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This study deals with the relationship between language and law, translation and official translation. It will present the difficulties of legal translations and finally it will discuss in detail one segment of the legal translations, that is the translation of official documents. It will mainly underline the practical aspects of this kind of translations.
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Due to the Treaty of Trianon (1920), The Hungarian language is being spoken in eight different countries in the Carpathian Basin, i.e. Hungary, Ukraine, Romania, the former Yugoslav states of Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia, Slovakia and Austria. These countries are neighbouring to Hungary and the territories of these countries belonging to the Carpathian Basin are the following: Slovakia proper, Sub-Carpathia (Ukraine), Transylvania (Romania), Vojvodina (Serbia), Pannonian Croatia (Croatia), Mura region (Slovenia) and Burgenland (Austria). The Carpathian Basin covered the territority of the Old Kingdom of Hungary. The areas mentioned above are inhabited by a mixed population of ethnic and non-ethnic Hungarians. The Hungarians in the territorities neighbouring Hungary are qualified as a ”minority” in the states they belong to. However, in most cases they still form a majority in the areas they live in. Whatever the territorial partitioning of the Carpathian Basin has been or is, all geographers that have studied the Carpathian Basin acknowledge that this area of Central Europe is a geographical, social, cultural and linguistic entity. I refer to excellent studies that are in support of this claim. In fact, the Carpathian Basin is a ’culture area’ in the sense of Smith (1991, 172). Hence, it is motivated to study this area as a unity neglecting the fact that in some cases ethnicity crosses the borders of the Carpathian Basin, as for example, in the case of the Romanians or the Serbs. In this paper it will be argued that Hungarian is still a majority language in the Carpathian Basin. The reason for this is that Hungarians are still in the majority from an ethnic point of view. According to Smith (1991, 11-13), the Eastern European model of national identity is ’ethnic’ in contrast to the ’civic’ model of Western Europe. This has the following two important consequences. First of all, a nation is first and foremost a community of common descent and a member is organically connected to it (cf. Smith (1991, 11)). Second, the place of law in the Western civic model is taken by vernacular culture, usually languages and customs in the ethnic model. That is why lexicographers, philologists and folklorists have played a central role in the early nationalisms of Eastern Europe and Asia (cf. Smith (1991, 12)). Following Smith (1991, 11-13, 20), we will adopt the generalization that in Central and Eastern Europe vernacular language and culture determine ethnic identity and that these features are strongly correlating with national identity. Hence, there is a correlation between being an ethnic Hungarian and speaking the Hungarian language. All ethnic Hungarians speak and use the Hungarian language in the Carpathian Basin. Knowledge and use of the Hungarian language is one of the markers of the Hungarian identity in this area. However, not all speakers of Hungarian are ethnic Hungarians and not all ethnic speakers of Hungarian are speaking the Hungarian language. For example, the Roma sometimes only speak Hungarian, but they are not ethnic Hungarians. Bilingual speakers of Hungarian, ethnic Romanians, for example, in Transylvania might speak Hungarian, but they are not ethnic Hungarians. Some ethnic Hungarian communities, like some of the Csángó communities in Moldavia do not speak any longer Hungarian but Romanian. These communities consider themselves as ethnic Hungarian descendents. Although these cases exist, I will consider them as an exception to Smith’s generalization for Central and Eastern Europe. Observe that Smith’s generalization is only true for the following left-to-right correlation between ethnicity and language. If you are of X ethnicity then you speak X language, but vice versa is not true. Although, the Hungarian language is subject to legal conditions and a restrictive language policy in the neighbouring countries of Hungary, it has received more recognition in a European framework. After the collapse of communism the internal and cross-border public space have become free. For reasons of communication, speakers are free to use the language of their choice. Furthermore, minority languages are being protected by conventions adopted by the Council of Europe, namely the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML, 1992) and the Framework Convention for National Minorities (FCNM, 1995). Both conventions are not integrated into the European Union’s legal framework yet, but it is clear that they will play an important role in the further liberalization of Europe and the Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe. It is precisely for this reason that Hungarian communities in Central Europe are in favor of a further Europeanization of their region. This point of view conflicts with local nationalist jurisdiction, especially in Romania and Slovakia. However, the nationalist policy towards the Hungarian language can only hinder and delay a free and spontaneous use of the Hungarian language. Because of Europeanization the Hungarian language will strengthen its position in Central Europe, more precisely in the Carpathian Basin where Hungarians have a clear ethnic majority. If this is the course of future development, then Hungarian might develop into a regional communication language, a so-called lingua franca in the Carpathian Basin. This lingua franca will be used mainly in the communication among Hungarian mother tongue speakers in all domains of life.
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Today’s usage of Hungarian language has got tight connections with the social environment, and also with the political, economical and cultural changes arising on a local and global level. Earlier national states are changed by so-called Euroregions, which connect people, municipalities, institutions, civil organizations. (Varga 2005)1 The study analyses what kinds of changes were caused by the accession to the European Union in the system of connections and in the usage of language of the national groups in Burgenland.
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One of the most difficult problems of teaching Hungarian as foreign language is the explanation regarding the pluriform nouns and verbs roots. My paper deals with the classification of the pluriform noun roots, and I will present the different groups of nouns based on the database realized by the digitized material of the seven volumes of A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (1959–1962) [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language (1959–1962)]. In Hungarian linguistics, this work is known as Debreceni Thesaurus (DT). In the conclusions, I will present the possible solutions for this problem.
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Аt the verу heаrt оf trаnslаtiоn studies lies the issue оf trаnslаtiоn quаlitу. In mу рresentаtiоn, I wоuld like tо intrоduсe sоme bаsiс рrоblem situаtiоns, diffiсulties, inассurасies, and errоrs in trаnslаting Нungаriаn literаrу wоrks tо Вulgаriаn. Тhe аnаlуsis is bаsed оn the trаnslаtiоn teхts оf the раrtiсiраnts in the literаrу trаnslаtiоn соmрetitiоn оrgаnized in 2018 bу the Нungаriаn Сulturаl Institute in Sоfiа оn the оссаsiоn оf the 80th аnniversаrу оf the deаth оf Нungаriаn writer, роet, аnd trаnslаtоr Frigуes Kаrinthу. Аs сhаirmаn оf the jurу evаluаting the соmpeting trаnslаtiоns, I hаve fоund in mаnу wоrks а lасk оf сlаritу, vаgue eхрressiоns, struсturаl irregulаrities аnd stуlistiс rоughnesses, рhenоmenа оf interlаnguаge interferenсe, literаl trаnslаtiоn, аnd sо оn. Stаrting frоm the соnсrete оbservаtiоns, the рresent рарer аims tо desсribe аnd sуstemаtize the mоst imроrtаnt lаnguаge рrоblems thаt аrise frоm differenсes in sуstem аnd use between the sоurсe аnd the tаrget lаnguаge. Соmраring the sоlutiоns аррlied bу the trаnslаtоrs сlаrifies the essenсe оf trаnslаtiоn mistаkes аnd their deрendenсe оn linguistic and extralinguistic fасtоrs. Тhe аnаlуsis оf trаnslаtiоn inассurасies, misunderstаndings, misсоnсeрtiоns, аnd misinterрretаtiоns different in nаture аnd severitу аnd the соnсlusiоns thаt саn be drаwn frоm them reveаl the relаtiоnshiр between theоretiсаl knоwledge аnd its рrасtiсаl аррliсаbilitу аnd mаke trаnslаtiоn theоrу аn efficient meаns fоr аdequаte аnd suссessful trаnslаtiоn.
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The success of both literary translation and understanding of the meaning expressed in images depends on the chances of realizing the meaning attribution. The correct meaning attribution is actually nothing more than harmony. Harmony is understanding in itself: we understand the other person when we attribute to the expression what the sender of the message attributes to the countless possible meanings. The identity of meaning attribution is the criterion for correct understanding. In all other cases, there is no understanding but misunderstanding. Warren Goldfarb, referring to Wittgenstein, writes that all the problems related to following the rules can be traced back to the paradigm of identity in some way. I have no doubt that Goldfarb’s statement can be extended to the whole question of understanding: all the problems of understanding and interpreting can be traced back to the paradigm of identity in some way. In my presentation, I take the criteria of this identity into consideration.
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The purpose of this presentation is to illustrate the challenges of the life of interpreters with the help of an interpreter who, in many cases, has had to make linguistic mediation in very dangerous situations. The role of the interpreter is not only performing linguistic mediation because cultural transfer is also necessary for the resolution of conflicts. Daoud Hari’s autobiographical work illustrates the risks involved in the life of an interpreter who interprets for the international media in emergency situations crossing cultural borders. In the presentation, based on the analysed book, we would like to outline the features that define the work and life of a field interpreter. We consider the works of Barbara Moser-Mercer as the starting-point for the theoretical background of the work. We intend to present certain situations of the book from the perspective of the theory of interpretation focusing on the adaptation of the interpreters’ skills and competencies to the given circumstances.
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Many studies have highlighted the fact that pragmatics plays an important role in translation and translation studies (Klaudy 2017, Colina 2015). This is not a coincidence since in the case of pragmatics focus is placed on the language user, and it investigates the speaker’s meaning (Szili 2004). Meanwhile, in translation studies, the focus is on texts produced by people and the reproduction of these texts in the target language. Thus, it is not enough to rely on the literal meaning of the utterance (locution), but the intended meaning (illocution) must also be conveyed. The utterance produced in the target language must have the same effect as the one in the source language. The presentation will focus on the relation between pragmatics and translation studies. Based on examples gained from audiovisual translations, the presentation is going to examine the pragmatic functions of vocatives in source-text utterances as well as in the translation of the same utterances. I am looking for answers to (1) what are those problematic pragmatic factors in translation that should be discussed in translation practice courses as well? and (2) are fansubbers aware of the importance of the pragmatic functions of certain utterances? The presentation not only discusses the contribution of pragmatics to translation studies, but it shows that translation studies can also help language users by raising their awareness regarding the pragmatic functions of utterances.
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It has been extensively written and talked about the generation of the 80s of Romania as a well-formed group during the communist regime, when their members started gaining notoriety, but also in the post-communist period. The starting point of the present essay is that the generation of the 80s ends as a literary phenomenon in December 1989, after the fall of communism. Because of this, it is inadequate to evaluate these writers’ impact on the forming democracy depending on their post-communist group projects. Instead, they should be evaluated and analysed depending on their personal projects such as the founding of new publishing houses, new magazines, be them literary or cultural,associations, even institutions (like the case of what will be known as the Faculty of Letters of Braşov). Ideas and projects are not missing, but they do not take the form of grandiose projects anymore, as it happened in the communist period, turning the expectations that other intellectuals or the rest of the population had from these writers at least inadequate.
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Among the national minorities that live in Northern Europe, the Lapps (or Sámi) are the oldest. Even if they live on the territory of four countries, they have never had their own state. What ties them together is their specific culture and language, both so different from the other languages and cultures in the North. This paper aims both at a synchronic and a diachronic depiction of the language of the Lapps, respectively of their struggle for their linguistic rights that so often were constrained by the authorities and the majority population.
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