metohija: most of the songs have to do with the area of the Prizren-juznomoravski dialect, and a smaller number of them refer to the Kosovo-resavski dialect in and around the city of Peć. As the author himself states in the preface, he attempted to record the songs, using the guidelines set down by Vuk Karadžić, as precisely as possible, and to preserve the source pronunciation. The authentic nature of the dialects recorded can be determined by comparing them to the more current dialects of the area in which the lazarice songs first emerged. Even though Jastrebov indicated that he had recorded the oral traditions of the Serbs as he heard them in the field, considering his limited knowledge of the Serbian language, and especially folk language, we in this paper, by analyzing several phonetic ana morphosyntactic features, asked ourselves the question whether all the songs belong to the same original dialect or whether some have been permeated by non-indigenous linguistic features.

О ДИЈАЛЕКАТСКИМ ОСОБЕНОСТИМА НАЋФАЛЕ У РУМУНСКОМ БАНАТУ

Author(s): Dragana I. Radovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 5/2019

У раду се на основу теренских записа указује на најмаркантније структуралне дијалекатске особености (фонетске, морфолошке и морфосинтаксичке) у говору Наћфале у румунском Банату. Пописом и интерпретацијом важнијих структуралних одлика говора Наћфале и поређењем материјала са суседним пунктовима истог микроареала с обеју страна државне границе која пресеца Банат, намера аутора је да се ситуира овај месни говор у контексту осталих севернобанатских говора и представе резултати теренских истраживања обављених у два наврата у Наћфали у протеклих десетак година.

Word-initial /ɨ/~[ɨ] in Polish

Author(s): Alexander Andrason / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The present article examines the accuracy of the widespread opinion according to which Polish entirely lacks a word-initial phoneme or (allo)phone /ɨ/~[ɨ]. After reviewing seventeen nominal, adjectival, interjective, and ideophonic lexemes, the author concludes the following: the word-initial /ɨ/~[ɨ] is attested in Polish; however, it is peripheral from the perspective of the phonological and/or phonetic system of this language.

О АКЦЕНАТСКИМ КАРАКТЕРИСТИКАМА СРПСКИХ ГОВОРА У БАНАТСКОЈ КЛИСУРИ (БЕЛОБРЕШКА)

Author(s): Aleksandra Lončar Raičević,Irena R. Cvetković Teofilović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2018

Based on the field research carried out on the territory of the Danube Gorge in Romania, in the village of Belobreška, we have collected the material which was used in the analysis of the prosodic characteristics of the given variety. The paper presents the accentual system, including the inventory and the distribution of the prosodemes. One of the most prominent features of this variety is the Old-Shtokavian type of accentuation, i.e. the new system of three accents derived from the Old-Shtokavian inventory with two accents.

О АКЦЕНАТСКИМ КАРАКТЕРИСТИКАМА СРПСКИХ ГОВОРА У РУМУНИЈИ (ГОВОР ДИЊАША)

Author(s): Aleksandra Lončar Raičević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2017

After the field research conducted in Banat region in Romania, that is in areas called Rudna, Dinjaš and Šenđurac, there has been collected a material for the analyses of the prosodic features of the dialects. The research itself represents a comparison between Serbian dialects in Banat region in Romania on one hand, and Banat speech of Šumadija-Vojvodina dialect and Smederevo-Vršac dialect on the other hand. In the crucial part of the research there is the analysis of the prosodic phenomena: placement of accent, quantity, quality and unaccented quantity, and, using the comparative method, the research confirmed the specificities of the idiomssimilarities and differencies between them.

ПОСЛЕДИЦЕ МЕЂУЈЕЗИЧКОГ КОНТАКТА НА ФОНОЛОШКО-ФОНЕТСКОМ ПЛАНУ У СРПСКИМ ГОВОРИМА ЈУГОЗАПАДНОГ ДЕЛА КОСОВА И МЕТОХИЈЕ

Author(s): Radivoje Mladenović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2017

Ареал који се разматра припада области вишевековне етнобиолошке симбиозе, најпре ране словенско-романске, у касном средњем веку и словенско-турске и словенско-албанске у каснијим вековима. Миграције сточарског становништва из области јужно од Шар-планине, посебно из западне Македоније, доносиле су словенске дијалекатске системе који су претрпели знатнији утицај несловенских идиома. Померање српског становништва из северне Албаније крајем XVII века, пре свега у јужну Метохију, донело је српске идиоме са знатнијим албанским упливом. Измене су најобухватније у јужнометохијским призренско- - јужноморавским говорима због српско-албанског контакта, посебно интензивног после краја XVII века, када је дошло до померања српског становништва према северу и насељавања области албанофоном популацијом. Миксоглотија и интензитет контаката различитих фонолошких система имао је за последицу измене како у прозодијском систему и инвентару фонолошких јединица тако и у померањима у акустичко- - артикулационим својствима појединих фонема у словенским идиомима. Утицаји несловенских фонолошких система огледају се у следећем: а) развијање акцента без фонолошких обележја, б) опстанак фонеме полугласничке вредности, в) склоност ка редуковању пуних вокала (знêм), г) јачање полугласничког призвука испред /р/ вокалног, са факултативним развијањем двофонемске групе /êр/ (êрђаво), д) смањење палаталности предњонепчаних сонаната (љ, њ > л’, н’), ђ) присуство дистрибуционог ограничења о немогућности група /ли, ле/, које се рализују као /л’и, л’е/, е) неутрализација опозиције по палаталности африката и свођење на појединачне јединице са развијањем балканске опозиције по звучности (ћ, ђ, ч, џ > ч/ђ, џ/ђ).

ДАТИВ У ГОВОРИМА МЕТОХИЈСКО-КОСОВСКО-СЕВЕРНОШАРПЛАНИНСКОГ АРЕАЛА

Author(s): Radivoje Mladenović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2016

У ареалу који чине говори призренско-јужноморавског типа у јужној Метохији, јужном и централном Косову и северношарпланинском сиринићком говору, затим у три северношарпланинска говора, која су претрпела знатнији утицај оближњих македонских говора, флексивни датив није аналитизован у значењима намене и посесије. У значењу правца, управљености, флексивни датив замењен је аналитичким конструкцијама у северношарпланинским говорима, док су примери типа Идем как Урошевцу, трчале смо кəк Топлуве потврђени као факултативни у говорима призренско-јужноморавског типа. Флексивни датив овога значења потврђен је већим бројем примера у косовским говорима, док је у јужнометохијском делу присутан само у подримском говору. Опстанак флексије датива намене и посесије објашњава се тиме да је једини носилац граматичког значења оваквог датива граматички наставак, док је у предлошко-падежним конструкцијама носилац значења предлог. Облицима датива оба броја говори призренско-јужноморавског типа сродни су косовско-ресавскима (сину, јарету, жене; овема синовима, јарићама, старема женама). У северношарпланинском горанском и подгоранском говору у једнини именица -а деклинационог обрасца уопштен је наставак -и, у сретечком говору наставак -е. У дативу множине у горанском и сретечком говору није потврђен новији наставак -ма, па је љуђам, женам / женем, док су у подгоранском говору потврђена оба множинска наставка (женам / женама, синовам / синовима).

НЕКЕ ЈЕЗИЧКЕ И ДИЈАЛЕКАТСКЕ ЦРТЕ ЗБОРНИКА (РС 684) ИЗ ПРВЕ ЧЕТВРТИНЕ XIX ВЕКА

Author(s): Dragana Novakov / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2016

Рад продужава серију језичких истраживања рукописне књиге под називом Зборник (Рс 684) из прве четвртине XIX века која се чува у Народној библиотеци Србије у Београду. Аутор разматра неке дијалекатске особености овога споменика који је писан руком једнога писара брзописним писмом поменутога периода. Текст ове рукописне књиге писан је језиком који се састоји од српских народних језичких црта и од рускословенских. Ове прве, заступљене су у већој мери. Иако је језички материјал оскудан, ипак се на основу њега може закључити да особине које спадају у слој српскога народнога језика одражавају његову припадност херцеговачко-крајишком дијалекту.

РЕДИСТРИБУЦИЈА КОНСОНАНТСКИХ ГРУПА УНУТАР НОВИХ АНГЛИЦИЗАМА У СРПСКОМ ЈЕЗИКУ

Author(s): Marina Janjić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2015

The processes of globalization have made a strong impact on the linguistic level, especially when it comes to the influx of anglicisms in European languages. Contact linguistics has achieved its full development, a major reference in this field were made on the plan of serbian language. Encouraging by actuality of these linguistic events, we focused on research to the phonological adaptation of konsonant’s system in current anglicisms in the Serbian language. Due to the complexity and scope of the problem, the focus of this paper remains in question of konsonant’s system of English to Serbian replicas. The analysis of the distribution of consonants in anglicisms will point out the significant phonological innovations in Serbian phonetic system.

Jezici u kontaktu i kontrastu (tipološka klasifikacija jezika/fonološko poređenje jezičkih promjena)

Author(s): Aleksandra Banjević / Language(s): Montenegrine Issue: 2/2009

Language contacts can be studied in three directions: a) language acquisition; b) language borrowing; c) translation. In this project all three directions are investigated. The process of language borrowing has been analysed on four levels: the phonological, the morphological, the semantic and the syntactic levels. The adaptation of a model (a foreign word) shows two kinds of changes: primary and secondary changes which take place on all four levels. The adaptation on the quoted levels is carried out according to the three types of transphonemization (zero, compromise and free), three types of transmorphemization (zero, compromise and complete) and, according to the, degree of the change of meaning, on the semantic level.

Jотовање у рукописима Црногорског сената

Author(s): Sanja Šubarić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2010

This paper offers a review of specific features regarding the process of jotation in the documents of the Montenegrin Senate (the central administrative and judicial organ in Montenegro from 1831 to 1979; due to objective circumstances, the analysis has been restricted to the language in the Senate’s documents written in the period 1860–1879). The analysis has shown that in the manuscripts of the Senate the ProtoSlavic and the new jotation is mostly present in the groups labial + j – the nonjotated forms feature only sporadically; the dialect-induced break of the consonant clusters пљ, бљ, вљ and мљ, formed by the Proto-Slavic jotation, is reflected in certain toponyms and their derivations (Жуплна, Грбланина, Пјеваља), and it is also pertinent to some forms of the adjectival passive participles (глобјени, углавјени) and less frequently to forms of iterative verbs (јавјамо, окупјам), verbal nouns (живјење, непоразумјенi)...; the exceptions to the rule of the new jotation are reduced to the cluster бљ (робље ^ робје); jekavian jotation of the labial consonants is asserted by only about ten examples: the clusters пљ, вљ and мљ are limited to only one lexeme each (Пљенавац, живл%ла, спразумљети), and the cluster бљ features in various lexemes (пребљегу, обљешени, побљећи). According to these relations in the registered examples, and with regard to the condition in the Montenegrin speeches, we can assume that even the less educated correspondents of the Senate have also imitated the literary model in the official correspondence, thus overcoming the mixing of the dialects in the reflections of dated and recent groups labial consonant + j. In relation to the jekavian jotation of the dental consonants d and m, an inconsistency has been confirmed (виђети: видјети, ђетета : дјетета; исћера : истјера, хћели : хт%ли). Apart form the common jekavian forms, such as љето, прољеће, кољено..., there are also the forms of the words of foreign origin in which љ is the result of the analogical jotation (биљет, таљер). Jotation of the pronominal prefix н% is not frequent (њеки, њешто, нћколико). There are no graphemic confirmations of the fricatives с and з jotation before је < i, i.e. the pronunciation of the sounds с' and з' (Пресједник, сјеђаше; изјеле); the examples for assuming the pronunciation of the sound с' (Седоци) are quite rare.

Фонетиката в ареалната лингвистика

Author(s): Irena Sawicka / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2010

In the paper the general principles of the description of the Balkan phonetics are formulated and a general look on the Balkan phonetics is shortly presented. The distinguished phonetic areas do not fully overlap with the scope of the Balkan Sprachbund defined on the basis of morphosyntax. However there is one mini region that could be considered the center of the Balkan phonetics. Otherwise the Balkan territory can be divided at least into three various phonetic areas.

Писатели и езикознание

Author(s): Živko Bojadžiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2005

A. Linke, М. Nussbaumer, Р. R. Portmann. Studienbuch Linguistik

Author(s): Živko Bojadžiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2004

Review of: A. Link е, M. Nussbaumer, Р. R. Portmann. Studienbuch Linguistik (erganzt um ein Kapitel Phonetik und Phonologie von U. Willi), 4., unveranderte Auflage [Reihe Germanistische Linguistik; 121 : Kollegbuch]. Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tubingen, 2001. 463 стр.