УПОТРЕБИ НА СЪМ, БЪДА, БИВАМ И БИДОХ В СЪВРЕМЕННИЯ БЪЛГАРСКИ ЕЗИК

Author(s): Krasimira Aleksova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: XXXVII/2024

In the present study, the uses of sam, bada, bivam and bidoh as copulas or as auxiliary verbs in various evidentials and voices in the modern Bulgarian language are investigated. The competition between both sam and bada and between sam and bivam, byah and bidoh is explored. In addition, the opinion of modern Bulgarians about these three competing couples is studied through an anonymous non-representative survey. Examples are used from all electronic corpora of the Bulgarian language and from the Internet. The truth of three hypotheses is proven: the forms of sam are preferred over the uses of bada and bivam in the various evidential active forms; the forms of bada predominate in the passive evidential forms; the aorist forms bidoh, bide, bide, bidohme, bidohte, bidoha are very infrequent and today hardly used by modern generations, although they are known.

Na obcej ziemi – relacja Stefana Jana Ślizienia z mołdawskiej wyprawy („Haracz krwią turecką Turkom wypłacony”)

Author(s): Renata Ryba / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The article considers the poem by Stefan Jan Ślizien entitled Haracz krwią turecką Turkom wypłacony [Tribute paid with Turkish blood to the Turks] in 1674. The work is barely present in historical-literary reflection. Both the work, which is part of a group of numerous texts praising Jan Sobieski’s victory over the Turks near Chocim, and the author himself as a participant in those events deserve closer attention. The last (of four) parts of the work were subject to a closer examination, constituting the poet-soldier’s account of the disastrous expedition of Polish troops to Moldova at the turn of 1673 and 1674, which closed the campaign against the Ottoman enemy. The focus was on how soldiers perceived the foreign reality surrounding them. The real world during war turned out to be unfriendly and the space difficult to get used to. Therefore, the poetic message was saturated with negative emotions, such as disappointment, uncertainty, and fear. In these parts of the text, the work is set in the context of geopoetics whereas from the genological perspective, it was situated in the convention of the “native heroicum”, in the tradition derived from ancient works – the Lucan epic. Comparing the poem against the background of various varieties of old travel accounts, it was noticed that the poem follows a military variant of the “journey” pattern. The findings obtained in this article can be used for further historical and cultural history research.

Посланията на гъбите в творчеството на Олга Токарчук

Author(s): Dimitrina Hamze / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

Mushrooms are not merely delicious edibles, toxic threats to life, or parasitic organisms. Drawing upon in-depth scientific research, Olga Tokarczuk unveils their unsuspected biointegrative potential, which could serve as a model for interhuman relationships. The aim of the study is to unfold the semantic spectrum of mushroom functions, crucial not only for the biopsychic status of the subject but also for their spiritual and psychic evolution. The methods used include biocognitive, comparative, and semantico-analytical.

Интегративната симптоматика в творчеството на О. Токарчук

Author(s): Dimitrina Hamze / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The primary thematic concern in the works of O. Tokarczuk is integrativeness. All beingness within her works are treated as equal and fully-fledged „characters”. They are engaged in a continuous process of active energy exchange. The aim of this study is to emit certain conceptual cores functioning as integrative elements within the artistic fabric of her works. Comparative, analytical, and psycho-prognostic methods are employed.

Следващи интегративни доминанти в творчеството на Олга Токарчук

Author(s): Dimitrina Hamze / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The entire body of work by the Polish writer is permeated by integrative vectors. Everything that happens in human life as a function of relationships between people, but also as a function of cosmic and socio-historical events, is predetermined by integrative processes in the Universe at all levels - both on the psychological level, in the microcosm of the individual, and on the levels beyond him - in the surrounding world – which embrace the diverse dynamics of the individual. The aim of the study is to identify and analyze some of the integrative dominants in the writer's works. The methods used are analytical, comparative, and cognitive-psychological

Vladimír Šmilauer, Karel Hausenblas a Alexandr Stich v roce 2023. Osobnosti a jazykovědné dílo

Author(s): Oldřich Uličný / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2024

In present article we tried to capture the scientific and personality traits of three Czech and Czechoslovakian linguists who co-created our linguobohemistics in an unforgettable way. We remember Vladimír Šmilauer as a great syntactician with other broad-based linguistic interests, we see Karel Hausenblas as the creator of a new stylistic theory. On the other hand, Alexandr Stich is for us not only a modern philologist and one of the most important historians of the development of the Czech language. We also examine how our current linguobohemistics has changed since their time and how they would appreciate our progress and criticize our debts.

Medailony, nekrology, vzpomínkové texty (psané třemi jubilanty a o třech jubilantech)

Author(s): Jana Hoffmannová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2024

A significant element of the “memory of the discipline” consists of shorter texts written on the occasion of a life milestone or the death of important personalities, above all biographical portraits, obituaries and commemorative texts – that is, genres of scholarly discourse which are typically placed in journals in the sections with titles such as “Notices” (and the like). This contribution focuses on the biographical portraits and obituaries written by Vladimír Šmilauer, Karel Hausenblas and Alexandr Stich, and further on the countless texts written about them by other authors. Attention is devoted first to the characteristic features and means of these genres: text titles, composition, rhetoric, and evaluative, figurative and playful expressions. Following the description of these genres is a characterization of Šmilauer, Hausenblas, and Stich, three outstanding scholars and teachers: what they had in common, where they differed, how they spoke and wrote. Their human characteristics (e.g., personal selflessness) emerge very clearly, especially from the commemorative texts, often informal and emotional, published by their students, colleagues and friends.

Příspěvek Alexandra Sticha a Vladimíra Šmilauera k výzkumu české vojenské terminologie

Author(s): Josef Ernst / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2024

Alexandr Stich as well as Vladimír Šmilauer dealt with Czech military terminology, although this was not their main area of research. Both of them linguistically analyzed the work of others, namely Stich of Friedberg-Mírohorský and Šmilauer of Emil Smetánka. Stich was fascinated by Friedberg-Mírohorský’s effort because he also saw it as a political manifesto that would raise the Czech language to a higher level, and thus to the same level as the German language. For Šmilauer, who was a student of Smetánka, his work was of great importance because of its originality and systematic nature. Both Stich and Šmilauer made a thorough analysis of original sources, be it the illustrative atlas by Friedberg-Mírohorský or the set of small arms terminology, which was based on Smetánka’s work in the terminology commission after World War I.

Šmilauer – Tesnière – závislostní syntax

Author(s): Jarmila Panevová,Patrice Pognan / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2024

The article compares two representative approaches to the description of dependency syntax: Šmilauer’s syntax for Czech (1947) and Tesnière’s structural syntax focused on syntax in general (1959). Similarities and differences between the two leading representatives of modern syntax are the object of comparison. The degree of general knowledge of Tesnière’s approach in the Czech environment is considered in the works of Šmilauer before Tesnière’s most comprehensive work was published. Both authors use graphic means to capture the syntactic structure of a sentence, called stemmata by Tesnière. Both authors, however, differ in their conception of the central sentence pair of syntactic structure: subject and predicate. While Šmilauer considers the subject to be the basic source of agreement for the predicate, for Tesnière the subject is one of the members dependent on the verb (in the same vein as the objects or adverbials). This approach then led Tesnière to introduce the notion of verbal valency reflecting the necessary participants in the action expressed by the verb. Both authors also differ in their representation of the order of words in the graphic representation: Šmilauer respects the surface order of words in the sentence structure, while Tesnière mostly places the actants to the left of the governing verb and the circumstants to the right.

Role Vladimíra Šmilauera v etymologickém slovníku Václava Machka

Author(s): Vít Boček / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2024

This study examines both the quantitative and qualitative contribution of Vladimír Šmilauer to Václav Machek’s etymological dictionary. Appointed scientific referee, Šmilauer wrote lengthy evaluations for both editions of the dictionary, which contained hundreds of notes and suggestions for improving individual entries. In our paper we classify these comments into several groups, working mainly with the criterion of the nature of the comments (i.e. whether they concern the forms and/or meanings of words given in the entry, or the interpretation of the origin of the word) and the criterion of the acceptance of the suggestions by Machek (roughly on the axis of acceptance – alternative interpretation – rejection). Šmilauer’s reviews provide some hitherto unknown interpretations of Czech and Slovak words, and may thus stimulate further reflection on the origin of them.

„Nowy Dziennik” a polskie dążenia do Sojuszu Północnoatlantyckiego (1990–1999)

Author(s): Andrzej Bonusiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2024

Prezentowany artykuł ma za zadanie przedstawić, w jaki sposób zmieniało się podejście „Nowego Dziennika” do problematyki poszerzenia NATO o państwa Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. W tym celu przeprowadzona została analiza zawartości tematycznej czasopisma z lat 1990–1999. Umożliwiło to ustalenie, jakie czynniki warunkowały przeobrażenia w sposobie prezentowania przez dziennik omawianych treści. Stwierdzono, że wyraźnie wyodrębnić można kilka okresów narracyjnych – pierwszy przypadający na okres rozpadania się systemu państw ludowo-demokratycznych; kolejny, w którym nowo powstałe władze starały się wypracowywać nowe koncepcje bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego; trzeci – kiedy jasne stało się, że pomimo oczekiwań Rosja podąży własną drogą, co spowodowało, że ugruntowaniu uległo przekonanie o konieczności włączenia Polski i państw Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej do NATO. Wreszcie ostatni, w którym walczono o ratyfikację podjętych decyzji przez poszczególne rządy sojusznicze. Na podstawie przedstawionej analizy stwierdzono, że omawiane czasopismo odegrało znaczną rolę w popularyzowaniu tej idei i lobbowaniu za nią w środowisku polonijnym w USA, a co za tym idzie – również amerykańskim.

Pozaprawne uwarunkowania partycypacji społecznej na poziomie lokalnym w Polsce. Przegląd literatury

Author(s): Monika Klimowicz,Małgorzata Michalewska-Pawlak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2024

Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja stanu wiedzy naukowej w zakresie pozaprawnych uwarunkowań partycypacji społecznej na poziomie lokalnym w Polsce oraz sformułowanie rekomendacji do prowadzenia dalszych dociekań naukowych we wskazanym obszarze badawczym. W pracy dokonano systematycznego przeglądu literatury, w oparciu o zasoby wiedzy naukowej, dostępne w wybranych bazach naukowych. Na podstawie kwerendy literatury oraz krytycznej analizy treści publikacji zidentyfikowano stan wiedzy, w tym także jej luki oraz wskazano rekomendacje dotyczące kierunków przyszłych badań nad pozaprawnymi uwarunkowaniami partycypacji społecznej na poziomie lokalnym w Polsce. Wyniki systematycznego przeglądu literatury pozwoliły na sformułowanie wniosków, że stan aktualnej wiedzy wskazuje na cechy społeczno-kulturowe poszczególnych wspólnot lokalnych oraz działania władz lokalnych jako główne, pozaprawne determinanty aktywności społecznej.

NAZWY GRA KOMPUTEROWA, GRA WIDEO, GRA CYFROWA W POLSZCZYŹNIEANALIZA SEMANTYCZNO-PRAGMATYCZNA

Author(s): Krzysztof Kaszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2024

The aim of the article is to describe and compare the linguistic and communication characteristics of the three most general names of “video games” in Polish. The main sources of data were dictionaries of Polish, the National Corpus of the Polish Language, and messages from specialized media dealing with video games. The research has shown that the analyzed units differ in word-formation and real meaning, semantic connectivity, frequency of occurrence in the discourse and social range.

ТЕАТРАЛНА ДЇЯЛНОСЦ ЯКИМА ОЛЕЯРА

Author(s): Sasa Sabados,Aleksandra Dejanović / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 7/2023

This paper highlights the significance of Jakim Olejar for the development of amateur dramatics among Ruthenians in Vojvodina. Although he was better known to the Ruthenian public as a teacher and a children’s author, his contribution to the development of the theatre scene in Petrovci and Đurđevo is also noteworthy. The first document on the Vojvodina Ruthenian theatre dates back to 1913. The only evidence that Ruthenians performed theatrical plays before the First World War is an invitation to a performance of two one-act plays in Kucura, Jeronim Lucik’s “Do not curse” and “The witch doctor”. After 1918, with the creation of the new state, there was a need for Ruthenians to change their approach to the theatre, and from then on it would be at the top of interest and involvement of the Ruthenian public. A review of the plays directed by Olejar makes it evident that he was an exceptionally prolific director, having directed 35 plays. Collaboration with Petro Riznič and Irinej Timko contributed to the development of his theatre work, as evidenced by awards for plays he directed later on in Đurđevo. His theatre work spanned two particularly significant periods for the Ruthenian community in these areas—first, the interwar period, when the cultural and educational identity of Ruthenians in Yugoslavia was forming, as well as the period after the Second World War when Ruthenian culture was further institutionalized. This fact seems crucial to understanding of Jakim Olejar’s role in the development of Vojvodina Ruthenian theatre.

Bycie jako przetrwanie. V Międzynarodowa Konferencja Naukowa z cyklu „Filozofia bycia i przetrwania w ego-dokumentach pisarzy, malarzy i filmowców ukraińskich (od czasów Orlika do współczesności)”

Author(s): Martyna Frątczak,Kamila Brodowska,Dawid Bzorek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 11/2024

Isakovićev angažman na reafirmaciji u bosanskome jeziku kroz Varijante na popravnom ispitu i Rječnik karakteristične leksike bosanskoga jezika

Author(s): Amira Banjić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 25/2024

This paper discusses Alija Isakovic's commitment and contributions to the processes of reaffirmation Bosnian language within Serbo-Croatian linguistic unitarism in the second half of the 20th century. We have shown the historical context of the language policy and Isakovic's significant work for the selected theme. The focus of this paper is on the sociolinguistic text "Varijante na popravnom ispitu" and the lexicographic work Rječnik karakteristične leksike u bosanskome jeziku, which represents a kind of struggle for the specificity of the Bosnian variant and characteristic lexicon of Bosnian language in that linguistic norm. The results of Isakovic's work are noticeable in the Yugoslav period (partial change in the field of official language policy), but it's also noticeable in period of state independence when language policy was created based on Isaković's concepts.

Kulturološko-feminističke tendencije u turskom društvu na primeru stvaralaštva Filiz Bingolče

Author(s): Ksenija Aykut / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 25/2024

In Turkish society, feminism in themes of women’s emancipation and women’s rights began to develop more intensively in literary and artistic creativity in the second half of the 20th century and continues to varying degrees until today. In addition to literary works, sociological studies, and various forms of artistic creativity expressing feminist content, a unique example of a specific female expression appeared in a specialized dictionary of female jargon. The subject of this paper is the lexicographic and literary analysis of social contribution of the author Filiz Bingolče who devoted a significant part of her work to pointing out the position of Turkish women in a traditional society, which requires them to be humble and obedient wives and mothers, which represents a challenge for new generations of young women who are living in a time of accelerated scientific and technological developments while at the same time trying to find their place as respected individuals in society. Using the method of analyzing the selected corpus of the author’s significant work, which consists of the “Dictionary of Feminine Jargon” and “Threnody of Murdered Women”, our goal is to present to the scientific public the author’s feminist struggle and her contribution to the understanding of the intimate and hidden female being in a traditionally male environment. We can conclude that according to Turkish women, even in the modern era, the constraints of traditions cannot be easily unchained and that the battle for equal existence continues both on a wider social scale and in the individual context of women as individuals.

Interkulturani i intermedijalni identitet južnoslavenskih književnosti

Author(s): Šeherzada Džafić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 25/2024

Review of: Nadija Rebronja: Tačke ispod teksta, istočno od zapada. Prilozi južnoslavenskoj komparatistici i interkulturalnom čitanju, Akademska knjiga, Novi Sad, 2023

АТРИБУТИВНЫЕ СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ КАК СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКИЕ СРЕДСТВА В ВОЕННЫХ ПАНЕГИРИКАХ ФЕОФАНА ПРОКОПОВИЧА

Author(s): Olga S. Kazakovtseva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 7/2024

This paper examines the functioning of attributive word combinations in three military panegyrics by Feofan Prokopovich: “A Word of Praise for the Glorious Victory over the Armies of Sweden” (1709), “A Word of Praise for the Battle of Poltava” (1717), and “A Word of Praise for the Russian Navy” (1720). The significance of this study arises from the limited exploration of the linguistic characteristics in Prokopovich’s works of praise. The objective of this research is to analyze the arrangement of components in attributive word combinations within these texts and to describe the stylistic elements employed in their construction. A total of 1155 attributive constructions were collected through continuous sampling. The analysis utilized structural-functional, descriptive-comparative, and semanticstylistic methods. The findings indicate a slight predominance of prepositive contact constructions, with the author employing the postposition of attributes as a stylistic device. Furthermore, it was observed that attributive word combinations in panegyric texts serve as a vital tool for creating a formal rhetorical style, employing techniques such as antithesis, amplification, repetition, and other strategies to enhance the eloquence of the discourse. Overall, attributive word combinations emerge as expressive and stylistic devices that vividly illustrate Peter the Great’s military achievements.

ИСТОЧНИКИ ГРАММАТИКАЛИЗАЦИИ КОННЕКТОРОВ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА (на материале базы Рускон)

Author(s): Irina Kobozeva,Natalia Serdobolskaya / Language(s): Russian Issue: 7/2024

This research article examines the sources of replenishment for the connective elements (clause linkers) in complex sentences, known as connectors, in modern Russian. Unlike studies focused on the etymological analysis of individual connectors, this study aims to identify the overarching trends in the derivation of connectors in the language from the XX and XXI centuries. The paper analyzes both morphosyntactically indecomposable units at the synchronic level and compound connectors. The research utilizes data from the RUSCON database, which contains examples and provides syntactic and semantic information on 670 Russian connectors. This database was compiled using various sources, including The Concise Academic Dictionary of the Russian Dictionary, The Unabridged Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, D. N. Ushakov’s dictionary, dictionaries of function words edited by T. F. Efremova and V. V. Morkovkin, and the 1980 edition of the Russian Grammar. Additionally, connectors from the Constructicon database of the Russian National Corpus were incorporated into the study. The process of extracting connectors from these sources was conducted manually. For each connector, relevant information such as part of speech, meaning according to the sources, type (for particles), semantic field (according to the RUSCON classification), and sub-value was documented. This paper specifically analyzes new connectors — those not classified as conjunctions in the sources but labeled as ‘modal markers’, ‘adverbs functioning as conjunctions’, ‘conjunction phrase’, ‘analogues of conjunctions’, and similar categories. These units are classified based on their part-of-speech status and semantics. The study highlights the primary sources contributing to the inventory of connectors — abstract nouns and prepositions derived from them, adverbs (especially in the comparative degree), complexes of subordinators and conjunctions, subordinators with particles, and combinations of subordinators with the demonstrative pronoun ‘that’. The study of these new connectors sheds light on the new trends in the Russian language evolution during the XX and XXI centuries, underscoring the significance of this study.