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TÜRKÇEDE VE ALMANCADA SES BENZEŞİMİ

Author(s): Adnan Aldemir / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 10/2013

Sound affinity (Lat. assimilare "to make similar", Akkomodation, assimilation, melting (Verschmelzung) and transition (Überführung), in other words assimilation is voice change and simulation event in the language, which represents the pragmatic transition towards simplicity from complexity. This generally takes place in (diachronic) changes as well as the language, but also (synchronic) occurs. Turkish and German, although belonging to different language families, have mostly similar and sometimes different sound change features. Nasal types of sound change simulation are nasalisation, palatalisation, forward simulation, backward simulation, senorisation between vowels, vowel harmony, latest vowel deleting, the last vowel drop, drop of inner vowel, sound derivation, the pre-derivation, the inner derivation, the last derivation, methathesis, displacement, drop of syllables, dissimilation, anomaly, reiterative, degemination, cohesion, coming side by side of two vowel, change and rounding of the middle syllable vowel. Sounds that are the basic building blocks of a language, however, are consistent within the confines of the basic sound rules of the language, and they form roots and affixes, syllables, words and phrases. This formation is quite impressed with each other. Proper usage and understanding of a language are possible through knowing well the sound change events which seen in accents and mouths.

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Узвици као средство за изражавање емоција у романтичарској поезији

Author(s): Miloslav Ž. Čarkić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2005

As the title requires, our attention in this discourse will be focused on the role of exclamations as a means of expressing emotions in romanticist poetry. Namely, exclamations as unchangeable and dependent words do not serve as names, designations in natural language, but are used in expressing: wonder, grief, pain, sorrow, anger, joy, desire, disgust. They are therefore the most suitable means for expressing emotions in poetic language. Since emotions played an important part in the spiritual creations of romanticism, it is understandable that exclamations as a direct means of expressing emotional states of the man-poet were substantially present in romanticist poetry. This arises from the essential feature of romanticism – that it understands the world extremely subjectively, that it insists on the poetic image of the world, that it replaces reality by imagination, that it acknowledges only its own Self – and finally, that the romanticist poetry is the poetry of sorrow.

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Hrvatski novogovor u jeziku časopisâ bosanskohercegovačkih ogranaka Matice hrvatske

Author(s): Marica Petrović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 2/2005

Croatian language in Bosnia and Herzegovina went through great changes in the last decade of the twentieth century. This process was primarily influenced by the changes which occurred in the standard Croatian language, and by many nonlingual causes as well. Very few experts in Bosnia and Herzegovina are dealing with standard Bosnia-Herzegovina languages, so “that job was done” by politicians whose main goal was to emphasize the differences, mostly lexical ones.

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Njemački jezik u Austriji

Author(s): Ivica Tokić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 2/2005

U ovom radu obrađivat će se dijalekti na njemačkom govornome području sa posebnim osvrtom na Austriju i Saveznu pokrajnu Tirol. U pomenutoj pokrajni u upotrebi je istočno-gornjenjemački dijalekt, odnosno bavarski dijalekt. Bit će riječi o nekim osobitostima ovog dijalekta u odnosu na druge, pomenut će se i neke razlike unutar ovoga dijalekta.

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EESTI MURDESÕNA VING

Author(s): Vilja Oja / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 63/2017

While slaughtering pigs, in olden times Estonians have closed the animal’s mouth using a string noose, put around the pig’s snout and tightened with a wooden toggle. This prevented the pig from shrieking or biting. This tool has been named in the vernacular mostly according to one of the two parts (either the noose or the toggle), e.g. seaninapöör ‘pig snout toggle’ nõnapulk ‘snout stick’, seaprill, -prillid ‘pig eyeglass(es)’, ninaprill ‘snout eyeglasses’, vahr ‘hoop’, and others. In south-eastern Estonia, as well as occasionally in the Islands dialect, this object is called ving, vinguss or similar, and a verb formed from the same stem has been used as well. The use of a word with the stem ving in this sort of meaning cannot be justified on the basis of the Estonian word stock and its origin is unknown. In this article, two possible loan etymologies for the Estonian ving stem are presented. First, the loan source may be the German noun Zwinge, which has emerged as ving in Estonian through the regular sound change zw- > v-. Alternatively, the source word may be the Low German verb winden or the noun winde (cf. German Windung), with the sound change d > g, found in other Estonian words as well.

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THEODOR KALJO JA Õ-HÄÄLIKU PIIR SAAREMAAL

Author(s): Taavi Pae / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 63/2017

The Estonian phoneme that has received the most attention in spoken language as well as among researchers is the vowel õ. It is remarkable both phonetically and in the shape of the written letter. The letter õ exists in only a few of the world’s languages and does not denote the same phoneme in languages other than Estonian. The vowel õ is absent in most of the languages of the neighbouring countries of Estonia. The appearance of the letter õ in Estonian has been studied in many publications. The primary introduction of õ largely owes to the early 19th-century activity of Otto Wilhelm Masing, a pastor and Estophile. Prior to this, written Estonian was based on the rules of German orthography, which were not sufficiently expressive. The vowel õ has not been uniformly pronounced all around the Estonian dialect area. The most prominent difference occurs on the island of Saaremaa. This article reviews Theodor Kaljo’s master’s dissertation on the boundary between the vowels õ and ö in eastern Saaremaa (published in 1928). The article also gives an overview of the earlier vague knowledge of this boundary and also surveys Kaljo’s struggles in defending his dissertation (finally accepted in 1934). The data used for this article derives mainly from the records on Theodor Kaljo as a student archived in the National Archives of Estonia.

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WSZYSCY SIĘ NAGRYWAJMY!

Author(s): Marcin Studziński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2017

The exercise proposed within the article involves the practical utilization of native speakers as represented by the recordings provided for language textbooks. It involves imitating the speaker’s pronunciation with the simultaneous recording of both – the native speaker’s and one’s own voice. The aim of the exercise is to increase the linguistic awareness of the learner and to improve those shortfalls in their pronunciation. In addition, reference is made to Internet websites and programs which may turn out to be of assistance while working on one’s pronunciation.

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Sandhi-Voicing in Dialectal Polish: Prosodic Implications

Author(s): Ewelina Wojtkowiak,Geoffrey Schwartz / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

Sandhi-voicing in dialectal Polish affects word-final obstruents in pre-sonorant and pre-vocalic environments. According to the standard descriptions, the process occurs irrespectively of the ‘underlying’ laryngeal specification of the consonant. The process has been problematic for phonological theory, with earlier accounts either requiring ad-hoc mechanisms to allow the ‘spreading’ of [voice], or providing an inadequate explanation of why the process is limited to word boundaries. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that sandhi-voicing dialects is a function of weaker word boundaries in the given dialects. Weaker boundaries go hand in hand with weaker initial syllables. We compare the speech of Standard Polish speakers (N=10) with speakers of the Poznań-Kraków dialect (N=10), who recorded sentences containing obstruent- sonorant sequences spanning word boundaries. We found acoustic evidence of weaker initial syllables for two prosodic parameters in the productions of dialect speakers. The relative strength of word-boundaries is described in the Onset Prominence model (OP; Schwartz 2010 et seq.), which also explains the role of manner of articulation in triggering the process.

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KAĞIZMANLI HIFZI’NİN ŞİİRLERİNDE KULLANDIĞI YÖRESEL AĞIZDAKİ KELİMELER

Author(s): Bircan TAŞDEMİR / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 40/2018

Through this study data analysis and document review method, its local mouth properties were examined in order to recognize and recognize Kağızmanlı Aşık Hıfzî in the 100th year of death. The word "bala" in the poem owl is used in the sense of the son in general and used in the "very loved one". Again, the word "branch" in the same poem refers to "back, back" and is widely used in Kars region. In the poetry of flowers, the words "domurcuk, mynine and geyinmiş" are the words used in this region with the influence of Azerbaijani Turkic in the same way. Both morphologically and phonetically, local words have been identified and explained. Kağızmanlı Aşık This study, which was made in order to better understand the reasons of preference of words of Hıfzı, the depth of meaning, the world of emotion and thought, only covers the words preferred by local people.

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AZERBAYCAN DİLİNİN KUZEY GRUBU LEHÇESİ ve ŞİVELERİNDE CÜMLE ÜYELERİNİN İŞLENME ÖZELLİKLERİ VE QIPÇAQ ELEMETLERİN ENTEGRASYONU

Author(s): Könül Səmədova / Language(s): Azerbaijani Issue: 40/2018

This article discusses the main and secondary members of speech of the Azerbaijani language in the Northern dialects, and are given the following examples. One of the differences that separates our dialectical and accent language from the literary language is the fact that object that used with I and II personal pronouns and sometimes with the third personal pronoun, often do not show itself in the sentence. Sentences without subject are often found in dialogues, command sentences, proverbs, applause, and curses. The predicate and predicate category in the dialects in contrast to the literary language, in some cases is falling. In contrast to literary language, there is observed compound predicates in Northen group dialects of Azerbaijani language. Object that is expressed with II and III noun combinations are more used in Nothern group dialects. As in the ancient and modern Turkic languages, Kipchak texts adverbs attract attention with its rich meaning. Different types of adverbs are used in the North group dialects. In the North group dialects, adverb is also processed after predicate in the sentence.

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Et si on apprenait à ne plus appréhender l’enseignement de la prononciation en classe de français ?

Author(s): Maria Patéli / Language(s): French Issue: 17/2018

French pronunciation is a major concern for FSL teachers so much that instructors quite often hesitate to make it one of their teaching objectives. There are two possible explanations for this: FSL teachers either are conscious of their own pronunciation or have limited knowledge of the process, role, and function of the tools available in textbooks in order to teach pronunciation. This article reflects the experience drawn from a workshop we run in Cyprus, in June 2017, during a conference entitled “Les journées d’étude – Langues Moins Diffusées et Moins Enseignées (MoDiMEs): langues enseignées, langues des apprenants”. The aim of this workshop was to demystify didactics of pronunciation, build confidence in FSL teachers, and make them aware of their own teaching process.

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L’orthographe française, cette source de problèmes pour les apprenants algériens

Author(s): Redouane Rima / Language(s): French Issue: 17/2018

Many voices were raised to report the important number of orthography errorspresent in the Algerian learners’ writings. Thereby, we intend, in this article, to identify the causes ofthese errors. Thus, we expect to enhance the level of the aforementioned learners regarding Frenchorthography and help their teachers improving the quality of their teaching.

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Slovensko-romanski jezički kontakt na primeru dve pojave iz rezijskog

Author(s): Marija Runić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 18/2018

This paper investigates the mechanisms of language contact in shaping two aspects of Resian nominal and clausal syntax, the quantifier karjë ‘many, much’ and the rise of subject clitics. Resian is a definitely endangered Slavic variety spoken by not more than 1000 speakers in the Italian Alps, which has been in intense contact with Romance (Friulan and Italian) for centuries. It is well known that language contact is the principal trigger for language change (Kroch, 2001). The contact, indeed, has been readily invoked in some descriptive work on Resian (Skubic, 2000) to account for the observed Romance-like traits of Resian grammar. In order to account for the observed changes, which point to the direction of developing Romance-like traits, I propose instead a scenario which relies on the interplay of both internal and external causes (along the lines of Heine and Kuteva, 2005), with the initial trigger being provided internally (e.g. phonological changes, structural gaps).

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Morfonologia tematu rumuńskich derywatów paradygmatycznych. Alternacje i ich funkcje

Author(s): Tomasz Cychnerski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2018

Paradigmatic derivation is one of the basic word formation processes in Romanian. The aim of this paper is a characterization of its formal exponents. The work is founded on a previously realized analysis of the derivational stem in several thousands of cases of conversion and back-formation. In the analyzed stems there is mostly no morphophonological change. Alternations only occur in a particular class of feminine substantives and in some back derivatives. Those are the alternations which take place in the whole morphophonological system. Nearly each of them may be treated as constituents of compound paradigm-alternation formatives.

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Bałkańskie adaptacje tureckiego sufiksu -çi / -ci

Author(s): Irena Sawicka,Artur Karasiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2018

In the paper we reflect on which of the allomorphs of a suffix should be considered its basic form (and on what grounds). This problem requires morphonological analysis. We will illustrate this with the example of Balkan derivatives with the borrowed Turkish suffix -çi / -ci. This agentive suffix is extremely productive in Turkish so it is not surprising that this very suffix has settled well in the Balkan languages. In most of them, like in Turkish, it assumes the forms [-ʧi/-ʧija] or [-ʤi/-ʤija]. Which of these forms should be regarded as the primary one?

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Принципи на изследването на формалните класове при глаголните лексеми в съвременния български книжовен език

Author(s): Ruska Stancheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 18/2018

The article aims to present new formal classification of verb lexemes in modern standard Bulgarian, based on morphological criteria. The fundamental criterion is the combinatorics of the values of three types of thematic grammemes (praesens, aoristi and imperfectum). Based on this criterion, nine verb classes are distinguished in modern standard Bulgarian. The following steps in formal classification of verb lexemes take into account: representation of grammatical formants (-щ; -н/-т; -и/-е-, -й), verb suffixes, and morphonological alternations.

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За един нов подход при описанието на прилагателните имена в българския език (с оглед на разработването на нормативна граматика)

Author(s): Milen Tomov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 18/2018

The article presents a new approach in the description of adjectives in Bulgarian, one that is based on strict differentiation between form and semantics by applying a purely morphological criterion. The relevant features of the adjectives are grouped in separate inflection types based on the presence of ending or lack thereof, the lexeme’s ending combinations, the presence of morphonological (including stress) changes (alterations) in inflection, as well as on the presence of doublet forms. The formation of inflectional types according to the above specified relevant features is illustrated with examples, followed by a proposal of changes to the traditional classification of the parts of speech.

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Varietete/variante fonetike "tendenciale" në përdorimin e kontrolluar të shqipes standarde në një emision televiziv të sotëm

Author(s): Giovanni Belluscio / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

It is hard to give an answer to the question "Is there a spoken standard of Albanian language?", although in many ways the "standard" itself is put in question as a real language system. However, there are many cases in everyday life where we can say that Albanian is displayed with a good and precious clothing, a model that linguists (but not only linguists) choose to call "standard". The qualities of the standard have been so far expressed very well by linguists such as Rexhep Ismajli, Anastas Dodi, Bahri Beci etc., and some even managed to define a standard Albanian norm (Dodi 1981) but, as is known, currently Albanian does not have such a norm; on the contrary, it is often claimed that Albanian pronunciation directly derived from its spelling. But this assertion does not come true, not just because the written language differs greatly from the spoken language, but even though the rules of free pronunciation do not have the well-known "hardness/rigidity" of writing.On the other hand, we can say that in all linguistic traditions, in contrast to the normative norm enshrined in the rules and tradition, there is a tendency to form a much more free use of language, which is part of the informal registers of speech. This use represents the need of communication of an average level of speakers, and this creates and radiates vibrant uses until they are spread so as to overcome the norm line, becoming the property of the entire community of speakers. This tendency, in other contexts such as Italy, was named by linguists as "the variety of medium usage " of the language, and in the case of the Albanian, we can call it the "the Albanian of medium usage ". Someone also proposed the term "neostandard", but this in the context of Albanian does not seem appropriate to what we just said above. In 1983, the Italian linguist Alberto Mioni used the expression "Tendenciat Italian " for the first time, and this name we think that we can use in the case of spoken Albanian as well.The material we used was issued by a TV show recorded in April 2016 in a private Albanian channel. The show proposes to the public a conversation between a journalist (with a university degree) and three university professors in Tirana. The subject in the studio is Albanian and its dialects, so our linguistic analysis will deal with free, controlled or caring speech, used by speakers who are not only in their profession dealing with language but in the formal context of television speech about language and offer a careful use of contemporary Albanian pronunciation, it means a model that all four "cares" to reflect as much a top log, d.m.th. "The standard of speech". The aim of the analysis is to verify which are the pronouncing tendencies of today's dialectical and dialecic spoken Albanian as well as if it is possible to determine trends (i.e. what the term "Tendential Albanin" means that can be followed by the spoken language in the future.

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Izokronia, klasifikimi i shqipes mbështetur në veçoritë të organizimit kohor në shqipe

Author(s): Aljula Jubani-Bengu ,Maklena Çabej / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

According to R. L. Trask, isochrony is a kind of speech rhythm in which units tend to be pronounced at regular intervals, so each unit is pronounced at the same time interval. As far as time organization is concerned, there are several studies on different languages, but regarding the nature of Albanian, the first study is G.M. Belluscio who in his doctoral thesis, as well as in later articles (with Romito and Mendiccino), has taken into consideration this argument to come up with his classification based on acoustic analysis and theoretical analysis. The idea that languages are distinguished by the peculiarities of the rhythm is first claimed by Lloyd James (1940), emphasizing the fact that the Spanish rhythm resembles the one of an automatic weapon, whereas English rhythm is similar to sending messages with the Morse code. Subsequently, Pike considering empirical data brought arguments in support of differences in isochrony between these languages. Hence, he would distinguish between English and Spanish, starting from the identification of pronunciation criterion of equal time segments or isochrons. As a result, he pointed out that Spanish equal segments are based on the number of syllables, while English ones are based on emphasis units, the same as in Albanian. We can also come to this conclusion based on the results of laboratory analysis.

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Ndihmesa e gjuhëtarit polakjan Hanusz në historinë e albanologjisë

Author(s): Nertila Këlliqi - Goga / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

The paper will give a full presentation of the Polish linguist Jan Hanusz, "L'albanais en Apulie", published in French in the magazine "Mémoires de la société de Linguistique de Paris", VI, 1888, p. 263-267.In this paper are included important linguistic data of the phonetics and lexicon of the Arbëresh speeches of San-Marzano in Puglia, Italy, in the second half of the XIXth century. According to the author, this was the only Arbëresh settlement, where everyone was still speaking Albanian, while in other surroundings villages, always with Albanian roots, the native language was lost. After dialect researches in locations on most Arbëresh settlements in southern Italy, in a few pages, Hanusz aimed to fill in and correct some language inaccuracies, mostly in phonetics, that he noted in the study of French linguist Louis-Lucien Bonaparte, "Albanian in Terra d’Otranto" (1885).The paper will aim at identifying and analyzing the phonetic and lexical characteristics of San-Marzano's Arbëresh speeches in the XIXth century, in a comparative overview with the study of Bonaparte linguist. It will be realized through theoretical research, which will be based on the scientific literature of foreign and local scholars for Arbëresh's speeches and the history of the Albanian language.The study represents an important effort of the author to highlight the Albanian language values and particularities in Arbëresh's speeches; It is a valuable document for further studies in this area, of this young passionate researcher for the Albanian language who could no longer pursue his scientific researches after he passed away at the age of 29.

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