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Языковой памятник говора сергачских мишарей: текст исповеди XIX века

Author(s): Fanuza Sh. Nurieva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 03 (26)/2017

Studying a translated missionary monument ― a confession written in the folk-spoken language of Sergach Mishars in the later half of the 19th century ― is of great interest for comparison with modern spoken and literary Tatar language. This test, being a linguistic monument of the dialect of the Sergach Mishars, contains extensive material on the spoken language, which has sound correspondences with contemporary dialects of the Tatar language; ancient dialectic relations can be traced through it, as well. The article aims to obtain new information about the Mishar dialect system of that period using the translated text. Our research allows to introduce factual areagraphic material into scientific use, and thus promotes a more complete study of the centuries-old history and culture of the nation in their local performances.

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Возможности цифровых технологий…: описание аллофонов передних гласных, гортанного смычного и объектного согласования глагола в энецком языке

Author(s): Olesya Khanina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 03 (26)/2017

The paper discusses digital resources now existing for Enets (a corpus and sound dictionaries) and illustrates new descriptive possibilities entailed by their usage. Two examples from the Enets phonology, known for its extreme variability, and one example from the Enets grammar are used for the purpose. Firstly, a distributional analysis of front vowel allophones [i], [ɨ], and [e] is suggested; the logic of this distribution had so far eluded scholars of Enets: it turns out to be connected both to optional palatalization of the preceding consonant (and this connection is statistical rather than categorical, which means it could hardly be described without the data on the frequency of various phonetic realizations of Enets phonemes, provided now by the sound dictionary) and to the existence of all three allophones [i], [ɨ], and [e] by /e/, though not by /i/. Secondly, all types of phonetic realizations of the glottal stop phoneme are listed with spectrograms, and this description allows for rebutting of an earlier hypothesis by [Siegl 2013] that a recent sound change could be observed here. Thirdly, analysis of all interrogative sentences taken out from the Enets corpus helps to understand what controls the presence of the object crossreference marker in an Enets verb. A story of creation and usage of the Enets digital resources speaks for advantages of these new methodological approaches and invites scholars of other underdescribed languages to follow the path.

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Анализ системы консонантизма в казахских памятниках конца XIX — начала XX вв.

Author(s): Nurila Shaymerdinova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (23)/2016

In the article, five Kazakh written monuments of the late 19th and early 20th centuries are discussed. Some peculiarities of consonantism that appear in spelling are found out, in comparison with the modern literary Kazakh language ("bias" in favour of voiced consonants, vowel harmony violation, intra-word contractions, insertions and losses of phonemes). It is noted that the monuments at hand reflect a certain stage in the historical development of the Kazakh language, in particular, the process of the allophones’ phonematization by voicelessness / sonority. We were able to single out the main factors causing the phonetic differences between the monuments and Modern Literary Kazakh (orthoepic tendencies, impact of dialects and sub-dialects on the monuments’ language, influence of other languages (Arabic, Russian, and Turkic languages).

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DIAKRONIA E ARBËRISHTES SË SIQELISË PËRMES MBISHKRIMEVE

Author(s): Giuseppe CHIARAMONTE / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 36/2017

In addition to the author's works, the inscriptions, both sepulchral and dedicatory or of other types, contribute to illustrating the diachronic development of a language. Among the Arbëreshë of Sicily, a considerable number of inscriptions reveals the uninterrupted use of the Albanian language, perhaps preceding the same work by Lekë Matanga (1591), and the constant effort for its orthographic result. Many of them, which have disappeared for the passage of time and human neglect, are witnessed by works of various authors, others, still existing, are shown in photographic images. From the reading of the texts, the scholar can get phonological, philological and diachronic considerations.

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Kadinhani Ağzi'ndan Derleme Sözlüğü’ne Katkilar

Author(s): Dilek Erenoğlu Ataizi,Burak Sözer / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 01/2018

Dialects constitute one of the primary resources waiting to be explored in the context of language studies. Anatolian dialects are faced with the threat of vocabulary disappearance particularly because of rapid technological developments, the convergence towards a standard dialect, the increasing literacy rate and an accelerating immigration from villages towards city centers. In order to avoid this situation, it is necessary to increase the dialect - field studies and to transfer the resulting data to the Dialect Dictionary. The purpose of this study is to make a contribution to the dialect studies through the vocabulary discovered in the context of field studies conducted in Kadınhanı city center and its Turkmen - Yoruk villages. The newly-discovered vocabulary is classified based on category and area of use.

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Води ли неправилната артикулация и перцепция на съгласната Л до грешки при писане?

Author(s): Gergana Padareva-Ilieva,Sofiya Mitsova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2016

In previous research we have proved that the articulation of the Bulgarian consonant [l] as [ŭ] in all positions except the position before the front vowels [e] and [i] is an expansive phenomenon especially among the young people. This paper presents the results of a pilot experiment which main goal is to prove the assumption that this incorrect articulation leads to a relevant perception and could be a reason for spelling mistakes. The respondents in the experiment are forty one students in fifth and sixth grade which mother tongue is Bulgarian. The results indicate an evident tendency towards deepening in spelling mistakes as a result of the incorrect articulation of the consonant [l].

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ÖĞRETMEN GÖRÜŞÜNE GÖRE YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE KAZAK ÖĞRENCİLERİN KARŞILAŞTIKLARI SORUNLAR

Author(s): Mustafa Arslan,Cemal Özdemir / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 41/2018

The language characteristics and structure of the target language should be emphasized in foreign language teaching. The teaching of Turkish as a foreign language to Turkish compatriots and the teaching of the speakers of different origins and structures with different methods are manifested more clearly as a result of the accumulation. In this research, it was tried to find out a situation on the problems encountered in teaching Turkish as a foreign language to the Turkish compatriots by taking Kazakhstan as an example and to present solution proposals. In order to reach the correct data in the research using qualitative and quantitative (semi-structural method) methods, relevant sources were examined and a questionnaire consisting of Likert type questions was developed by referring to expert opinions. The obtained data is analyzed in Excel and RStudio programs and interpreted with tables. It has been determined that the Kazakh students learning Turkish with Turkey’s Turkish have made mistakes in reading and writing in a variety of forms from Turkish language skills. According to the findings obtained, it was found that the Kazakh students made more mistakes in the writing skill than the reading skill in learning Turkey’s Turkish, that the mistakes they made in terms of phonetics were more than in morphology, that the students had difficulty with reading and writing the numerical expressions and long words, that the students who know Kazakh very well make fewer mistakes. It has been considered that the occurrence of these errors is influenced by negative transfers from Russian and the mother tongue.

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TÜRKÇE VE RUSÇADA VİRGÜL KULLANIMININ KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZİ

Author(s): Tuğba Aydoğdu Yüksel,Zulfiya Şahin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 35/2017

We use all the means of verbal language for a thought that we want to express in verbal communication. We can convey the informative features of thought by semantic and syntactic means of language and the emotional properties with the help of phonological means such as intonation, emphasis and various pauses. In the same way, in written text, written language means are used in order to convey the author's thoughts correctly and to create the desired effect on reader. The informative features of written thought are also given by semantic and syntactic means, emotional characteristics are conveyed by the punctuation marks, which are written forms of the phonological features such as intonation, emphasis and pause. Punctuation is a signal system that reflects the semantic, phonological and syntactic features of an expression in written form and shapes it in the context of features that include an ordering. In this study, that includes a short history of punctuation, the similarities and differences of comma usage, regular and irregular correspondences of comma usage and peculiarities of comma usage in Turkish and Russian are examined through parallel texts.

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Temporal event-structure coding in developmental dyslexia: evidence from explicit and implicit temporal processes

Author(s): Mark A. Elliott,Louise M. Shanagher / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2010

As an alternative to theories positing visual or phonological deficits it has been suggested that the aetiology of dyslexia takes the form of a temporal processing deficit that may refer to impairment in the functional connectivity of the processes involved in reading. Here we investigated this idea in an experimental task designed to measure simultaneity thresholds. Fifteen children diagnosed with developmental dyslexia, alongside a matched sample of 13 normal readers undertook a series of threshold determination procedures designed to locate visual simultaneity thresholds and to assess the influence of subthreshold synchrony or asynchrony upon these thresholds. While there were no significant differences in simultaneity thresholds between dyslexic and normal readers, indicating no evidence of an altered perception, or temporal quantization of events, the dyslexic readers reported simultaneity significantly less frequently than normal readers, with the reduction largely attributable presentation of a subthreshold asynchrony. The results are discussed in terms of a whole systems approach to maintaining information processing integrity.

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Stability of the syntagmatic probability distributions

Author(s): Strahinja Dimitrijević,Aleksandar Kostić,Petar Milin / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2009

The aim of the present study is to establish criteria for the optimal size of a corpus that can provide stable conditional probabilities of morphological and/or syntagmatic types. The optimality of corpus size is defined in terms of the smallest sample that generates probability distribution equal to distribution derived from the large sample that generates stable probabilities. The latter distribution we refer to as “target distribution”. In order to establish the above criteria we varied the sample size, the word sequence size (bigrams and trigrams), sampling procedure (randomly chosen words and continuous text) and position of the target word in a sequence. The obtained distributions of conditional probabilities derived from smaller samples have been correlated with target distributions. Sample size at which probability distribution reaches maximal correlation (r=1) with the target distribution was taken as being optimal. The research was done on Corpus of Serbian language. In case of bigrams the optimal sample size for random word selection is 65.000 words, and 281.000 words for trigrams. In contrast, continuous text sampling requires much larger samples to reach stability: 810.000 words for bigrams and 868.000 words for trigrams. The factors that caused these differences remain unclear and need additional empirical investigation.

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Prikladnost testova fluentnosti za procenu lateralizovanosti epileptičnog žarišta kod dece sa parcijalnom epilepsijom

Author(s): Jasmina Vuksanović,Milena Đurić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2008

Fluency tests are frequently used in clinical practice to asses executive functions. The literature data are not unequivocal although in a great number of papers is pointed out the importance of the left hemisphere, specially of the left frontal lobes in the mediation of phonological fluency and the right hemisphere in the mediation of nonverbal fluency. This paper considers the suitability of fluency tests for the detection of left versus right seizure laterality. The sample consisted of thirty-two epilepsy patients divided into two groups: LHF-participants with the seizure focus in the left hemisphere (n=16), and DHF-participants with the seizure focus in the right hemisphere (n=16), and K-the control group of t age-matched healthy children (n=50) aged 7-11 years. The qualitative and quantitative comparison of the phonological and nonverbal fluency performance was carried out in consideration of the seizure laterality as well as compared to the healthy controls. The results of phonological fluency performance revealed that the performance of the LHF group was significantly reduced as compared to both DHF and K group. The analysis of nonverbal fluency performance revealed that the performance of the DHF group was significantly reduced as compared to both LHF and K group The qualitative analysis obtained valuable data, which could additionally contribute to the neuropsychological evaluation of the left versus right seizure laterality.

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Aproksimacija verovatnoća i optimalna veličina jezičkog uzorka

Author(s): Aleksandar Kostić,Svetlana Ilić,Petar Milin / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2008

Reliable language corpus implies a text sample of size n that provides stable probability distributions of linguistic phenomena. The question is what is the minimal (i.e. the optimal) text size at which probabilities of linguistic phenomena become stable. Specifically, we were interested in probabilities of grammatical forms. We started with an a priori assumption that text size of 1.000.000 words is sufficient to provide stable probability distributions. Text of this size we treated as a "quasi-population". Probability distribution derived from the "quasi-population" was then correlated with probability distribution obtained on a minimal sample size (32 items) for a given linguistic category (e.g. nouns). Correlation coefficient was treated as a measure of similarity between the two probability distributions. The minimal sample was increased by geometrical progression, up to the size where correlation between distribution derived from the quasi-population and the one derived from an increased sample reached its maximum (r=1). Optimal sample size was established for grammatical forms of nouns, adjectives and verbs. General formalism is proposed that allows estimate of an optimal sample size from minimal sample (i.e. 32 items).

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Lâfzatullâh’ın Etimolojik, Semantik ve Fonetik Analizi

Author(s): Erdinç Doğru / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 32/2016

In this study lafzatullah (the Word of Allah) is analyzed in its etimological, semantical and phonetical aspects. The classical interpretations on the subject is summarized and it is tried a new interpretation from some different perspective. As we know the God has many names in Islam and the name of Allah is a unique one. The other names of God are verbal adjective ones, but the Word of Allah is his unique name. Even the God presents himself with this name in surah “Ikhlas”. Throughout the article the Word of Allah was examined by it’s lenguistical characteristics more than it’s religious values.

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ФОНЕТИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ ПРОЦЕССА ПРЕПОДАВАНИЯ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА ТУРЕЦКИМ СТУДЕНТАМ

Author(s): Zulfiya Şahin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 11/2014

The article considers the phonetic peculiarities of the formation process of the Russian language listening and pronunciation skills among Turkish students, beside this, is paying attention to the process of cross-language interference and inconsistencies of the two language phonetic systems. Highlighting inconsistencies, the author tries to point out the main causes of phonetic disorders in relation to the Russian pronouncing standards. Along with this article provides recommendations for setting sounds of the Russian language.

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Akustické vlastnosti oslovenia ako sprievodnej komunikačnej funkcie v trénerskom komunikačnom registri

Author(s): Marianna Kraviarová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 27-28/2016

This paper focuses on the sound level of addressing as a communication act in the coach´s communication register, which takes place during communication between the coach and the pubescent players practicing team ball games (handball) in training and game dialogues. The description of the sound level is based on the exact phonetic research of two authentic recordings of communications between the coach and the players. In the analysis of the audio recordings (on the basis of the Praat program), we focused on the specific measurement of intonational characteristics. The aim of the research is to show the differences in the acoustic realization of the addressing as accompanying four communication functions (command, appeal, encouragement, warning) implemented in the addressing communication acts in the coach´s microsocial communication register within training and game dialogues.

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Urbani idiom sa osvrtom na ruralni - Das stadtidiom mit der blick auf das dorfidiom

Author(s): Azra Bešić,Ivica Tokić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 8/2011

Gradovi i sela su mjesta gdje se odvijaju razne vrste razgovora. Njihovi stanovnici usmjeravaju svoju energiju na međusobnu komunikaciju. Slušajući razgovor u gradu veoma lako ćemo ustanoviti da se kroz cijelu priču koja se razvija među govornicima provlače institucije, vrijeme, prostor, raspored kretanja i razne vrste društvenih odnosa – karakterističnih za život u gradu. Ako sa prethodno navedenim razgovorom, pak, usporedimo jedan razgovor na selu, uvidjet ćemo da se ta dva razgovora bitno razlikuju – razgovor na selu neće sadržati elemente koji se nužno spominju u razgovoru između dva gradska govornika. Kad, gdje, kako i zašto ljudi upravo tako govore? Tom problematikom se ukratko bavi ovaj rad.

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Problematika adekvatnoga prevođenja engleskih složenica u bosanskome jeziku

Author(s): Jelena Ilić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 4/2007

Cilj ovoga rada jeste prikazati i ukazati na neadekvatno, odnosno adekvatno prevođenje engleskih složenica u bosanskome jeziku. Važnost složenica nepobitno raste pod jakim utjecajem engleskoga jezika kao najjačega globalnog jezika međunarodne komunikacije. Njegova ekspanzija dovodi do jezičnog posuđivanja velikoga broja složenica i polusloženica, od kojih mnoge ne prolaze proces prilagodbe (npr. u bosanskome jeziku se danas koriste engleske riječi kao što su: bungee jumping, soundtrack, input). Na pitanje je li uporaba takvih neprilagođenih složenica i polusloženica uvijek opravdana ovaj rad će pokušati dati odgovor.complexity, linguistic borrowing, adaptation process, transfonemization, transmorphemization

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Hrvatski govor u slivu rijeke Soline - Osnovne morfološke osobitosti

Author(s): Alen Matošević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 4/2007

Morfološke karakteristike govora ispitivane oblasti u znatnoj se mjeri podudaraju sa stanjem u standardu. Za razliku od fonetskih obilježja, u oblicima su konfesionalno markirane crte rijetke.

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Different IPA Equivalents for Some Lithuanian and Latvian vowels

Author(s): Jurgita Jaroslavienė / Language(s): English Issue: 77/2017

Despite the common Baltic origin, the inventories of vowel and consonant phonemes in contemporary Standard Lithuanian and Standard Latvian have differences, firstly, because of functional significance which is not universal: what is phonologically relevant in Lithuanian, cannot be so in Latvian or some other language, because the importance of vowels and consonants in distinguishing one word from another varies from language to language; all languages use a limited number of vowels and consonants that are able to distinguish word meanings. Also, the analysis of acoustic and articulatory phenomena and processes involves the study and comparison of sounds (for example, their distinctive features) of different languages on the basis of similar principles and similar methods by also providing some universal (international) transcription. Nowadays Lithuanian and Latvian vowels (as well as consonants) can be transcribed using not only national (traditional) phonetic symbols but also international phonetic alphabet(s) (universally agreed system(s) of notation for the sounds of languages). In the present article the choice of non-identical equivalents of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) for the long and short monophthongs of contemporary Baltic languages is mainly discussed by highlighting terminology and other nuances of classifying sounds on the basis of different criteria since there can be various (traditional acoustic, articulatory, functional, international articulatory and the like) classifications provided for Lithuanian and Latvian vowel systems.

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MURDELIIGENDUSED XVI–XVIII SAJANDI EESTI KIRJALIKES ALLIKATES

Author(s): Siim Antso / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 63/2017

The article examins the formation of Estonian dialect divisions in the works of various authors of the 16th to 18th century. The selected texts were analyzed from a socio- and colonial linguistic viewpoint. The origin of linguistics and dialectology in Estonia is foreign, as research was conducted by Baltic Germans. In the perspective of colonial linguistics, the effort to learn the local varieties and bring order to the languages was done not only to communicate better with the locals but also to impose cultural domination. Thus languages were modelled after the ruling class’s mother tongue or Latin. The analysis also takes into account the effects of human and natural boundaries on dialect divisions, such as administrative borders, rivers, and forests. The texts analyzed were for the most part of a linguistic nature, being grammars sometimes accompanied by dictionaries. However, some works of history where neighbouring languages were described from a dialect paradigm were also included. For the most part, larger historic administrative units were used to describe the dialect situation in 16th to 18th-century texts. On many occasions larger cities were used to mark a dialect area. In the case of Tartu and Tallinn, specific city language varieties were named to distinguish them from the surrounding dialect area. This kind of a distinction is expected, since the ongoing dispute between the Tartu and Tallinn written language had an immense effect on the whole dialect system. The impact of natural obstacles was almost non-existent in the analyzed texts. It should be noted, however, that the current method only allowed for analysis of the texts themselves and the confirmed and plausible connections between them. Thus, a detailed inquiry with further material is yet to be conducted.

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