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Państwo Islamskie - aktor państwowy czy niepaństwowy?

Author(s): Wojciech Grabowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

Islamic State, as the name suggest, is going to be perceived and treated not as a mere terrorist organization, but rather as a caliphate, Islamic state. In the last decades many violent non-state actors have propagated the idea of caliphate but none of them have never accomplished the idea. Islamic State can be treated as the first organization, which declare and what is more important create state structures, responsible for administrating conquered territory. To some extent Islamic State fulfills thecriteria for statehood listed in the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, 1933. But the basic question is whether it can be recognized as a state in the light of international law?

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ESKİ TÜRK DEVRİ’NDEN ORTA TÜRK DEVRİ’NE GEÇİŞ: TÜRKLERDE DİNİ-MİTOLOJİK SİSTEM

Author(s): Yadigar Aliyev / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2009

After the ancient Turkic period Oguz people have settled in Azerbaijan at the west of the Caspian Sea and from the east side in the Western Turkestan. Uygur and karluk people have taken places at the east of Turkestan, Kypchaks at the north of Turkestan. At the XI century the ethno-geographical parameters have extended to the Eastern Europe and the Asia Minor, and to the X-XI centuries the process of definition of geographical borders of Turkic ethnos comes to the end. The generated Moslem doctrine have been incorporated in the syncretic form with the national colour and perceived as the Turkic-ethnic thinking. The concepts and the gnoseological representations existing before the Moslem period were forgotten. As a result of it, the basic propagation of Islamic ideas passes from Arabs to Turkic.

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Zakāh Collection and Distribution Framework in Federal Territory

Author(s): Raja Norhanani Raja Norabidin Shah,Rusni Hassan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Zakāh is one of the important Islamic financial instruments. It is a resource for economic development in Muslim society. The management of zakāh in Malaysia is normally placed under the State authority. Focusing on the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur (FTKL), this study seeks to analyse the zakāh collection and distribution framework from certain selected Islamic banking institutions. The collection of data is made based on the available reports from 2009 to 2013, as obtained from the Zakāh Collection Centre or PPZ that is established under the Islamic Religious Council of FTKL or also known as MAIWP. Based on the examinations done on the zakāh collection and distribution framework in the FTKL, it is found that the collection and distribution figures of zakāh continue to increase in subsequent years through the efforts made by the institutions. The observation indicates that the practices of zakat collection and distribution as carried out by the Association of Islamic banking institutions already comply with the principles of Sharīah. However, there are particular areas that require improvements from the Islamic banking institutions for achieving better performance in the zakāh collection and distribution. This is crucial for the economic enhancement of Muslims in Malaysia.

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Odnos prema obrazovanju muslimanke u Bosni i Hercegovini od Austrougarske okupacije do danas

Author(s): Ahmed Hatunić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2013

Muslim woman, education, Islamic sources, the Muslim practice, European trends, reformist thought, ulama (Islamic authorities), female students, madrasa, Islamic community, university.This work elaborates the question of the relationship of the Bosniak people towards the education of their female population, in the period of the arrival of Austria-Hungary in the areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina to this day. It observes the issue of Islamic attitude towards the education of women, as well as the practice of Muslims by the same issue. The work focuses on the division of Bosniaks to those who are against the education of Muslim women in European educational institutions, to those who fully and without any restrictions support their entry into new educational trends, and to those who are neutral and who hold the neutral stand. The attitude of the Communist government towards the education of Muslim female youth is also described in this work. The number of Muslim women who have completed high school or obtained a university degree will be much smaller than the number of men of the same age, which will be documented through researches outlined in this work. It is noted in the work that the interpretation of Islam and Islamic principles by the reformist Islamic authorities (ulama) in Bosnia and Herzegovina had the important role in changing the Bosniaks’ attitude towards this issue, with all other circumstances.

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13. Yüzyıl Türk Halk Şİİrİnde Ahlâkİ Anlayış

Author(s): Mehmet Yardımcı,Ahmet Zeki Güven / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 64/2010

With Malazgirt Victory in 1071 Turks migration began to Anatolia and Islam had found a new expansion field in the hands of Turks and spreading of Islam in Anatolia had accelerated in the period of Principalities and especially Seljuks, Anatolian Seljuks. But in the 13.centuries Mongolian influence which occurred in Central Asia and then affected to Anatolia, led to people different searches. Mongolians had vandalized where they gone through, therefore; a completely crisis period had began to in Anatolia. Especially in this period most of dervishes who got of Yesevi doctrines had immigrated to Anatolia and began to tell Islam with different ways to the people. This saints who came from Central Asia, dwelled upon to doctrines and emphasized that Islam is not a fear religion it is a love religion,and to fall for love to God rather than fear of God. In this way; this Yesevi dervishes who came from Central Asia, helped to people who fallen into crisis process and easily overcome from this process, also they exposed excellent and experienced human type with the help of advice which they gave to people in their works. In this study, in the century of 13 Religious-Sufism Folk Poetry ethical components were exposed and three great poets were examined who lived in the century of 13, such as Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli, Yunus Emre, Said Emre and also, common components which related with the ethical understandings were classified and commented on finding discoveries.

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BOŞNAK SÖZLÜ KÜLTÜR ARAŞTIRMALARI TARİHİ

Author(s): Ömer Aksoy / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2017

Northwest Balkans, whose major part of the population forwed by South Slavs, were Slavicised by the slavic migrations that had begin in 6th century in a period of two hundred years. In the wake of conquest of region in 15th century, unlike the other slavic groups, Islamic Slavs have entered a new political and ethnic formation based on Turkish culture and Islamic faith. From Literature to folklore and from architecture to music, the source of new civilization was that Turkish culture and Islamic faith. Muslim Slavs; lived in that region in other words Bosniaks, development of verbal culture products in the context of creative and execution, came true in a peculiar way differently and independently from the other Slavic groups. Under the different purposes many European and American researches visited the region and reconded the products of oral culture and some of them examined and evaluated those materials in the light of scientific methods. Oral culture products belonging to the South Slavs were also recorded in the context of European cultural conventions. This study inform the sources of Bosniaks vernacular products based on Turkish and İslamic orient and also enlighten the recording style in a systematic way and with certain methods.

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Postosmanski orijent: Od fragmentacije do asabijaha s osvrtom na Arapsko-Izraelski sukob

Author(s): Boris Havel / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3-4/2016

World War I brought profound changes into the parts of the Middle East which had been under the Ottoman Empire since 1517. The topic of this article is one of the most important changes which occurred in that part of the world during the century since the Great War began, which is the fragmentation of political, ideological, military and religious protagonists within the Arab society. That fragmentation has been a product of an expanding national, ideological and sectarian division, which was partly caused by the Arab-Israeli conflict. The article addresses some processes caused by plurality of the Arab political and military actors, in particular those rooted in Islamism. Through patterns of political behavior stipulated by religion within parts of the Arab Muslim community, the author offers explanation of possible future development not only in the Arab-Israeli conflict, but also in a wider Middle Eastern context, particularly regarding the development of the Islamic State, ambition to reestablish the Caliphate, and the eschatological vision of reuniting the world of Islam through reintroducing the long defunct concept of asabiyyah.

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Peri, Oded. Christianity Under Islam in Jerusalem: The Question of the Holy Sites in Early Ottoman Times

Author(s): Asuman Gölpınar / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2017

Review of: Peri, Oded. Christianity Under Islam in Jerusalem: The Question of the Holy Sites in Early Ottoman Times. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2001. xi + 219 p. ISBN-13: 978-9004120426

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DR. BUZOGÁNY DEZSŐ EGYETEMI TANÁR KÖSZÖNTÉSE

Author(s): János Molnár / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

Nagytiszteletű Professzor úr, kedves Dezső, a címzetes tanárok között én vagyok a legidősebb. Rég volt, amikor sokáig én vol¬tam a legfiatalabb. Most már ez egészen másként van, s épp ezért nekem jutott az a meg¬tiszteltetés, hogy 60. születésnapod alkalmából köszöntselek Téged, mint aki korban köz¬vetlenül utánam következel. A személyiséglélektannal foglalkozók azt mondják, hogy a 60 év az idős kor kez-dete. Erről mondja a Prédikátor elég pesszimistán azt, hogy egy olyan időszaknak a kez¬dete, amikor a halmocskáktól is fél az ember, mert a sáska nehezen vonszolja magát, a mandulafa megvirágzik, és kipattan a kapor. Vajon így igaz ez?!

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A MAROSI REFORMÁTUS EGYHÁZMEGYE 1927. ÉVI KETTÉOSZTÁSA (A BEKECSALJAI REFORMÁTUS EGYHÁZMEGYE LÉTREJÖTTE)

Author(s): Árpád Róbert Berekméri / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

The territory of the Reformed Diocese of Maros was modified in 1927, this being the second significant change in its history. In 1641, several parishes have left the diocese to form the Reformed Diocese of Görgény. The managing of a diocese, which by the first half of the 20th century represented 125 parishes, became a difficult task for the governing body. The idea of a territorial division came up in 1918, but only in 1922 was a decision made by the board of the Diocese. The lengthy splitting procedure, approved by the Board of Directors, ended on April 20, 1927, with the formation of the Reformed Diocese of Bekecsalja. Lajos Kolozsvári became the Dean of the new Church organization and Dr. László Dósa lawyer became the churchwarden. The Board of Directors rejected the appeal made against the election, and confirmed the new governing body of the Diocese on May 24, 1927. While the new diocese was not recognized by the Ministry of Culture and while neither the state nor the Board of Directors gave any aid for the settling in arrangements, the functioning of the diocese had to be managed through its own available budget.

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AZ ERDÉLYI ORGONATÁJ FOTOGRÁFUSA –BUZOGÁNY DEZSŐ ORGONAKÉPEI (MOZAIKOK, NEM CSAK ZENÉRŐL)

Author(s): István Dávid / Language(s): English,Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

To take a photo inventory of the Transylvanian organs is not only a musical or artistic challenge. It is more important to have friendly relations between the organist – like researcher of the instrument – and the photographer of these marvellous artistic facades. In this article there are presented some pleasant mosaics, memories, remembrances from the past, about the beginning and getting stronger of such a professional collaboration with new and new experiences. In the book Organ-Monuments in Transylvania written by the organist István Dávid, there are more than 30 photos in the Picture Index, each made by prof. Dezső Buzogány. The number of offered photos was much more, some of them with historic value, as the situation changed ever since. This article included 6 Buzogány-photos from the Transylvanian Organ Landscape, made years ago, by the young pastor of Selye and Ádámos Reformed Congregations. And you will find here 6 organs, with a short history of each other as: Segesvár (Sighişoara), Ádámos (Adămuş), Agyagfalva (Lutiţa), Medgyes (Mediaş), Siménfalva (Şimoneşti), Kolozsvár (Cluj).

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ILENCFALVI SZÁSZ GERŐ (1831–1904) KÉZIRATOS HAGYATÉKÁNAK FELDOLGOZÁSA

Author(s): Miklós Geréb / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

Szász Gerő was one of the most determining figures of the Transylvanian Re-formed Church during the last quarter of the 19th century. He was dean in Ko-lozsvár, editor of the Prédikátori Tár (an omnibus volume of 35 Transylvanian preachers) and also editor of Erdélyi Protestáns Közlöny (the main, official newspaper of Transylvanian Reformed Church at that time.) Later he was elected vice bishop, and he stood very close to becoming even bishop of the church. His career, unfortunately, was broken when he lost the reliance of bishop Szász Domokos. He also wrote many poems, however, by publishing them, he never scored full marks from critics. We can admire his portrait also looking to the statue of King Matthew in Kolozsvár, since one of the king’s captains was modelled by Szász Gerő. We can find his manuscripts at the Central Archives of Transylvanian Reformed Church under mark „F2”.This short essay aims to introduce how many and what kind of sermons we can find between Szász Gerő’s manuscripts and to show the circumstances of their formation, and the author’s attitude to bible-passages has used.

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HOGYAN LEHETETLENÍTSÜNK EL ANYAGILAG EGY KOLLÉGIUMOT? – A NAGYENYEDI REFORMÁTUS KOLLÉGIUM CSŐDJÉNEK OKAI AZ 1870-ES ÉVEKBEN –

Author(s): Olga Lukács / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

In the time following the revolution, the Nagyenyed College (Main Study Institution) rose just like a phoenix and, because of good organization, in the 1860s it has gained fame once again. In 1868, however, another turn of events put an end to its good financial situation and recovery. This event had a great impact on the future development of pastors’ education. So much so that the turn of events itself brought into question the survival of the institution and its competence in theological education. To keep track of the presented events, a brief description of the economic situation, the supervision and the operation of the Main Study Institution is needed.In Transylvanian Reformed schools the supervision of the church district was carried out by the School Leadership Board made up of the curators and the school teachers. Within the limits of religious legislation, the Board had disposal of all school income. Each year, this body presented a report on the school’s financial situation to the Church District Administrative Council. Property sale or acquisition was only possible with the consent of this Council.From the revolution to 1868, a church district trustee – the so called inspector-curator –, Ferenc Fosztó handled the financial affairs of the college alone, the school leadership having little to say in the matter.After 1868, a teacher – the so called inspector-professor –, Dániel Kasza took over handling the financial situation of the school. Apart from the current affairs, Kasza handled all matters with the consent of the School Board, having to report to it. In the period of Dániel Kasza the financial situation of the college flourished. Without lessening the school’s capital, three new teachers’ homes were built, teachers’ salaries were raised, new departments were created, the best students could go abroad on scholarships, new properties and agricultural equipment was bought. However, following Kasza’s death, no teacher wanted to take on the work that he has done with great commitment, for free. In this period, wasting and selfishness has grown to such proportions that the college was on the brink of financial collapse.The study presents those events which lead to the near bankruptcy of the Nagyenyed College by 1879. It presents the debates and lawsuits, which were proven to be barren initiatives and in the end, no one could be held accountable.During the stormy debates on the financial situation of the Nagyenyed College, the Ferencz József University was established and solidified in Kolozsvár (Cluj). These two facts highly influenced the new dilemma of the next two decades, which, apart from the financial collapse of the Nagyenyed College, aimed at moving the education of Reformed pastors to Cluj. As a final closure of the debate, pastors’ education was finally moved to Cluj in 1895.

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ZSARNAY LAJOS TEOLÓGIÁJA

Author(s): Marianna Bátoriné Misák / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

Zsarnay’s theological thinking was eclectic. Even though he considered supranaturalism the only valid direction, still the interpretations of several doctrines bear the theology and formulation of Schleiermacher. He made it obvious that the views of rationalism are far from his views, and still, according to some suppositions, its doctrines can be found also in his formulations. He was not familiar with the Hungarian line of the theological liberalism, but it doesn’t mean that the German liberal thinking did not reach him. But according to our convictions, these views were far from him. He was looking for his own path, while he was open, but also critical towards the theological thinking of his time.

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„A MAGA KÉPÉRE...” – MISSZIONÁRIUSOK FOTOGRÁFIÁI MINT AZ EGYHÁZTÖRTÉNET FORRÁSAI

Author(s): Károly Zsolt Nagy / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

„The picture speaks for itself” – says the proverb, but how do we hear what it says and how do we understand its words? We are now in the age of visual information where visual content plays a role in every part of life. But we do not spend enough time looking at the pictures in detail. We spend a flash of time with them, and the pictures do not affect our consciousness, but our emotions. From this follows the question of how can we, as social scientists extract the contents of the photos? How can a photo be the source of the church history? This essay cannot, of course, give a perfect answer to the question, but it gives a brief introduction to the so-called „skills of visual literacy”, based on some photography relevant to Church history.

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MIRŐL ÁLMODIK A LELKIPÁSZTOR? TELEGDI T. ISTVÁN ALPESTESI LELKÉSZ ÁLOMFELJEGYZÉSEI

Author(s): Sándor Előd Ősz / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

The study deals with the description of the dreams of a Reformed pastor who worked at the beginning of the 17th century. In the episcopal library of Székesfehérvár can be found one issue from the 1590 edition of Andreas Hondroff's work with the title Theatrum Historicum... We know a few possessors of this book: András Keczeli dominie in Tövis, Gábor Csernátoni pastor in Marosillye then in Alpestes and István Telegdi T. pastor also in Alpestes. On the book Gábor Csernátoni wrote the birth date of his children and István Telegdi wrote down ten of his dreams. The description of these dreams contains numerous cultural aspects and details about the mentality of that period – in three dreams figures Gábor Bethlen prince of Transylvania and in one the widow of the Moldavian prince, Marcu Cercel.

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AZ OXFORD GROUP MOZGALOM RECEPCIÓJA A KIRÁLYHÁGÓMELLÉKI SAJTÓBAN.ADALÉKOK A KRE TÖRTÉNETÉHEZ

Author(s): József Pálfi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

The interwar period brought multiple challenges at every level to the newly formed Királyhágómellék Reformed Church District. After World War I, the district faced challenges to fill a given frame with a proper content. Establishing church institutions on various levels and structuring internal mission were of highest priorities. The Oxford Group came as a new internal mission element to revitalise the Church, besides traditional approaches. However, the promoter of the organization failed to provide the Group a wider recognition. This study reveals the background of his efforts.

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VALLÁSOS NEVELÉS ÉS A GYERMEKKÉP ALAKULÁSA A REFORMÁCIÓ KORÁBAN – FELADATOK AKKOR ÉS MOST -

Author(s): Gabriella Márta Gorbai / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

The spread of Protestant reformation in Europe brought about a qualitative and quantitative change in schooling. At the same time, the various forms of religious revival changed the parent-child and adult-child relationships as well, which is referable to the fundamental importance attributed to the role of family in religious education. In this study we analyze the view of children in the age of reformation; we try to establish whether the increased attention given to children was indeed prompted by religion; we look for the explanation of the fact that protestant communities have shown a form of care that was different from what was customary before that time.As a conclusion we can draw comparison between then and now, since our problems, aims and tasks regarding the realization of religious education are in many ways similar to the challenges faced by our great ancestors in the age of reformation.

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HAGYOMÁNYŐRZÉS ÉS ÚJÍTÁS ÖSSZJÁTÉKA AZ ERDÉLYI REFORMÁTUS EGYHÁZBAN AZ 1989-ES VÁLTOZÁSOKAT KÖVETŐEN

Author(s): Sarolta Püsök / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

We often encounter the conflict of innovation and tradition, but the churches cannot give up their own traditions, because it would contradict their self-definition. Paradoxically the reformed tradition is the innovation and constant renewal, but not in the sense of being trendy and being identic to the spirit of the age. Reformation means reforming the deviant ideas and way of life, it means going back to the center, to the Word (of God). After the changes in ‘89, major social changes occurred in Transylvania, the reformed community was also hit by the will of altering. It is important to see clearly the difference between the rightful and delusory expectation. The study seeks an answer to the question, how is it possible to transmit and renew our values in the reformed way (under the principle of Sola Scriptura). The present writing discusses only the following approaches of the question: liturgic reforms, sacred space, the relationship of form and content, sacral language, social engagement of the church and pastors etc.

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BARTÓK GYÖRGY KÉZIRATA, MINT RAVASZ LÁSZLÓ FORRÁSA

Author(s): Szabolcs Szetey / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

The most influential homiletical book of the later reformed bishop, Ravasz László (The Theory of the Congregational Preaching Ministry – Homiletics, Pápa, 1915) had and has been respected and adapted by many scholars and ministers for more than one century since its publication. In the theological research, all sources of Ravasz’ book have not yet been clearly identified and clarified. A manuscript, mainly written in 1895/1896 by Bartók György (1845–1907), Ravasz’s later father in law and deputy professor of theology in Nagyenyed, coincides with more parts of Ravasz László’s book in several cases concerning the history of preaching in the Christian Church and in the Hungarian Reformed Church. The manuscript, described and analysed in this study, shows also the working method of the young professor Ravasz. The results of this paper contribute to the revaluation of the epochal work of Ravasz László and to the research of history of homiletics and preaching.

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