Особенности презентации фонетической дифференциации стилистической окраски языковых единиц в словарях современного русского языка

Author(s): Antoni Markunas,Mahanbet Dzhusupov,Kunduz Saparova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 118/2007

The article aims at paying attention to the diversity and sometimes also inconsistency appearing in the most known Russian language normative dictionaries. The authors give the reasons for this state of affairs, indicate the divergence from some phonetic forms as well as quote word stress variants and these dissimilarities functioning altogether. The words marked stylistically as the norm, acceptable or equivalent are taken into consideration in the word exemplification. The lack of unification in this aspect shows coexistence of alternative forms in various handbooks and this may be justified by a constant development of a language.

Ударение в непроизводных именах с однородным вокалическим составом… в ямальском диалекте тундрового ненецкого языка. Часть II. Фонетические слова с гласными верхнего подъема

Author(s): Maria Konstantinovna Amelin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (23)/2016

The article takes into account the field data collected by the author during the work with native speakers of the Yamal dialect of Tundra Nenets in the Tambey tundra and Syo-Yakha (Yamalsky municipal district, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) in April―September 2010 and then added in 2014―2016. The article deals with problems of suprasegmental pho netics of the Yamal dialect (the idiom of Syo-Yakha and the Tambey tundra of the Yamalsky municipal district). In particular, it considers the basic and secondary acoustic correlates of stress (word accent) in the disyllabic underived nouns with homogeneous vocalic structure (with high vowels) in the Yamal dialect. Combinatorics of the primary and secondary acoustic correlates of stress in the Yamal dialect are considered, after which the conclusion is made that the word accent in the Yamal dialect is expiratory and quantitative, i. e. the main acoustic correlates of stress are temporal marking and expiratory marking of a stressed vowel as compared with the unstressed. While marking of a stressed vowel of the first syllable is mainly based on the expiratory emphasis, marking of a stressed vowel of the second syllable is based on the temporal emphasis, which can be explained by the general language tendencies (long pronunciation of the final open syllable and more loud and intense pronunciation of the beginning of a phonetic word compared with the end).

Евангелие от Матфея (1878) как памятник точной фиксации… архаического состояния кильдинского саамского языка

Author(s): Juliya Victorovna Normanskaya / Language(s): Russian Issue: 03 (22)/2016

On the basis of words considered in [Бакула 2016] we demonstrate how the analysis of the vowel correspondences system in the first Gospel, the contemporary standard Kildin and Proto Sami languages changes, if we exclude borrowings from our scope of view. The reason for this exclusion is that borrowings generally have specific correspondences in other languages. It turns out that the system of vowel graphemes of the monument is much closer to the Proto Sami reconstruction than the modern Kildin one. It is interesting to note that the analysis of field materials of the modern Voronin dialect of the Kildin language reveals that the Voronin system of vowel phonemes is also close to the system of vowel graphemes of the first Gospel, whereas the modern Kildin one is very innovative.

«Наставление христианское святителя Тихона на вотском языке» (1891) («Ӟеч кылъёс. Святой Тихонлэн ӟечлы дышетэм кылъёсыз»): особенности консонантизма

Author(s): Maria Kaysina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 03 (22)/2016

The article represents consonant features of the Udmurt written monument of the late 19th century. Сomparing these characteristics with the materials of the dictionary [Wichmann 1987] and the data of the modern Udmurt dialects the author attempts to describe these features as archaic or innovative.

Фонико-фонологические исследования языков народов Сибири в ЛЭФИ им. В. М. Наделяева Института филологии СО РАН

Author(s): Iraida Jacovlevna Selyutina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 03 (22)/2016

The article shows the results of instrumental studies of the sound systems of indigenous minorities' languages of Siberia and adjacent regions. The presence of systems which are structured by the parameters of the larynx movement, as well as regularities of a developed pharyngeal harmony revealed in the Tuvan language, and also the obligatory pharyngealization of the Russian borrowings by the Tuvinians — all these factors serve to prove the important role of pharyngo-laryngeal part of a vocal tract for specifying Siberian peoples’ articulatory-acoustic bases (AAB) and phonological systems in their languages. With the Mongolian lagnuages being relatively close, the principles of a structural-taxonomical organization of the consonant systems of the Mongolian languages are, however, typologically different. A comprehensive analysis of instrumental data on the Tungus-Manchu phonetics through the example of the Evenki language shows that the specifics of the Evenki AAB is determined by a more forward localization of articulatory settings of consonants than in the majority of the surveyed Turkic and Mongolian languages of Siberia. The shifts of Khanty articulatory settings to the center of the oral part of the resonator cavity — meaning that the forelingual consonants’ push back, and, on the contrary, the guttural settings’ move forward — are similar to the previously identified processes in the segment of the vocal systems of the South Siberian Turkic languages, for which an Ugro-Samoyedic substrate is assumed. The reasons for discrepancies between phonic and phonological systems in the Turkic languages of southern Siberia are the heterogeneity of substrates, the different nature of turkization, the specifics of multi-temporal and multi-dimensional contacts of ethnic groups and the differences in their articulatory-acoustic bases.

О предполагаемых субстратных явлениях в некоторых языках Сибири (комментарий к статье И. Я. Селютиной «Фонико-фонологические исследования языков народов Сибири в ЛЭФИ им. В. М. Наделяева Института филологии СО РАН»)

Author(s): Natalia B. Aralova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 03 (22)/2016

This is a comment on the paper by I. Ya. Selyutina “Phonetic-phonological investigations of the languages of Siberia in the Nadelyaev Laboratory of experimental phonetic research of SO RAN”. The theoretical framework adopted in the paper (“the theory of articulatory-acoustic bases”, proposed by V. M. Nadelyaev) assumes that a substrate influence in phonetics and phonology will occur automatically in a situation of language shift, which is questionable. Moreover, a strict definition of “articulatory-acoustic base” is not provided, making it difficult to assess the theory. Selyutina also specifically presents a hypothesis (likewise based on Nadelyaev's work) that pharyngealization in Even is a result of substrate influence. This particular proposal, however, runs contrary to the evidence of molecular anthropology, which indicates that Evens are genetically Tungusic, and from the point of view of historical phonology pharyngealization can be explained as an internal development. One of the most intriguing results in Selyutina's paper concerns the fundamental frequency in Tuvan pharyngealized vowels. Normally one would not expect pharyngealization to be accompanied by a characteristic fundamental frequency. Even if one assumes that pharyngealization is accompanied by glottalization, the particular f0 contour described in the paper is unexpected. Finally, I. Ya. Selyutina reports some data on special laryngeal anatomical features of South Siberian Turkic peoples, who are supposed to descend from speakers of Uralic and Yenisseian languages who underwent language shift. But anatomical measurements from speakers of the supposed substrate languages are not presented, and it would be very surprising — indeed, sensational — to find any connection between a certain anatomical phenotype and specific features of a language.

STUDIMI I THEKSIT TË SHQIPES NË FONOLOGJINË METRIKE DHE NË TEORINË E OPTIMALITETIT

Author(s): Hana Radoniqi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 36/2017

The aim of this paper is to provide explanations for the Albanian stress. What characterizes this is immovability during inflection: whichever syllable following the stem is irrelevant to stress assignment (Lowman 1932, Bevington 1974, Canalis 2007). Since it may fall on different syllables, Albanian linguists have argued that the stress position in the Albanian words cannot be presented with a general rule and that, indefinite form of the nouns, it falls on the penultimate syllable: therefore, even in the borrowings from different languages this is regulated according to this tendency (Dodi 1970). In addition, even the movement of the stress may be presented through the mechanic regulation (Topalli 1995). As a first treatment, stress will be treated in rules representations (Bevington 1974), in the framework of Metrical Phonology and as part of the Optimality Theory (Maynard 1997, Trommer & Grimm 2004, Canalis 2007, Bozhoviq 2012, Bermúdez-Otero 2007, Rugova 2006). The approach of these authors how they have represented the study of stress in general and, the study in Albanian in particular, has surpassed the appearances of its placement in the domain of word or syllable – explaining the relationship between stress and syllable weight and analysis of stress through constraints.

Ergen Seslerinde Ses Değişimi Ve Eğitimi

Author(s): Serkan Otacioğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 01/2017

Voice changes of puberty for highly-age children voice education in future years in terms of speaking and success in singing and an important issue that requires attention. A lot of work is focused on these issues in the world. However, more work needs to be done on an issue in our country. It is that the effect is greater in future years of changes and mutations during children's voices. For this reason, due to mutations symptoms and stages of examining adolescent children premutations, mutations and postmutations that kind of a sound education should take and examined the training received in the ready state of children that age, examining the experienced problems and discussions to provide solutions and subject aimed to contributed.

THE PRONUNCIATION OF DIPHTHONGS BY IRAQI LEARNERS OF ENGLISH

Author(s): Raad Aljomaely / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2018

This study examines the phonetic problems that Iraqi speakers encounter when learning and speaking English. The analysis of the data collected reveals that Iraqi learners face difficulty in the production of most English diphthongs. The comparative analysis between Iraqi English (IE) and Standard British English (BE) helps in determining which similarities and differences either facilitate or hinder communication. The study offers a phonetic description and analysis of IE as spoken by five Iraqis. First, the study explores the problems that these speakers face in the pronunciation of English. Second, it compares their spoken English with Standard British English (BE). Third, it reveals the pedagogical implications that result from the comparison.

Is RoAsT Tougher than StEAk? The Effect of Case Mixing on Perception of Multi-letter Graphemes

Author(s): Jelena Havelka,Clive Frankish / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2010

Case mixing is a technique that is used to investigate the perceptual processes involved in visual word recognition. Two experiments examined the effect of case mixing on lexical decision latencies. The aim of these experiments was to establish whether different case mixing patterns would interact with the process of appropriate visual segmentation and phonological assembly in word reading. In the first experiment, case mixing had a greater effect on response times to words when it led to visual disruption of the multi-letter graphemes (MLGs) as well as the overall word shape (e.g. pLeAd), compared to when it disrupted overall word shape only (e.g. plEAd). A second experiment replicated this finding with words in which MLGs represent either the vowel (e.g. bOaST vs. bOAst) or the consonant sound (e.g. sNaCK vs. sNAcK). These results confirm that case mixing can have different effect depending on the type of orthographic unit that is broken up by the manipulation. They demonstrate that graphemes are units that play an important role in visual word recognition, and that manipulation of their presentation by case mixing will have a significant effect on response latencies to words in a lexical decision task. As such these findings need to be taken into account by the models of visual word recognition.

“ A-” FİİLİ VE TÜREVLERİ

Author(s): Veysi Sevinçli / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 15/2018

Turkish, has been followed up by written documents from the thirteenth century to the present day (20th century). The life of the languages; protecting its vitality, keeping up with the conditions of time, and being protected and possessed like a national fortune, depends on the institutions, organizations and individuals belonging to that language. The prosperity of the tongues and the disappearance of them are the same as those of interest. However, the voices to enrich the language, the harmony between the voices and the additions, roots and words they create are important factors. We also tried to emphasize the use of "a" as one of the voices that have an exceptional place in our language as the verb root and the meanings of the words it created. When we consider the meanings of the words directly or indirectly, almost all of these words have the function of "leaving". However, the function of parting, which is seen in verbs such as "to clarify, to be ignored" the verb is not as clear as the body. This shows that there is a slight shift in meaning in every word construction. In our work, based on the works written in various periods of the Turkish language, especially the TDK dictionary, and the works done on these works, these functions were introduced and explained. Nevertheless, it is not claimed here that all the derivatives derived from the mentioned radical (a-) are shown. The main point we see in these examinations is that sometimes "leaving" functions are seen in indirect expressions. This must be the richness of the Turkic.

Constraints on probability distributions of grammatical forms

Author(s): Aleksandar Kostić,Milena Božić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2007

In this study we investigate the constraints on probability distribution of grammatical forms within morphological paradigms of Serbian language, where paradigm is specified as a coherent set of elements with defined criteria for inclusion. Thus, for example, in Serbian all feminine nouns that end with the suffix "a" in their nominative singular form belong to the third declension, the declension being a paradigm. The notion of a paradigm could be extended to other criteria as well, hence, we can think of noun cases, irrespective of grammatical number and gender, or noun gender, irrespective of case and grammatical number, also as paradigms. We took the relative entropy as a measure of homogeneity of probability distribution within paradigms. The analysis was performed on 116 morphological paradigms of typical Serbian and for each paradigm the relative entropy has been calculated. The obtained results indicate that for most paradigms the relative entropy values fall within a range of 0.75 – 0.9. Nonhomogeneous distribution of relative entropy values allows for estimating the relative entropy of the morphological system as a whole. This value is 0.69 and can tentatively be taken as an index of stability of the morphological system.

An analysis of acoustic properties of selected sounds of RP, General American and Standard Slovak

Author(s): Gabriela Gumanová / Language(s): English Issue: 23-24/2015

Uspješnost čitanja ćirličnog i latiničnog teksta

Author(s): Milena Pašić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2004

Readability of visual units is not only identification of single letters. The success in reading of a text is result of the interaction between different factors. A one of the most important being phonological structure of sequence. The research is done on the sample of 395 primary schoolchildren, divided in to three age groups. There are no differences in success of reading of Cyrillic and Latin text for most of the variables which measured success in reading. The readers who don’t have greater difficulties in reading, use Cyrillic equally well as and Latin alphabet. Moreover, greater practice in uses of one alphabet is not a deciding factor. Differences in uses of one alphabet or the other are notified with inferior readers and are more emphatic in the beginning phases of the development of the reading and writing skill.

Odnos fonema i alofona (primjer analize programom PRAAT)

Author(s): Bernes Aljukić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 8/2011

Considering the terminology and methodology of A. Martinet, the characteristics of articularity of the complex signs in human communication are emphasized in this work. In this frame a phoneme takes special place as a specific language (micro) sign. The relation between phonemes and alophones is shown in few examples on strange language analysis using methodology of American descriptive linguistics. The main goal in this analysis is the usage of computer tool to initialize these or similar modern approaches in phonetics and phonology.

Izgovorne osobine engleskih riječi

Author(s): Jelena Ilić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 5/2008

Ovaj rad predstavlja jednu komparaciju engleskoga i bosanskog samoglasničkog sustava, premda se na prvi pogled i ne bi moglo reći da bi ta dva jezika imala nešto zajedničko zbog različitoga podrijetla. Međutim, neki su engleski samoglasnici itekako poznati bosanskim govornicima jer ih oni imaju u svojem sustavu, te se određene sličnosti lako uočavaju i čine engleski jezik lakšim za izgovor. Ipak, tu su nedvojbeno i neki samoglasnici koje bosanski samoglasnički sustav ne posjeduje, te je otuda i česta pojava pogrešnog izgovaranja istih. Ovaj rad prezentira i najčešće pogreške u izgovoru, a također analizira i diskutira pojavu dominantnosti vokala u realizaciji riječi kao mogućeg krivca pogrešnog izgovora istih.

Hrvatski govor u slivu rijeke Soline - (Osnovne fonetske osobine)

Author(s): Alen Matošević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2006

Rijeka Solina je desna pritoka rijeke Jale. Područje sliva Soline čini sjeverni dio općine Tuzle, a smješteno je na južnom podgorju planine Majevice. Ovom slivnom području pripadaju naselja Breške, Dokanj, Crno Blato, Kosci, Svojtina, Brđani, Dolovi i Solina. Površina sliva iznosi 47 km2 . Od pomenutih naselja većinsko je hrvatsko stanovništvo u Breškama, Doknju, Koscima i na Svojtini pa ona i čine jezgru promatranog teritorija.

Pomorska terminologija u hvarskom govoru u usporedbi s ekvivalentima u venecijanskom dijalektu

Author(s): Vinko Kovačić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2006

Namjera ovog istraživanja je popisati ispitivanjem informanata dobivene pomorske termine u govoru grada Hvara na istoimenom otoku te ih usporediti s njihovim ekvivalentima u varijetetima venecijanskog dijalekta koji se govore ili su se govorili na obalama Jadranskog mora. Korpus pomorskih termina koji se ovdje istražuju ograničen je na one koji se koriste u svakodnevnom životu tamošnjih ribara. U Hvaru se koristi varijetet čakavskog dijalekta koji, kao i ostali čakavski varijeteti, obiluje romanizmima od kojih su najveći dio venecijanizmi.

“Phonics generalizations” in teaching foreign language pronunciation

Author(s): Daniela Sorádová,Zdena Kralova,Jana Birova / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

Introduction. The Phonics method is commonly applied to teach the logical association of English phonemes and graphemes to young native learners. As the correspondence between pronunciation and spelling in English is considered rather difficult by non-native learners, the Phonics method could find its important place in foreign language classrooms as well. The Phonics method is rather new in the Slovak educational context. Therefore, we wanted to find out what is the Phonics method awareness and application rate among English language teachers in Slovakia. Materials and Methods. To answer the research questions, the methods of questionnaire and semi-structured interview were used in the sample of 92 Slovak teachers of English. Results. It was found out that only half of the teachers know the Phonics method and less than a quarter of teachers apply it in their English classes. Conclusions. As the Phonics method rules (Phonics Generalizations) can help non-native learners learn English pronunciation and spelling more effectively, more information on the method should be incorporated into both pre-service and in-service teacher training curricula.

Assimilation of English borrowings in Japanese

Author(s): Justyna Wawrzyniuk / Language(s): English Issue: 04 (19)/2017

This study provides a corpus-based analysis of English borrowings in Japanese with the focus on the assimilation processes which the borrowed items undergo. The corpus has been compiled by the author using a number of websites used by speakers of Japanese. The study shows that most of the borrowings undergo graphic and phonetic assimilation, such as vowel insertion and sound substitution. Grammatical and semantic assimilation are both less apparent and less frequent. Japanese uses a considerable number of borrowings from English, but as the examples discussed in this study, the borrowings often co-exist with their native equivalents and are used interchangeably.