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„Robactwo z czarnych łąk”. Na marginesie lektury Młynów. Sonaty nieludzkiej

Author(s): Magdalena Kokoszka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author of the following article is interested primarily by the dark facet of Sebyła’s natural vitalism, which she traces alongside her reading of Młyny. Sonata nieludzka (Windmills. The Inhuman Sonata). Over the bogs, marshes, swamps and wetlands, there exists a multiplicity of nighttime animal life which, regardless of the actual species, exhibits a worm-like fertility. This close-up on the rotting, decaying matter exposes the ugliness of ever-present entropy while at the same time uncovering the peculiar post mortem life – the unending “viscous” liminal state, the substance of the world in flux. It seems, then, that the viscous matter discussed in the article, which connects the spheres of water and moist, open soil, had to a large extent dominated the imagination of the poet.

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Młyny. Sonata nieludzka. Poemat paraboliczny

Author(s): Anna Szawerna-Dyrszka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author of the article, in her reading of Młyny. Sonata nieludzka. (Windmills. The Inhuman Sonata), focuses primarily on the genological aspect. The poem, described bySebyła’s contemporaries as a poem without a peer, fully original and inimitable, appearsto function as the initial link in a new genre paradigm, i.e. the parable poem. The similarities between Sebyła’s poem with works such as Przyjście wroga (The Coming of the Enemy) by Jerzy Zagórski, Bramy arsenału (The Gates of the Arsenal) by Czesław Miłosz, Tropiciel (The Tracker) by Aleksander Rymkiewicz and Pełnia czerwca (The Height of June) by Wacław Iwaniuk points to the similarities between the imaginations of the poets. Windmills. The Inhuman Sonata should be regarded as one of the first and most important poems of the second vanguard (and a model example of this genre variant), as well as an indisputable source of inspiration for the poets of Vilnius and Lublin, belonging to the generation of 1910.

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WH-MOVEMENT AND AUXILIARY INVERSION IN BOSNIAN AND ENGLISH ROOT AND EMBEDDED QUESTIONS

Author(s): Feđa Imamović / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The aim of this paper is to present and examine some of the basic and general characteristics of the syntactic operation of Wh-movement , as well as the formation of root and embedded Wh-questions in English and BCS.

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ANTIRATNO PISMO U ROMANU SEVDALINKA AJŠE KULIN

Author(s): Muris Bajramović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Ayse Kulin is a contemporary Turkish writer. In her novel Sevdalinka (Sarajevo of love and war) she is writing about the rising nationalism in the nineties. In literary theory she is using the poetics of the war letter. The novel is following love story between Stefan and Nimeta. It is showing how are the intimate stories and lives deeply contaminated by the history and politics, as the story shows.

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DIJASPORIČNI IDENTITET(I) – OD KREATORA DO PROMOTORA BOSANSKOHERCEGOVAČKE KULTURE

Author(s): Šeherzada Džafić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Given that the Bosnian-Herzegovinian diaspora represents one type of the promoters of Bosnian-Herzegovinian culture, this paper aims to review interliterary processes and intercultural permeations within cultural associations of Bosnian-Herzegovinian diaspora, which are characterized as diasporic identities for the purpose of this paper.

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BOŞNAK HALK EDEBİYATININ ANLATI TÜRLERİ VE TASNİFİ ÜZERİNE BAZI DİKKATLER

Author(s): Ahmet Saçkesen / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Folk literature, as it collectively builds up over many centuries , is a manifestation of a society's way of living and its cultural values. Therefore analysis and interpretation of narratives like tales, legends, stories and epics have historically been regarded as of high importance in folklore.

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AZERBAYCAN GELENEĞİNDE DESTANIN SONU (DUVAKKAPMA)

Author(s): Arzu Özge Kartallıoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

In this paper, the duvakkapamas in Azerbaijan literature are evaluated in terms of semantic and structure with the given examples.

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RANO UČENJE NJEMAČKOG JEZIKA (VESELE RADIONICE ZA UČENJE NJEMAČKOG JEZIKA)

Author(s): Jasmina Tockić-Ćeleš,Veldina Alibegić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

In everyday life many children are very early encounter with foreign languages through contact with modern media and communication technologies, which directs them to that very quickly and they adopted many foreign words and phrases they learn in that way. The increasing focus on multilingualism has led to the earlier start to learn the first foreign language in schools. The presence of foreign language learning can be recorded in many kindergartens. Early language learning helps children develop a positive attitude towards other cultures and languages as well as the creation of high-quality foundation for learning other foreign languages at an earlier age. English as a first foreign language at an early age provides a good basis for learning other foreign languages in middle school. Although many prefer English as the first foreign language, the fact is that our country and the economic environment, tourism and other forms maintains contacts with German-speaking countries, this is an evident need for knowledge of the German language. The intellectual and the overall development of the child are also encouraged for early foreign language learning. Pilot project "Happy Workshop" for children in the second grade of elementary school allow introduction and adoption of German at them friendly way, or through play, song and dance. At the same time workshops are important and are designed to develop talent in children. Tasks are set to lead a child from easier to more difficult exercises, from the concrete to the abstract, from the whole to the individual. The results of the workshops show that children quickly acquire German direct participation in the song and game: 40% of students is entirely mastered presented linguistic fund, 40% in part - have difficulty to repeat the entire linguistic fund, while 19.5% of students only with the help of teachers can repeat the entire linguistic fund, but only 0.5% cannot overcome linguistic fund

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Idea rycerza-zakonnika i jej uzasadnienie w ujęciu św. Bernarda z Clairvaux

Author(s): Jacek Kwosek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to the idea of a knight-monk and its justification presented by St. Bernard of Clairvaux in In Praise of the New Knighthood. First, we are following St. Bernard’s argumentation, and then, a broader theoretical context is outlined. The central problem is: how to reconcile the evangelical imperative of loving enemies with the acceptability of leading crusades or, more broadly speaking, armed combat in defense of faith. It has been argued that this problem is just an extreme example of a more universal problem inherent in Christianity, namely the tension between perfection, which, according to the Gospel, man ought to achieve, and his actual imperfection.

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„…znana jest u nas zaledwie z imienia…”. Polskie XIX-wieczne edycje przekładów Pieśni o Rolandzie

Author(s): Marta M. Kacprzak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article written by the researcher of classic literature and its reception in the 19th century studies the editions of Polish translations of The Song of Roland which precededthe acclaimed translation by Tadeusz Żeleński (Boy), published several times since 1932.The author delves into the poetic translations authored by Seweryna Duchińska, néeŻochowska (1866) and Lucjan Siemieński (1878), and the prose translation by KazimierzKról (1903). She describes the circumstances surrounding their creation and portraysthe environments in which other Polish translations of The Song of Roland were created,and how they were aiming at particular readers. She analyzes the scholarly, literary andsocial goals of these editions, as well as their translatory, artistic, editorial and ideologicalprinciples. She explores their connection with the development in the 19th century ofknowledge of heroic and chivalric narratives, and considers the cultural significance ofthe chivalric ethos in the Middle Ages and later.

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Sprzężenie przeciwieństw w Don Kichocie Cervantesa

Author(s): Agnieszka Lniak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The pull of opposites – is how we can characterize the knight-errant Don Quixote. The following article is an attempt to show how his multi-aspectual persona is construed through presenting his relations with other characters, his specific position in the depicted world, and the dialogue of the internally conflicted „Don Quixotean self ”. All of these elements against the background of reflection on the condition of Cervantes’s contemporary reality lead us to ponder on the status of idealism in the world being increasingly dominated by realism (the conflict as important to Spain at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries as to the entire Western culture).

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Triumf (anty)rycerza? Gra ze średniowiecznością w Grze o tron G.R.R. Martina

Author(s): Aleksandra Starowicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author of the article reflects on the presence of elements of medieval culture, literature and customs in contemporary fantasy literature, based on A Song of Ice and Fire byGeorge R. R Martin. Her introductory remarks are devoted to the issues of medievalism andneo-medievalism. In a further part of the article, she analyzes specific examples of medievalelements found in the novel, with special regard to these parts of the story (the envisionedworld, characters and relations between them), which concern the ethos of chivalry.

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Ethos rycerski św. Joanny d’Arc w religijno-historiozoficznej koncepcji Dymitra Mereżkowskiego

Author(s): Alina Sobol / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the following article, the author performs an analysis of the atypical concept of the ethos of chivalry as outlined by Dimitry Merezhkovsky in the historical essay Joan of Arc.According to the Russian symbolist writer, Joan of Arc’s ethos of chivalry must be understood first and foremost through the prism of faith and her religiousness, rather than solely in the context of the saint’s battlefield conduct (undoubtedly this interpretation of ethos was influenced by Merezhkovsky’s historiosophical concept concerning the Third Kingdom of the Spirit, into which Joan was expected to guide, and by the conviction about war beingthe worst form of spiritual enslavement of man). Merezhkovsky calls St. Joan of Arc – a Crusader of God. He emphasizes her uniqueness among her contemporary knights situating her in the world full of barbarity, blood and cruelty, the world that is religious, yet paradoxically, devoid of God. As seen by Merezhkovsky, Joan of Arc’s character and conduct should also be viewed in a broader context: through the prism of Merezhkovsky’s contemporary geopolitical situation (living through World War I and in the world at the threshold of another war, he sees the saint as a paragon of chivalry and a patron of a contemporary soldier).

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Średniowieczna geneza idei fair play i jej funkcjonowanie we współczesnym sporcie – od turniejów rycerskich do nowoczesnego współzawodnictwa na arenach sportowych

Author(s): Michał Mazurkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Sport, undeniably, is a complex phenomenon and a fascinating field of research. The aim of this article is to trace the medieval origins of contemporary sport. Interesting forms of games and their cultural background can be observed in knights’ tournaments. The chivalric code developing at that time created a strong need for exercising and contests perfecting warfare. „It established moral principles, which in time became a fundamental in sports of what was, not without reason, called by the founder of olympism Pierre de Coubertin „the spirit of chivalry”, and what the English referred to as fair play. In the following article, the author analyzes the sources, essence and evolution of the idea of fair play, and how it is functioning in contemporary sports arenas. He gives examples of noble behavior worthy of the highest praise and unworthy behavior representing the dark side of sports rivalry. An important place in the paper is devoted to the presentation of some views within physical education science on whether the principle of fair play is the highest value in sports.

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O Wojach Chrystusowych, czyli rycerzach i świętych (na przykładzie literatury staroserbskiej)

Author(s): Izabela Lis-Wielgosz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article shows several realizations of the paraenetic model of a Warrior of Christ, embodying the two basic ideals of man in medieval culture – a knight and a saint. Based on the example of Old Serbian literature, the author proposes a specific typology of images shaped by Eastern Christian tradition and its characteristic ideals of man. She discusses particular examples of profiles and the conduct of the eponymous Warriors of Christ. She also explores how the creation of these characters was dependent on a convention or literary genre and demonstrates that it was closely related to an area, its culture and written language. In con clusion, she points to the similarities and differences between the works produced in the Christian East and West. She looks at the most important types of writing in the Middle Ages – hagiography, hymnography and historiography. Based on this material, she discusses the most popular and broadly propagated in the Middle Ages moral conduct and habitual qualities of the mind and spirit embodied by a ruler portrayed as a knight and saint, and oftentimes a martyr. In drawing the cultural portrait of a ruler as a knight and saint, sheindicates a set of canonical virtues of that culture, including theological (faith, hope andlove), cardinal (prudence, justice, moderation and valour) and heroic virtues (piety, ascetism,humility, devotion and sainthood).

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Zagubiona tradycja. Powroty do kultury rycerskiej w literaturze czeskiej

Author(s): Anna Gawarecka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Czech literature relatively seldom sees the chivalric ethos as its integral, culturally active tradition. At the source of this „lack” lie reasons related to the 19th-century project ofthe „revived” national culture, in which the suitably interpreted history of Bohemia playeda significant role. In this plan, the idealized reminiscences of the democratic and plebeianHussite revolt incorporated into a utopian vision of nationality, were of prime importance;they counterbalanced the politics of the Austrian state oriented toward sustaining the cultof aristocratism. An introduction of the knight as a literary character, in some ways organically related to the actualization of medieval subject matter, in effect assimilates itself into the debate over the shape of Czech historical memory. In the works of Vladimír Neff, Karl Michal and Vladimír Körner, any reference to the category of chivalry is usually associated with its disparaging, or at least calling it into doubt, and it is simultaneously subordinated to the question about the presence of alternative traditions, capable of formulating anew and re-reading the paradigm of Czech identity.

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„Rycerskość” arystokraty z okresu Heian. Rozważana z perspektywy Il Cortegiano Baldassare de Castiglionego

Author(s): Adam Bednarczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Japanese courtly culture reached its pinnacle during the Heian period (between the9th and 12th centuries), which was characterized by the pursuit of ideal beauty and refinedelegance (miyabi). The achievements of the court in Heian in literature, art and aestheticsthoroughly assimilated themselves into the Japanese national heritage; until this day they reflect the mentality and values of the élites of that time. Genji monogatari is an 11th-centurynovel, which recorded the picture of the aristocracy expressing their version of the Europeanconcept courtoisie (Heian model of courtly ethos). Even when cursorily compared with theRenaissaince work Il Cortegiano by Baldassare de Castiglione, Genji monogatari shows a good deal of analogies with the courtly and chivalric ethos cultivated by an ideal Italian courtier. In the following article, the author proposes a comparative analysis of the two masterpieces of Old Japanaese and Italian literature, in the context of world literature and comparative studies of classical world literatures, with the aim of indicating some universal qualities and conduct that characterized a courtier, also from the perspective of chivalric ethos.

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Etyka samuraja według japońskich opowieści wojennych

Author(s): Joanna Puchalska-Nadolska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Japanese warriors, known as samurais, have a worldwide recognition. They are associated with a specific honorary code of conduct – bushidō. Its name did not come into common usage until the 20th century, and it was never written down in one canonical form. Bushidō was developing over a few centuries of the supremacy of warriors on the Japanese political stage – from the takover of power by the Minamoto family at the end of the 12th century to the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate in the 19th century. In the early period of samurai rule, bushidō was under a strong influence of Japanese war stories called gunki monogatari. The protagonists of theses stories are samurais, yet, they intersperse actual characters and historic events with literary fiction, elevating some warriors to nearly superhuman heroes. Gunki monogatari depict samurais’ habits such as showing off their mastery of shooting and horse riding, challenging an equal opponent, committing suicide in the face of a hopless situation, and killing all in the family of an enemy. We can also find the praise of qualities like courage, loyalty, prudence, using a stratagem by commanders, and the bunbu ryōdō ideal, that is the ability of one person to master the knowledge of literature and military skills.

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„U nas mówią, z pieśni słowa nie wyrzucić”. Rycerskie ceremoniały i zwyczaje w polskiej powieści historycznej XIX wieku (Dzieje Polski Józefa Ignacego Kraszewskiego)

Author(s): Maciej Gaździcki / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to the depiction of medieval knights in selected historical novels by Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, including those in the cycle Dzieje Polski (The History of Poland). The author of the article focuses on how the author of Stara baśń (An Ancient Tale)showed the elements of the caste’s ethos, rituals such as knighting, routines, competitions and symbols (sword). He concentrates on Królewscy synowie (The King’s Sons) (times andbattles of Bolesław Wrymouth and Zbigniew), where knighthood together with its ritualsand customs were particularly extensively described. Kraszewski’s novel is also interpretedthrough the prism of chansons de geste, and particularly The Song of Roland; its main protagonists being seen as counterparts of Roland (Wrymouth) and Ganelon (Zbigniew). The author also refers to the perception of a warrior as a „warrior of Christ”, studying Kraszewski’s characters of crusaders or Teutonic knights, and pondering over the place of Christian faith in the life of men at arms. He also demonstrates the gradual decline of the caste described by Bolesławita with regard to the progressing degeneration of values, the passing of heroes, development of military technology and changes in human mentality. In conclusion, the author indicates the virtues of knighthood that Kraszewski valued in particular and the aimhe pursued when emphasizing them in historical fiction.

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Charakterystyka „herbarzy kaflowych”

Author(s): Karol Łukomiak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

For centuries, a stove has remained an extremely important element within a home.It served primarily as a source of heat, but with the development of pottery, stove-makingevolved. In the late Middle Ages, there appeared a stove tile with representations of religiousscenes, everyday situations and heraldic motifs, known in literature as gothic. Researchersbecame interested in stove tiles as early as in the 19th century. This kind of artifacts has anextensive body of literature. In spite of this, the topic still poses a lot of questions. So farno stove in situ has been found. Tiles were mainly uncovered in the cultural layers as rubble after demolition of stoves. It has not been established yet how the tiles were arranged relativeto one another on the stove surface. Heraldic motifs constitute over a half of the discoveredgothic tiles. The heraldic depictions themselves are varied. The aim of this article is a classification of the heraldic patterns on the face of tiles dated to the second half of the 15thcentury, which were found at the sites in Gniezno, Jarocin and Janków Dolny (Great Polandvoivodship). A great number of coats of arms found at one site may be indicative of familyrelations and political connections of the owner of the stove.

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