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"One" and "Many" in Islam - The Path (Sirat) and the Ways (Subul) in the Qur'an

Author(s): Habibollah Babaei / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

The Qur'an considers both one path (sirat) and many ways (subul) simultaneously as a direction to righteousness and religiosity. The same kind of one and many has been revealed about wickedness and unrighteousness as well. Now, the question arises here, what is the relationship between plurality and unity in both righteousness and unrighteousness? I think considering these questions will offer a new perspective in regard to 'unity and plurality' which is an important issue in a pluralistic world such as ours. In order to respond to these questions, it would be significant to illuminate the relationship between many divine ways and the one divine path on the one hand, and to clarify the distinction between divine ways and devil ways on the other.

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SÜNEN-İ TİRMİZÎ’DE “HÜVE HADÎSU FÜLÂN” KAVRAMI ÜZERİNE

Author(s): Erdinç Ahatli,Selvi Raif Murad / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 35/2017

The phrase of “Ḥadīthu Fulān” is a concept used during the report period. One of the people who used the concept in question remarkably is Tirmidhī. He uses aforementioned phrase in his Sunan in different ways. “Lā naʿrifu illā min ḥadīthi fulān”, “Gharībun min ḥadīthi fulān”, “Aṣaḥḥu min ḥadīthi fulān”, “Nahwa/Mithlu ḥadīthi fulān”, “Huwa/hādhā ḥadīthu fulān” are among these usages. In this article, we tried to determine in which mean Tirmidhī uses especially the phrase of “Huwa/hādhā ḥadīthu fulān” in his Sunan. As far as we determined, Tirmidhī uses this concept twenty-one times in his work for the narrators (ruwāt) outside of companions. As a result of the research, it is understood that this phrase, which used for the muḥaddithūn in the category of tābiʿīn and mostly atbāʿ al-tābiʿīn, refers to copies of hadith of muḥaddithūn in question and these copies were used by Tirmidhī.

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AYNÎ’NİN “UMDETÜ’L-KÂRÎ”DE HANEFÎLERİN AMEL ETMEDİĞİ HADİSLERİ YORUMLAMA YÖNTEMİ (KİTÂBÜ’S-SALÂT ÖRNEĞİ)

Author(s): Erdinç Ahatli,Merve Coşkun / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 35/2017

In addition to his being a good muḥaddith, because he is one of the great scholars of the Ḥanafī school, al-ʿAynī is an important example for the classification of the muḥaddith-faqīh scholar, which is rarer in the Ḥanafī school than in other schools of Islamic law. On the other hand, given that Bukhārī’s Ṣaḥīḥ is regarded as the most reliable book after the Qur’an, since Ḥanafīs, who have been come under criticisms in many aspects in consequence of being ahl al-ra’y, such as opposing to authentic prophetic sayings (aḥādīth) and practicing with weak prophetic sayings, have not practiced with some prophetic sayings in Bukhārī’s Ṣaḥīḥ, criticisms have been intensified against them and they had been accused further in regard to practicing with ḥadīth. In the hope of being a response for the claims in question, this article examines how ʿAynî, who had twice been a Ḥanafī judge during his life, assesses these ḥadīths with both his identity of faqīh and muḥaddith and how he responses to the criticisms directed against Ḥanafīs.

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İBN CİNNÎ’NİN EL-MUHTESEB’İNDE ŞÂZ KIRAATLERE YAKLAŞIMI

Author(s): Bayram Demircigil / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 35/2017

Some scholars adopted the approach that the variant readings other than seven readings of the Qur’an are completely unacceptable. According to them, those versions can neither be recited in prayer nor have any value for the commentary of the Qur’an. Abu al-Fath Uthman İbn Jinni (d. 392/1002), provided a strong opposition to this opinion in his book al-Muhtasab due to the reason that those versions can have a close relationship with the Qur’anic revelation. In his viewpoint, those versions can be beneficial in the Qur’anic commentaries even though they cannot be recited in prayer. This paper aims to deal with İbn Jinni’s approach to the reading versions other than seven variant readings as well as comparing his position with other scholars’ perspective in this regard.

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KUR'AN-I KERİM'İ OKUMANIN DEĞERİ

Author(s): Alican Dağdeviren / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 35/2017

In this article we will deal the Qur'an, the last divine message sent to mankind to be understood and practiced in terms of its recitation in its original words and form. Firstly, we will study this issue from the Qur'anic perspective. In this context, we will discuss the wording "recitation" within the semantic content and shed light according to the main sources in this regard. Afterwards, we will try to identify the historical background and its manifestations in the tradition and analyze the Qur'an recitation in its original wording considering the practices of the Prophet (pbuh), his companions and the Successors.

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O POUČAVANJU I UPUĆIVANJU U ISLAMU

Author(s): Ferid Muhić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2000

"Obrazovanje" i "odgoj" - jesu dva ključna pojma za označavanje one aktivnosti kojom se obavlja generacijski prijenos svijesti, znanja i socijalnog identiteta. Izvorno značenje sadržano u njima otkriva ne samo srodnost njihovog konteksta, nego i temelje strategijskog pristupa svakog društva spomenutom procesu generacijskog prijenosa duha zajednice. Riječ obraz upućuje na vidljivu stranu, na pojavni oblik obraz je ono što se ukazuje, što se najprije vidi, ¹to je jasno, dakle, na šta pada svjetlo, ono osvijetljeno.

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SVIJET ISLAMA ILI ISLAM U SVIJETU

Author(s): Muhamed Filipović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2000

Pitanje koje ovdje postavljamo samo naizgled je jezičko. Ono jeste nastalo obrtanjem smisla riječi svijet, ali njegova bit nije u tome. Naime, iz naše formulacije o dilemi izmeðu svijeta islama i islama u svijetu, ne leži samo puko jezičko razlikovanje u značenju izraza kada se on nalazi u dvije različite veze. Ona cilja na mnogo složeniji i temeljniji odnos.

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TUMAČENJE VJERE PREMA MJERI ČOVJEKA

Author(s): Smail Balić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2000

Tako se Allah izražava o prvoborcima za dobro i zatiračima zla u korist ljudskog roda, koji pokretačku snagu crpe iz vjere u Njega. Ajet je upućen muslimanima i muslimankama. Iz njegova sastava jasno proizlazi o kojoj vrsti vjernika je riječ. Sivo muslimansko mnoštvo po roðenju ili po imenu nema, dakle, pravo da se smatra izabranim. Ali ta mogućnost je otvorena za sve.

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MEDRESA I VRIJEME

Author(s): Vahid Fazlović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2000

Islamski autor S. H. Nasr, pišući o ovoj temi, ustvrðuje: "Bog reče Poslaniku: Čitaj! i s tom riječju poče silaženje Božije poruke. Od velikog je značaja to što je prva riječ koja je objavljena bila čitaj, pa je zato vrhovni simbol u islamu knjiga." Posljednji poslanik Muhammed, a.s., najvjerodostojnije je pretočio u život univerzalna znamenja Božije knjige.

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ISLAM U BH MEDIJIMA U OSKUDICI VJERSKOG NOVINARSTVA

Author(s): Nedžad Grabus / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2000

Suvremeni znanstvenici komuniciranje definiraju kao mehanizam pomoću kojega opstoje i razvijaju se odnosi meðu ljudima. Nakon usmene, verbalne, i gestovne komunikacije, razvio se oblik prenošenja poruke slikom, potom pismom a onda se razvilo štamparstvo a potom se razvila elektronska komunikacija.

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Que nous arrive-t-il avec l’islam dans le monde d’aujourd’hui?

Author(s): Francois Jourdan / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2017

For people born into the climate of Christian liberty, secularisation and secular norms, knowledge of religion obtained in the course of studies concerned with human culture (humanities) is enough. But this is far too little. Gaining a thorough knowledge of any religion requires an intense study of its essence, its doctrine. When we describe Islam – its vision of God, characteristics and inner doctrinal coherence – we realise its lack of openness to non-Muslims, lack of freedom within its internal structures, and historical impasse. We should influence Muslims with the power of truth (non-violence) so that they reject the image of the punishing God, which may transform itself into an image of God of violence directed against Muslims and all of us.

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Da‘wa − dynamika procesów islamizacyjnych we współczesnej Europie. Wybrane zagadnienia

Author(s): Adam Wąs / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

Europe in the beginning of the 21st century is a place of dynamic cultural transformations, heavily coloured by Islam. The article focuses on da‘wa – the Islamic mission, its significance and the role it plays in the process of the Islamisation and inculturation in Europe. Considering the rapid growth and ever more visible presence of Muslims in the European public sphere, the author theorises that, on the one hand, da‘wa constitutes an essential element of the specific strategy of the Islamization of the world and, on the other hand, some of its components contribute to the emergence of the European type of Islam.The first part of the article presents terminology and interpretation concerning the variety of da‘wa’s semantic meanings, theological legitimisation of action within da‘wa and processes for its politicisation and institutionalisation, present in the history of Islam. The second part focuses on the Muslim presence in Europe. In the third and final part the author explains the complexity and dynamics of the three main models of da‘wa in Europe, providing also some examples of Islamic initiatives towards realization of the objective of da‘wa.

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Rewolucja islamska w Iranie – przyczyny, przebieg, konsekwencje

Author(s): Sylwia Mazurek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

This article describes the background, causes and objectives of the Iranian Revolution and its leaders, like Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini. The first part deals with the origins of Islam, its attitude to social life and politics and Islamic fundamentalism, with a focus on the movement led by Khomeini. The second part describes the situation of Iran in the beginning of the 20th century, the rule of the Pahlavi dynasty and attempts to modernise the country through various reforms. The rest of the article presents the main thinkers and leaders of the religious opposition and their methods, the course of the revolution from 1978 to 1979, the consequences of the take-over by the group led by Ayatollah Khomeini in 1979 and the fundamental objectives of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Kalifat i współczesna próba jego reaktywacji

Author(s): Witold Psurek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

After the death of Muhammad, the ummah had a problem how to select one universally accepted leader. For some time, they were elected by the majority of Muslims for their worthy conduct and friendship with the Prophet. These were the elected caliphs. Later, the caliphate became hereditary, hold first by the Umayyads, and then the Abbasids. The caliphate ended with the fall of Baghdad in 1258. There have been many fruitless efforts to reestablish caliphate. It was ffinally abolished in 1924. Today, some reanimate the idea of caliphate. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, declared caliph in 2014, head of the Islamic State (ISIS), is quite a puzzling person, one of the most dangerous global terrorist leaders. There are some questions concerning the criteria and validity of his election and legitimacy of other Muslim forms of authority.

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Wilfred Cantwell Smith i działalność Instytutu Badań Islamu (McGill University)

Author(s): Piotr Stawiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

Wilfred Cantwell Smith (1916-2000) was a distinguished Canadian scholar of religion, Islam, philosophy and theology. In 1952 he founded the Institute of Islamic Studies at the McGill University. The Institute quickly won a wide recognition in the academia for its ingenious course of studies and unconventional – for its times – cooperation between representatives of different religious and cultural traditions. Christian, Muslim and other religious scholars today, and their collaboration in the oriental studies, own much to the influence of W.C. Smith and his Institute.

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Miejsca święte i pielgrzymkowe w islamie sufickim i szyickim

Author(s): Mariusz Maciak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

The author of the article presents some of the most important Muslim holy sites and pilgrimage centres, with a focus on Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan in Central Asia. He starts with the description of the obligatory pilgrimage (hajj) to the most sacred sites of Islam in Mecca, visit to the grave (zijara) of the Prophet in Medina and the holy city of Jerusalem. Many Muslims pilgrim to numerous holy places of the classical Sunni Islam and related Sufism, as well as Shiism, to venerate their saints or remarkable historic figures. Both Sufists and Shias call their saints “friends of God” (wali Allah), like Imam Ali and other imams. Their graves are marked with magnificent mausoleums and shrines. The most famous Sunni and Sufist mausolea are the Shrine of Rumi in Konya, the Tomb of Ibn al-Arabi in Damascus, the Shrine of Qadir al-Jilani in Baghdad, the Mausoleum of Hazrad Nizamuddin Auliya in Delhi, the Tomb of Ahmadou Bamba in Touba (Senegal), the Mausoleum of Ahmed Yasawi Khoja in Turkestan (Kazakhstan) and the Mausoleum of Baha-ud-Din Naqshband near Bukhara (Uzbekistan). For the Shia Muslims there are the Imam Ali Holy Shrine in Najaf, the Shrine of Imam Husayn in Karbala (Iraq) and the Imam Reza Shrine in Mashhad (Iran).The author points to the growing popularity of travelling to the graves of the Muslim saints despite its criticism by the reformers from the Salafi and Wahhabi quarters.

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Musulmans et chrétiens: le dialogue est-il encore possible?

Author(s): Jean-Rene Milot / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2017

Present tensions and incidents from the times of the crusades cannot obscure the common spiritual and civilizational heritage of Muslims and Christians. Every religion has had to face modernism and examine the relationships between science and faith, politics and religion. Some Muslim thinkers have tried to combat the attempts to modernise Islam through colonisation by resorting to the islamization of modernism. Islamism, appealing to the original community in Medina, is in fact a synthesis of western modernism and contemporary Islam. It is not the only form of the islamization of modernism. Millions of Muslims have settled in the West, in countries which promote civil values and secular institutions. In this way history shows the path to the Muslim-Christian dialogue. Coexistence of communities with different religious beliefs may contribute towards building just, free and equal societies.

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Hospitalité divine. Vers une rencontre possible entre chrétiens et musulmans

Author(s): Rémy Kurowski / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2017

The theme of this article – God’s hospitality at the centre of the Christian and Muslim encounter - may be viewed from two perspectives: from the point of view of the exceptionality of the believing subject, and from the theologically informed, universal nature of the religious message.God’s hospitality in Christianity belongs to the domain of faith, as the personal relationship with the loving God, revealed in Jesus Christ. In Christianity, every interreligious encounter may generate its own, specific expression of that hospitality. It may prompt a religious and spiritual action, which in turn may be projected into social and political life. The idea of God’s hospitality should be analysed in the context of the theology of history and the history of religions.

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Islam wobec judaizmu i chrześcijaństwa – perspektywa Koranu

Author(s): Tomasz Stefaniuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

Koran and Hadiths contain numerous references to “those whom the Book had been given earlier”. Koran mentions the covenant made by Jews with God, but states that the former sometimes did not stick to their obligations. Christians, on the other hand, are named as those who are the closest to Muslims. In many places they earn acceptance, even praise, for instance certain monks and priests. Nevertheless, Koran maintains that Christians have distorted God’s revelation and introduced serious changes into their doctrine and practices. The prime example of it is their faith in Jesus as the Son of God, who – according to Koran – was a man like all men, though a great prophet, and duly condemns it as rejection of monotheism.

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Światowa Rada Kościołów wobec globalnej nędzy i cierpienia

Author(s): Piotr Kopiec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

Global poverty is the most serious, or one of the most serious, political and moral challenges today. International political institutions like UN, and global civil organisations, declare the elimination of the global poverty as their main objective. Christian churches also work very hard towards this goal. The article presents the most important efforts in this regard done by the largest ecumenical organisations, the World Council of Churches, and the theological basis for their involvement.

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