LEXICAL OPERATIONS AND STRUCTURAL FLEXIBILITY OF MWUs

Author(s): Galina Petrea / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Multiword Units constitute the study object of semantics, linguistics, cognitive psychology, lexicography and obviously, machine translation. Different taxonomies, typologies and classifications exist, there are debates regarding the denomination of the hyperonymic concept and its ramifications, which we take note of. These linguistic units make up a significative layer of the language, and is present in the registers belonging to different functional styles in different proportions. The present article explores the degree of flexibility, cohesion, formulaicity and syntagmatic mobility of MWUs in a special publicistic genre – the TED discourse. Our aim is to study how these prefabricated, bound lexical units behave in the live texture of language, as is used by diverse personalities starting from Nobel Prize laureates, to researchers, innovators, explorers, motivational speakers, influencers. The conclusion is that the vast majority of MWUs can be subjected to morphological variation to fit the context. The most productive lexical operation encountered in our case studies is lexical modification consisting in altering, adjusting, changing one element of the MWU without breaking its collective meaning. In what concerns the structural flexibility, there are several cases of fronting, topicalization, passivization, nominalization, clefting. Overall the cases of structural flexibility are clearly operated with a stylistic effect in view and more exactly – for emphasis.

DEIXISUL ÎN LIMBA ROMÂNĂ ȘI ÎN LITERATURA PENTRU COPII

Author(s): Teodora LEON / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2022

Deixis constitutes a captivating system of terms which do not have a “fixed” point of reference, since they rely on the conversational context of two or more speakers and their subsequent body language. Such words constantly occur in our day-to-day talks and they can denote various elements, from time and space to other people known by all the parties engaged in the respective discussion. Since we are dealing with a spoken dialogue, one may end up wondering whether deictic terms can be easily detected in written texts, as well. The situation does get trickier, but simultaneously more intriguing, and we are to reach the conclusion that deictic items are most effective when they are accompanied by visual aids. The following article will explore deixis starting from the mentioned premise and resorting to examples from contemporary picture books for children, written either by Romanian authors or foreign ones. The main purpose is to trace how illustrations provide a favourable medium for deictic expressions to arise, filling certain “gaps” inside the texts, so as to ensure that the story’s message and intentions are passed on successfully to the readers. The selection of examples will cover three types of usage of deictic words, specifically the symbolic one (which requires the speakers to be aware of the temporal and spatial framework of their conversation), the gestural one (which includes, as the name already suggests, the speakers’ gestures, in order to indicate the referent) and the mixed one (which is simply a combination of the first two types).

FILOLOGIA CA MODUS VIVENDI ȘI MODUS DICENDI AL PROFESORULUI ION MANOLI

Author(s): Elena PRUS / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2022

On the occasion of the anniversary, when Professor Ion Manoli, head of the 'Petru Roșca' Department of Romance Philology at the Faculty of Letters ULIM, celebrates 60 years of prolific activity and 80 years of prodigious life, we can take stock of his significant contribution to the university, cultural, and social life of the Republic of Moldova. A pillar of Romance linguistics in the Republic of Moldova, dean of the Faculties of Foreign Languages at the 'Alecu Russo' State University of Bălți (1976-2006) and at the Free International University of Moldova (2006-2010), in his noble mission as an administrator, but equally as a professor and researcher, he has brought his creative contribution and dedication to the formation of the 'human capital' of entire generations of young people in the elevated spirit of letters.

MANIFESTATIONS OF IDENTITY AND ALTERITY IN ENGLISH: BETWEEN SEMANTIC DIVERGENCE AND STRUCTURAL CONVERGENCE

Author(s): Andrei BOLFOSU / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This article is an attempt to investigate the divergences in meaning of the variants of English spoken worldwide under the semantic and structural perspective. From the philosophical standpoint, the identity/alterity dichotomy and/or unity is applicable to the scope of this article in that structural convergence falls under the definition of identity, whereas the semantic divergence is defined by the philosophical category of alterity. It is well-known that due to several factors as geographical isolation, cultural identity, regional features, along with others, have led to the development of new connotations ranging from shades of meaning to utterly novel significances, which may puzzle both native speakers originating from other regions or the non-native speakers. One of the aims of the present article is to elucidate the different meanings ascribed to the same words or structures in relation to the variants of English spoken in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia, and a special emphasis has been put on the underlying differences between British and American concepts that may lead to ambiguities, which subsequently may grow into misunderstandings. Another aspect that we have considered here is the translation into Romanian of sentences containing such structures with differing concepts depending on the region where it is used. The third focus of this paper is to provide meaningful recommendations to the translators and/or language learners on avoiding the translation traps and correctly get the message of the sentence where a regionalism has been in use, or on being able to timely identify the non-standard meaning of the word. Nevertheless, the multiplicity of meanings attributed to English structures worldwide (alterity) is thought of as an asset rather than a loophole not only by linguists who study the incongruent-pace evolution of English in different corners of the world, but by the native speakers as well. Incidentally, thinkers as Levinas, Castoriadis, and Baudrillard describe the alterity as a transcendent phenomenon stimulating diversity, and hence, progress.

ASPECTE ALE CONFLICTULUI DINTRE IDENTITATE ȘI ALTERITATE ÎN ROMANUL DOAMNA BOVARY DE GUSTAVE FLAUBERT

Author(s): Ana GHEORGHIȚĂ / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2022

Bovarism represents the essential side of the conflict between identity and alterity reflected in the novel Madame Bovary. The concepts of identity and alterity are in a relationship of opposition, identity denoting the fact of being an individual different from everyone else and, at the same time, of remaining the same over time, and alterity being the fact of conceiving one’s own personality as different of how it is in reality, in other words, to consider oneself a different person. The applicability of these concepts to the novel Madame Bovary is visible, if we start from the definition formulated by the French philosopher and essayist Jules de Gaultier (1858-1942), according to which Bovarism represents the faculty acquired by a person to conceive oneself in a different way than in reality, without taking into account the various external events and circumstances that could determine in each individual this inner transformation. According to Gaultier’s theory, when we talk about the conflict between identity and alterity, we refer to a real disease of thought, of soul, of personality, which consists in knowing the image of reality before knowing the actual reality. The prototype of such an approach is embodied by Emma Bovary, dominated by the cleavage between real being and imaginary being. At the base of the conflict between identity and alterity manifested in the form of Bovarism, several main aspects can be delimited which are also this phenomenon causes.

DUEL « IDENTITÉ, ALTÉRITÉ » ET INTÉRITÉ RETROUVÉE

Author(s): Jacques DEMORGON / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2023

Thanks to the current edition of the Intertext journal and the annual conferences of the Faculty of Letters, ULIM, for leading us to revisit the always controversial question of a necessary 'multi-trans-intercultural.' The call for papers stimulates us with its rigorous statement: 'Understand several cultures as they have understood themselves, then understand them among themselves, recognize them in their constructed differences, by making them interact with each other to learn to live with others.

METALIMBAJUL LITERAR ŞI LEXICOGRAFIA LA PROFESORUL ION MANOLI

Author(s): Victor Untila / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2023

Dictionary of Literary Terms: Etymology. Definition. Exemplification. Theory. Chisinau: ULIM (Print - Caro), 2022 – 608 pages, elaborated with much dedication and commitment by Professor Dr. hab. ULIM, Ion Manoli, a dictionary that marks the dimensions and importance of this part of the so-called 'literary' metalanguage. The title of the afterword is eloquent: 'Rhetoric is dead, long live rhetoric.' Mentioning the great names of researchers who have conducted studies in the field: Gérard Genette, Jean Cohen, Jean-Marie Klinkenberg, Roland Barthes, etc., we thus arrive at the relationships between rhetoric and literature. These two microstudies by Mr. Dorel Fînaru constitute a theoretical and laudatory contribution to this great lexicographical work.

За преходното и устойчивото в българската разговорна реч през последните 30 години (в края на XX и началото на XXI в.) и за някои наподобяващи дублети паралелни употреби в устната комуникация

Author(s): Marieta Tsvetkova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

Main features of Bulgarian colloquial speech are presented in 3 groups – stable trends, doublet variants and transitional lexemes and expressions. The first group includes: verb saturation, the interference from English and neglecting of the use of the polite form and the second one – the ending -me instead of -m for one category of verbs, the polite form with agreed by gender past active participle and some uses of prepositions. In the third group are presented intensifiers and response-clichés for expressing approval, disapproval and astonishment/surprise. A survey carried out by the author illustrates how, out of the existing multitude of cliché response options, only 25% to 33% are in active use in colloquial speech. It’s demonstrated also the opposite connotation of some phrases with meaning depending on the intonation, the implicit background or some extra-linguistic factors – an indicator that oral interaction needs more comprehensive observations including a complex of factors.

За конкуренцията между разговорните съчинителни конектори

Author(s): Radoslav Tsonev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The subject of the study is the rivalry between the colloquial connectives assigned to the same or different groups of coordinating conjunctions – copulative, adversative (comparative), corrrelative (disjunctive), which express the same or similar syntactic relations, making it possible to replace them in oral communication.

Vasile BAHNARU (24.10.1949 – 06.08.2024)

Author(s): Livia Caruntu-Caraman,Ana Vulpe / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2 (323)/2024

Въпросителните изказвания в медийната реч

Author(s): Marina Dzhonova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

This study treats the formal types of interrogative utterances in media speech. Conclusions are based on data from the Corpus of Spoken Bulgarian BgSpeech as well as on media interview recordings from 2023. The data show that journalists use interrogative sentences with wh-word or with question particle in their speech, and none of these formal types prevails. It is much more frequent that both formal types are used within one and the same utterance. Interrogative utterances without a question word were also found, and they are marked as interrogative only by the intonation. Interrogative utterances are predominantly direct speech acts. Only unconventional indirect speech acts with particle li are characteristic for the communicative situation in media interview.

Аспекти на диалога при виртуалното общуване (диалогът в коментарните рубрики)

Author(s): Vanya Zidarova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

Dialogue as a form of communication is part of virtual communication on the Internet. Comments are a type of dialogue that is characterized by distance between communicators, indirectness and one-way communication. Linguistically, commentary is a written form of spoken speech, in which almost all communicative practices inherent in oral speech are observed. In this study, comments on the Facebook pages of four entertainment television shows are analyzed. The speech strategies and linguistic devices used in the comments as a dialogic form are analyzed.

Заемане на славянски лексикални елементи в езиците от балканския езиков съюз. Лексемата кост

Author(s): Anastasia Petrova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The article analyzes the process of borrowing, integrating and adapting the Slavic word кост and its derivatives in the Balkan Sprachbund. The conditions and areas of borrowing, contexts of functioning, dynamics and variability in the formal-semantic appearance of the borrowed lexical item are examined. The development of the somatism кост, established with different meanings in the host languages, is traced against the background of its synonyms, derivatives and somatic phraseology. The systematization and reflection of the collected material are subordinated to the main goal of manifesting the dialectal network of common Balkan meanings of the Slavic lexemes.

Езикова игра във „Вселена“ от сборника „Уж“ на Д. Воденичаров

Author(s): Radina Ivanova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The present article is devoted to the phraseological language play found in Vselena from Uzh – a collection of Dimitar Vodenicharov’s literary works (Vodenicharov is also the author of several other books, including Phraseological Novel). By using language play in the text, the author interprets the Biblical themes of creation and Adam and Eve, intertwining the logic of the modern world (with an emphasis on the stereotypes of women) with the logic of the holy book. As a result, there is a clash between the language of today’s popular culture and our preconceived notions about the high style characteristic of texts like the Bible. The analysis focuses on various types of lexical-level language play (i.e. lexical, phraseological and other playful transformations). The article concludes that, on the one hand, language play is a feature specifically used in the construction of the text under analysis (Vselena), on the other hand, it is related to the cognitive mechanisms used by the modern person for its interpretation and his/her abilities to encode and decode a multi-layered text through making associative links based on extensive background knowledge.

Разговорното ЧЕ в художествената реч

Author(s): Verka Sasheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The object of research is the polyfunctional colloquial „that“ in the stylized colloquial speech of a literary text. The significance of the problem arises from the fact that in the studies devoted to oral communication, attention is paid to a number of coordinating connective and oppositional conjunctions (та, па, ама, ами), par ticles (абе, нали) as pragmatic markers, of their competition, but the functional-semantic value of че (that) has never been closely reviewed. Therefore, the purpose of the report is to present the functional-semantic implementation of че (that) in the stylized colloquial speech as a colloquial coordinating conjunction, a colloquial expressive intensifier, a grammatical particle, a pragmatic particle, including in joint use with other conjunctions (polysyndetonism), particles, interjections. Attention is paid to the joint use of че (that) with other pragmatic markers.

Отклонения при изписването на атрибутивни съчетания с първи компонент дума от чужд произход в неофициалната интернет комуникация

Author(s): Elitsa Topalova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The paper is devoted to the attributive combinations of two nouns in which the first component is a word of foreign origin that gives some extra information about the second component of the combination. The instances of usage are observed in informal Internet communication viewed as written form of spoken language. The emphasis is placed on the different spelling variants of these combinations that are observed in the examined examples, excerpted mainly from social media. The difference in spelling is presented as a result of an existing argument about the current linguistic essence of these combinations – whether they are a lexical unit (lexeme) or a syntactic structure.

Правописът в българската разговорна реч в интернет

Author(s): Velin Petrov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The article examines the issue of orthography in Bulgarian colloquial speech on the internet. We discuss the most common errors in the use of upper-case and lower-case letters, in the spelling of open, closed, or hyphenated complex or compound words, in article suffixation, in the use of the ordinal form of masculine nouns, etc. Cases are also analysed where internet users make spelling mistakes on purpose for a variety of reasons.

Initial observations on the grammatical characteristics, influenced by language contact, in the speech of bilinguals speaking Bulgarian and Ladino

Author(s): Diana Klüh,Tania Avgustinova / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2023

The paper reports the initial observations on the speech of five bilingual speakers of Bulgarian and Ladino. The aim is to establish the grammatical characteristics, triggered by the situation of language contact. The empirical focus falls on the Bulgarian spoken by the five bilinguals. The objective is to isolate the peculiarities and analyze whether they can be explained as resulting from the influence of Ladino. The study has been carried out within the framework of an international research project on Ladino spoken in Bulgaria (Judeo- Spanish in Bulgaria: A Contact Language between Archaism and Innovation), financed by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG).

Василка Алексова. Важността на сравнителните изследвания върху българския и румънския

Author(s): Katalina Vatashescu / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2023

ЦИТАТЫ ИЗ ЕВАНГЕЛЬСКИХ ПРИТЧ В РУКОПИСЯХ ПРЕСЛАВСКОГО ПЕРЕВОДА ЛЕСТВИЦЫ ИОАННА СИНАЙСКОГО

Author(s): Tatiana Georgievna Popova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 24/2024

Τhe article is written in the context of the research of "collective church memory". The subject of the analysis is 10 exact quotations from 5 Gospel parables, functioning in the text of the Preslav translation of the "Ladder" of John Climacus. The article reconstructs the forms in which these quotations could have existed in the memory of the author of the first Slavic translation of the "Ladder". The materials for the reconstruction of the "individual archive" of the "church memory" of the Preslav translator are the edition of the Gospel texts prepared by the Institute for Textual Studies of the New Testament, the Greek-Latin edition of the "Ladder" prepared by J.-P. Migne, 5 Byzantine codices of the 9th - 10th centuries and 8 manuscripts of the Preslav translation of the "Ladder" of the 12th - 14th centuries. The analysis revealed that there are no cases of absolute coincidence of the "canonical" quotation and the quotation included in the text of the "Ladder". Including the biblical text in the text of his book, St. John Climacus often dismembers quotations with his insertions and interpretations. In the most ancient Byzantine codices of the "Ladder", the text of the monument is distinguished by the uniformity of its transmission, and contains almost no discrepancies in quoting the Gospel. Slavic manuscripts have preserved many discrepancies, which can be explained by the rich tradition of rewriting and editing the monument. Observations on the functioning of quotations from the Gospel parables in the text of the first Slavic translation of the "Ladder" convince us that the translator knew the Holy Scripture well. Including this or that quotation in the text of the translation, the Preslav translator recognized it and transmitted it in the way that was accepted in his book school. Appendix to the article is a list of Gospel quotations in the form in which they could be stored in the "collective church memory" of the Preslav book school. These quotations contain vocabulary that is characteristic, in general, of the Preslav translations, as well as vocabulary characteristic of the translations of John the Exarch.