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This article aims to examine the different ways in which the content of the Bible used to be transmitted in the Middle Ages and to provide an overview of the most common biblical topoi used in the medieval culture. We also aim to analyse the books of the Old and New Testaments from which the best-known medieval biblical topoi come and to cite some concrete examples from the medieval Romanian literature.
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In a communication situation, the person can freely express his/her ideas, but to be able to understand the intention of somebody, it is first necessary that the situation of enunciation is understood and that the context is observed. That is why pragmatics takes into account the utterance not only from the speaker's point of view, but also from the way the utterance is received and transmitted. Similarly, the relationship that this statement maintains with its interlocutor, the conditions of production and/or reception of this statement are the subject of particular attention. This article follows this logic. Using the theory of speech acts developed by J. L. Austin, it pursues the objective of showing that J. P. Bazié performs speech acts in his poems. Perlocutionary acts in particular indicate that the speaker positions himself in the struggle of peoples for their future. Therefore, by analyzing the speech acts performed by the speaker and by the shift from the speaker to the author, the study has come to the conclusion that J. P. Bazié is a committed writer.
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The research starts from the hypothesis that renarrative in Bulgarian can be used in journalistic texts to report something that is not necessarily verified and reliable, according to the requirements of the journalistic profession. News headlines analyzed throughthe prism of the use of renarrative show a tendency to move away from this grammatical form in an attempt to prove that only the truth is being spoken.
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The research aims to analyze the grounds for claims of linguistic sexism in close connection with the related concept of feminism, in a broad cognitive, psycholinguistic and cultural context. Paremies from the two Slavic languages (Polish and Bulgarian) play the role of illustrative material for the presented theses. The main conclusion, which opens up a beneficial perspective on intersex relations, is that if a woman feels undervalued, discriminated against and humiliated, before attributing all the sins to „androcentrism”, she should look at herself and try to change what is necessary to be changed.
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The Corpus Dionysiacum, possibly authored in the 6th century by an enigmatic figure, stands as a pivotal work within the Byzantine oikumene, yet its reception in the Slavic context has been underexplored. This paper provides an overview of both direct and indirect receptions of the Corpus Dionysiacum, highlighted by direct quotations from a newly discovered cycle of original Slavic homilies from the late 9th century, a discovery that potentially shifts the paradigm of our understanding. We will examine the breadth, philological nuances, and theological applications of these quotations, employing a comparative analysis to contextualize our findings within a broader scholarly conversation. Through this examination, we shed light on the intricate web of cultural and theological exchanges between the Byzantine and Slavic worlds.
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The article analyses the translation correlates of ἀρετη, πολιτεία and φιλοσοφία in Constantine of Preslav’s Didactic Gospel. Their contextual meanings are systemised together with their Old Bulgarian transponents. Other Greek words that are translated by the same slavic transponents are analysed and the data are compared to the information in the major palaeoslavic dictionaries. The observations reveal that φιλοσοφία and ἀρετη are rendered by a wide range of lexemes whose array rivals that in far more voluminous Old Bulgarian corpora. It can be shown that the choice of synonyms for the three polysemous Greek nouns is not arbitrary but consistent with the meaning in a specific context. It appears that there is a tendency towards rendering each meaning of a Greek word by one particular Slavic word, i.e. a tendency to transform semantic differentiation in the source language into lexical differentiation in the target language. There is also a rather clearly noticeable semantic differentiation between the synonymous lexemes житиѥ and жиꙁнь and it is motivated not by the translated Greek words but by their contextual meanings, in which житиѥ refers more often to the earthly life whereas жиꙁнь means the eternal life.
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This article focuses on the Slavonic reception of Methodius of Olympus, a Greek patristic author who flourished in the second half of the third and the beginning of the fourth centuries. Most of his writings have not survived in their Greek original; however, most of them have been preserved in a full Slavonic translation. Most probably, this translation was produced in the First Bulgarian Kingdom at some point between the end of the ninth and the eleventh centuries. The present article focuses exclusively on one of the writings of Methodius of Olympus, viz. the exegetical letter De cibis ad Chilonam (CPG 1814), presenting – for the first time in a systematic manner – some preliminary observations on the question of transmission of this text in the Slavonic manuscript tradition. Furthermore, it explores how the study of the Slavonic hermeneutical terminology in this text can shed more light on the biblical patristic exegesis of Methodius of Olympus, in general.
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In the text, an attempt is made to establish the origin of a dialectal form of a noun isolated in the Bulgarian linguistic territory. Based on its formal connection with another literary lexeme in the Bulgarian language, the question is raised not only about the etymology but also about the existence of such a word in general.
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Celem niniejszego artykułu jest prezentacja wyimku archiwum osobistego Krzysztofa Teodora Toeplitza na przykładzie korespondencji listownej prowadzonej z Agnieszką Osiecką. Archiwum osobiste K.T. Toeplitza stanowi unikatowy zbiór korespondencji prywatnej prowadzonej przez publicystę w okresie PRL aż do jego śmierci. Jest odzwierciedleniem stosunków prywatnych panujących między przedstawicielami ówczesnej elity intelektualnej Polski. W korespondencji widoczne są odniesienia do życia prywatnego adresata listów.
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W związku z coraz częstszą wymuszoną lub dobrowolną zmianą miejsca zamieszkania, różne nazwy kraju, wybranego przez migranta jako miejsce pracy i zamieszkania, pojawiają się także w językach słowiańskich. W porównaniu do leksykalnie bardzo licznych i różnie motywowanych określeń osoby przemieszczającej się i osiedlającej w innym kraju, liczba leksemów oznaczających „nową ojczyznę” jest mniejsza, zasługuje jednak na uwagę językoznawców i socjologów zajmujących się powszechną migracją ludności. W artykule analizowane są nazwy „drugiej ojczyzny” w językach serbskim i chorwackim, a przykłady użycia tych nazw są poddawane profilowaniu etnolingwistycznemu zgodnie z metodą etnolingwistyczną rozwiniętą w lubelskiej szkole Jerzego Bartmińskiego. Ważną rolę w profilowaniu analizowanych nazw odgrywają aspekty ewaluacyjne.
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W artykule został omówiony etnolingwistyczny aspekt działalności Jana Karłowicza. Badacz ten jest znany przede wszystkim jako redaktor i autor trzech słowników oraz redaktor czasopisma „Wisła”. Stricte etnolingwistyczną pracą Karłowicza jest odnaleziony w 2017 roku Słownik mitologii polskiej, który wpisuje się w nurt etnolingwistyki historycznej, specyficznie rozumianej. Również terminowi mitologia zostało przypisane inne znaczenie od współczesnego: ‘całokształt życia ludzkiego odzwierciedlony w folklorze, wierzeniach i zwyczajach, zarówno przedchrześcijańskich, jak i katolickich’. Autor, wychodząc z założenia, że lud stanowi stadium ewolucyjne narodu pierwotniejsze niż szlachta czy mieszczaństwo, był przekonany, iż badania porównawcze tzw. przeżytków wskażą to, co dawne w polskiej mitologii. Celem takich badań było pokazanie złożoności polskiego widzenia świata i człowieka na tle ogólnosłowiańskim, a nawet znacznie szerszym.
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W artykule poddano analizie zbiór publicystyki Justyny Kopińskiej obejmujący teksty o charakterze reportaży i felietonów. Autorka koncentruje się na sposobie tekstualizacji wojny na Ukrainie w pierwszych miesiącach po wybuchu konfliktu. Logikę świata wojny opisuje, odwołując się do poetyki agonu. Analizuje takie element, jak strukturalizacja przestrzeni ogarniętej wojną, konstrukcja postaci, wartości świata kryzysu. Omawia również kształt genologiczny prozy Kopińskiej i jej związek z poetyką reportażu wojennego.
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This article analyzes how Hayat, the main character in Mahi Binebine's novel Rue du Pardon, is the victim of all kinds of oppression. We propose first to analyze how Hayat endures the oppression of the father figure, the absence of a constructive mother figure and the coercion of a morbid space preventing any possible fulfillment for this child. Next, we'll look at this character's journey towards resilience and a future outside the norm, one of transgression and confrontation. Finally, we will discuss how the female subject demonstrates agency (Butler, 2006: 218) by investing in the terrain of popular song.
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The article is concerned with proper names in selected poems by Julian Tuwim. The poet’s achievements are discussed in many studies, especially in literary ones. Researchers (e.g. Michał Głowiński, Ryszard Matuszewski) investigated the most important aspects of his poetry and the features of its poetics. They also paid attention to the linguistic aspect of Tuwim’s writing, but they were not much interested in the onymic layer of his poems. Meanwhile, Tuwim’s poetry is the source of a rich collection of proper names, appearing on their own or constituting elements of metaphors and similes. The article discusses selected names from the perspective of their functionality, considering also the usefulness of research tools of literary onomastics in the interpretation of onomastics in poetic textsproper names; literary onomastics
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Referring to the tradition of describing natural languages, the author considers semantic and pragmatic aspects of visual iconic signs. The most important characteristic of iconic signs are the lack of a second articulation (i.e. no division of the image into non-significant elements) as well as the lack of assigning a visual form to a specific mental representation.In the author’s view, an iconic sign shows what the recipient can think about in relation to what they know about something that is similar to what they see. The author distinguishes two types of inference: identifying and completive, showing how the interpretation of visual images is affected by the user’s semantic intention. The article presents two types of applications of counterfactual signs: manipulative and implicative.
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The article compares the content of traditional religious prohibitions concerning theuse of any type of aggression against one’s neighbour in the Old Believers’ environmentwith modern social standards of moral behaviour protected by law and understood asinalienable fundamental human rights. The study is based on the material excerptedfrom a manuscript from the collection of the former Monastery in Wojnowo, in Mazury(Poland). The selected manuscript consists of texts that served to perform the Orthodoxrite of penance, therefore it contains several penance-related questions. Such questionsabout the committed sins asked by the confessor reminded the believers of what sins were.Apart from questions related strictly to religion, there were also those about communitymembers’ norms of behaviour, which referred to prohibitions concerning certain behavioursand words regarding other community members. Such questions were repeated multipletimes during every liturgical year during each penance and they shaped the believers’concepts of family and social relations and served to improve their worldview. Aggression,expressed in the use of physical force and uttering swear words against family members,neighbours and even household animals, resulted in the need for penance to be imposed:from daily obeisance and strict fasting to the prohibition to participate in the life of the community. The texts from the manuscript describe various forms of punishment foreach committed sinful act. The presented content exemplifies the normative-educationalfunction of religious rites considered in the historical perspective.
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Numerous disciplines emerged for interpreting and assessing the Qur’an, establishing the dogma of its incomparable text. Over time, an interpretative community coalesced around this axiom, shaping and expanding the discourse on the Qur’an’s inimitability. In parallel, a counter-discourse, termed in this paper as “the imitability of the Qur’an,” evolved, illustrating its genesis and the methods of its interpretative community. This discourse encompasses two manifestations: linguistic and stylistic imitation of the Qur’an and a critical approach viewing the Qur’an as a text that imitates others, raising uncertainties about its motives, authorship, originality, and authenticity.
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The relationship between language, culture, and cognition is a key aspect within the interdisciplinary feild of cultural linguistics research. It attempts to describe how language reflects and shows cultural norms, values, and beliefs, throught cognitive frameworks like conceptualization, schema, and categorization. Meanwhile, studies in cognitive linguistics also have shown that language is formed based on conceptualizations and schemas directly influenced by culture. This paper, in its theoretical section, reviews the key concepts of cultural linguistics and its background. Additionally, it presents a case study on the Persian language, aiming to examine the cultural conceptualizations of “politeness” and the cultural schema of Iranian compliment Ta’arof by reviewing and analysing various examples. The analysis indicates that selecting and using specific language features can serve as indicators of conceptualizations or of specific cognitive schemas rooted in culture, consequently confirming the notion that culture significantly shapes language.
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The article is devoted to the development of language complexity in a relatively under-researched area of adolescent writing from the point of view of Complex Dynamic Systems Theory (CDST). It describes the second part of a panel study which aimed to examine the relationships among the average semester growth rates (ASGRs) of specific measures of syntactic and lexical complexity within and between these two subsystems in writing in English as a foreign language at the secondary school level. The study involved the analysis of The Written English Developmental Corpus of Polish Learners (WEDCPL). The corpus, which comprises over 1900 essays, was created on the basis of 21 repeated measurements conducted in a group of 100 secondary school learners during a period of three years. With respect to the specific measures of syntactic and lexical complexity, the study indicated that nominalization developed faster than subordination and coordination, and that lexical variation developed faster than lexical density and sophistication per semester. Moreover, the relationships between the ASGRs of both syntactic and lexical measures were more supportive within than between the subsystems. The main pedagogical implication for English language teachers refers to fostering more coordinated development of language complexity at secondary school in the EFL context.
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The article provides an innovative model of poetics (or isms, styles, etc.) in Czech prose in the latter half of the long 19th century. It gives an overview of seven individualized and mutually distinct poetics, including ideal, analytical, and psychological realisms, Parnassism, naturalism, impressionism, and decadence. The individual poetics do not represent periods, but exist in parallel, allowing confrontations and intersections either within the author’s work or in a specific text, as in the model of Czech literature developed by Dalibor Tureček in the past decade. They are always set in the context of European literature and supported by many illustrative examples. The model is not only typological, but also assumes a diachronic perspective, which can be developed in future scholarly work on the history of Czech literature. The aim is to create a system that can potentially be applied not only to Czech fiction, but possibly also to poetry or drama, in other periods and literatures. Part Two of the article concentrates on psychological realism, Parnassism, naturalism, impressio- nism, and decadence.
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