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CALIFES, PRINCES ET COMPAGNONS DANS LES GRAFFITI DU DEBUT DE L’ISLAM

Author(s): Frédéric Imbert / Language(s): English,French,Arabic Issue: 15/2015

The Arabic graffiti of the early decades of Islam, in Arabia and in the Middle East, represent an inexhaustible source of information on the origins of Muslim society. Recent discoveries have revealed that among thousands of graffiti written by anonymous people some few inscriptions are mentioning the names of famous and well-known persons. Among them we find some caliphs who were the direct successors of the prophet Muḥammad like ʿUmar b. al-Ḫaṭṭāb and ʿUṯmān b. ʿAffān. Among the inscribers, we also have mentions of some Umayyad rulers and princes who left their names on the stones, as well as famous companions from the first generations of scholars who reported some traditions from the prophet. These texts are showing that Islamic graffiti are not only religious texts but they also have an historical and political weight particularly when we consider that some of them were engraved just before or during the first civil war (fitna).

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Obraz a text v poézii – intermediálne podnety z vyučovania literatúry na primárnom stupni vzdelávania

Author(s): Mária Halašková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2023

The study is designed as a didactic case study of a teaching situation on the border between literary and visual education. Based on the application of the 3A methodology (Janík et al.,2016), one specific teaching situation zooming in on work with visual poetry forms in a group of predominantly 4th-grade primary school students is examined. The case study takes as its starting point the literary education activities of a particular teacher and a verbatim transcript of the teaching situation, which is analyzed at thematic, conceptual, and competence levels respectively. Subsequently, a specific change in the conduct of the lesson that could deepen the understanding of image-text relationships in individual examples is proposed. The aim is to both demonstrate how teaching based on intermedial content can contribute to expanding students’ perceptual horizons and highlight intermedial text as a stimulus for connecting educational areas that have regard to verbal and visual arts. Our interest in interdisciplinary connections related to art is inspired by contemporary cultural and media influences on children and youth, which, as far as education is concerned, correspond to efforts to link individual educational areas or emphasize interdisciplinary relationships. Through this didactic case study, we have tackled literary education in a broader, interdisciplinary context and described possibilities for connecting literary and visual education content that can lead to the acquisition of new intermedial skills and the deepening of interdisciplinary relationships in teaching.

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Recepce internetových diskuzních komentářů a její vliv na projevy kritického myšlení, mediální gramotnosti a vyjadřování emocí dětských čtenářů

Author(s): Lenka Hlaváčová,Radka Holanová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2023

The article focuses on the influence that online discussion comments have on the character of reactions made by pupils in the discussion thereafter. The research tool included an online article with discussion comments in four different versions: A) positive comments supporting the ideas of the text, B) comments questioning the information in the text, C) negative comments evoking fear, D) offensive comments primarily directed at the author of the text. The results show that pupils react differently in the discussion. There actions depend on the nature of the preceding fictional comments. Pupil comments vary in terms of the expressions and degree of media literacy and critical thinking, as well as the manifestations of positive or negative emotions.

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K využití multimodálního textu ve výuce mateřského jazyka: kniha Patlas zvířat

Author(s): Růžena Písková,Eliška Svobodová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2023

The article focuses on the possibilities of utilising multimodal texts in education process in the context of developing reading comprehension in junior school-aged pupils. Theconcept of multimodal text of the author’s book Patlas zvířat is presented. It is followed by the outline of creative workshops for pupils and primary school teachers and for the students enrolled in the seminar of Czech language didactics for primary school and by presentation of their products. The important motivational function that working with authentic authorial text has for both perception and for pupils’ own textual production is demonstrated. The obtained findings represent a starting point for further research focused on the use of multimodal texts in school and on the application of multimodal stylistics in pupils’ education.

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Potenciál tvorivého čítania v rozvíjaní detského čitateľstva

Author(s): Zuzana Kováčová Švecová,Lýdia Simanová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2023

The article explains the potential of creative reading in the development of critical thinking of the child reader and their personality formation at junior school age. It maps research findings from scholarly articles that indicate necessary changes in the approach to working with the literary text in the educational process in primary education to develop reading interest and sustainability of children’s readership.

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РАЗВИЈАЊЕ ЈЕЗИЧКИХ КОМПЕТЕНЦИЈА У ДУХУ ГОДИНА УЗЛЕТА – НА ПРИМЕРУ РАЗВОЈА МОРФОЛОШКОГ СИСТЕМА

Author(s): Đorđe Janković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2019

The paper discusses ways in which the stimulation of language competence is aligned with the view of the child offered by the Preschool Curriculum Framework (rich in potential, creative, whole being, being of play...) and provides suggestions for harmonizing traditional teaching practices, manifested in domain directed activities, with the project approach. The potential for integrating language play with the contents of other sub-domains of speech development and other developmental domains is highlighted. Attention is directed to stimulating the development of the morphological system, in order to shed light on two aspects of it: ways to stimulate the acquisition of (1) morphological (inflectional) and morphophonological patterns and of (2) derivational patterns. It is found that the kindergarten teacher's preparation for such subject requires an awareness of the ways of uncovering the derivated words, ways of introducing patterns, ways of representing the meaning of derivated words or their morphemes, understanding the derivational meaning, the selection of derivational patterns and examples, and how they are extracted from dictionaries. It is concluded that a quality holistic approach to the child requires not only the application of general pedagogical principles, but also of the principles of the subject, as outlined.

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Преводачески трансформации при формирането на езикови единици в сферата на ИКТ (по материал от руски и български език)

Author(s): Diyana Nikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

In this article, an attempt is made to describe the translation transformations (techniques / approaches / methods) that are used in the process of borrowing units from the English language, as the primary source of the special vocabulary in the field of ICT in two typologically close languages – Russian and Bulgarian. In connection with the high dynamics of development and nomination of novelties in this field, direct borrowing of linguistic material from the donor language is often used. In addition to it, the following translation transformations are used for the transfer of units into the target language from the original: descriptive translation, transliteration, transcription, loan translation. The partial and mixed use of these methods leads to the creation of units of a hybrid type, and this in turn creates new word-forming patterns. Regardless of the genetic proximity of the languages, during the research a preponderance was established for using some of the transformations, as a very characteristic approach in the Russian language is transliteration, while transcription is observed in the Bulgarian language.

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МЕТОДИЧКИ МОДЕЛ ОБРАДE СРПСКЕ НАРОДНЕ БАЈКЕ „ПЕПЕЉУГА” У ЧЕТВРТОМ РАЗРЕДУ ОСНОВНЕ ШКОЛЕ

Author(s): Nastasija Marić,Zorica Cvetanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2018

The teaching hours in which the fairy tale are interpreted have their own peculiarities. In the interpretation of each literary work, it is necessary to start from its individuality, analyze the text - and then make methodical guidelines. The folk fairy tale school class interpretations are modeled based on the analysis and methodical orientation. In the fourth grade of elementary school, fairy tale interpretation involves more theoretical and methodical elements. The aim of this paper is to present the methodical requirements and models for the interpretation of fairy tales in the fourth grade of the elementary school, as well as the proposal of a methodical model of the school class of the folk fairy tale "Cinderella".

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Constructions agrammatisées mono- et polysynonymiques dans les romans de San-Antonio

Author(s): Anastasiia Lepetiukha / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2024

In this research, mono- and polysynonymic constructions are considered as transforms of a virtual primary syntagm or proposition which are actualised in the form of grammaticalised (conventional in language and discourse) and typical (non-conventional in language and conventional in discourse) and atypical (non-conventional in language and in discourse) agrammaticalised co(n)textually pertinent preferential options. In grammaticalised utterances, expression prevails over expressiveness, while in agrammaticalised structures, expressiveness predominates over expression. In this article, the procedure of inverse reconstruction (discourse → language) of the primary structure is used. An "alternative" linguistic experiment is conducted, consisting of the replacement of a synonymic utterance by another in a discursive fragment that is analysed in order to justify the co(n)textual pertinence of the preferential option. During the research, typical and atypical agrammaticalised mono- and polypredicative quantitatively equacomponential, redundant, and compressed structures and bi and polysynonymic bi- and polyagrammaticalised preferential options (typical/atypical agrammatisation + typical/atypical agrammatisation) at the level of a syntagm or utterance are distinguished. It is revealed that in the novels of San-Antonio, monosynonymic atypical agrammaticalised utterances predominate. It is concluded that the actualisation of typical and atypical mono- and polypredicative mono- and polysynonymic agrammaticalised constructions, the result of the transformation of morphologically, syntactically and semantically balanced primary structures, where the predominance of expressiveness over expression sometimes leads to dissyntaxy, is one of the idiostylistic features of San-Antonio, who uses ludic strategies to facilitate or complicate the identification of his communicative intention and the interpretation of the information by the reader.

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ЛИНГВОМЕТОДИЧКИ ТЕКСТОВИ У НАСТАВИ СРПСКОГ ЈЕЗИКА У ЧЕТВРТОМ РАЗРЕДУ (МЕТОДИЧКИ АСПЕКТ)

Author(s): Simona Kanjevac / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2018

It is commonly and methodically functional to introduce the grammar of linguistic phenomena through the analysis of the starting or the linguistic text. In addition to having to be saturated with a certain language appearance, such texts sometimes needed to link content from different areas of Serbian language teaching. In this paper, we refer to the so-called related language textbooks found in grammar textbooks in the fourth grade of elementary school. These texts were studied from the point of view of the methodological principles and requirements, but also of the linguistic knowledge on which grammar and spelling is taught. The aim of the research was to determine the nature and function of the related linguistic texts and to present them in the selected textbooks for grammar teaching, as well as to determine the quality of a supporting methodology device that should link the concrete text and the definition of the concept.

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99 anni di lessicografia bilingue italiano-ceca, ceco-italiana

Author(s): Luca Palmarini / Language(s): Italian Issue: 1/2024

The article aims to analyse the first 99 years of Italian-Czech, Czech-Italian bilingual lexicography, from its origins, dated 1890, up to 1989, the year of the fall of Communism in Czechoslovakia. After having briefly introduced the literary and linguistic relationships of Bohemia and Moravia with the Italian peninsula, the paper focuses on the lexicographic ones, starting with some references to the multilingual dictionaries in which Czech and Italian are present, then moving on to the path of history of Italian-Czech, Czech-Italian bilingual dictionaries and its lexicographic analysis. The analysis is in a diachronic key; the methodology adopted is of a comparative nature, with references to lexicultural elements, also in relation to other coeval bilingual dictionaries. The results obtained have allowed the reconstruction of the history of the first 99 years of the bilingual lexicography in question, the identification of two phases (1890-1940; 1945-1989), and the highlighting of the purposes of the individual works and some of their lexicographic characteristics and contents that allow us to characterise them in "dictionaries" and "small dictionaries". The research shows that the initial path of Italian-Czech, Czech-Italian bilingual lexicography is significantly influenced by the German model that was dominant at date. Several factors (the minor role of the Czech language, the lack of an independent state until 1918, and the end of the communist regime) have resulted in the prevalence of works of meagre content; only a few are real dictionaries. However, the unidirectional works confirm the continuous interest of the Czech community in the Italian language.

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Les expressions verbales avec la gueule dans le corpus French Web 2020 (Sketch Engine)

Author(s): Lucia Ráčková / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2024

This paper focuses on verbal expressions with la gueule as an object. As part of slangology and identity studies, for this comparative linguistic analysis two similarly distributed expressions in the web corpus of current French have been chosen: (se) bourrer la gueule and (se) péter la gueule. To elaborate on the meanings of these expressions, the corpus linguistics method with the help of the Sketch Engine software was used, focusing on both dictionaries and pragmalinguistic meanings. Applying the inverted pyramid principle, three blogs with the most slang verbal expressions were selected as the main research area. Given that blogs are a new form of digital writing, characterised by topicality and a strong anchoring of the linguistic identity of individuals, it was decided to use blogs for the purposes of the research. The research found that the lexemes (se) bourrer la gueule and (se) péter la gueule are not limited to blogs, but can be found within commercial and entertainment sites as well. Moreover, in addition to many semantic variations of these two expressions found in dictionaries, speakers very often associate (se) bourrer la gueule with getting drunk and (se) péter la gueule with hitting/breaking your face. Another meaning for se bourrer la gueule which can be observed in the language of bloggers is to give one's opponents a hard time. The other meanings of (se) péter la gueule are more diverse. Depending on the context, the lexeme can mean also to fall, to have one's head blown off/be killed, to sleep with someone, to cheat, or to slip. The research results could be used further particularly in sociolinguistics as well as in sociolinguistic studies and the analysis of digital discourse.

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El tratamiento de las paremias en la traducción italiana de Los perros duros no bailan de Arturo Pérez-Reverte

Author(s): Maria Antonella Sardelli / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1/2024

This paper deals with the treatment of paremias in the Italian translation of Arturo Pérez-Reverte's Los perros duros no bailan (Hard dogs don't dance). All the paremias found in the Italian translation were extracted and compared with the forms present in the source text. Then a reflection on the paremiological correspondences in Italian was carried out on the basis of the extrinsic analysis of the paremias, with special attention to the functions that some of the sententious utterances play in the text and to the presence of de-automatised paremias. The comparison of the source text and the target text with regard to the paremias under study led to the identification of four literal correspondences, one conceptual correspondence, and five literal translations. In addition, eight deautomatised paremias (including four in Latin) and two pseudo-paremias were detected. The result is a TT that may well be exemplary of the multitude of techniques and strategies that can be applied in phraseological and paremiological translation. Literal and conceptual correspondences, which, in principle, are not so difficult to locate when working with related languages, do not always constitute the best equivalence of a sententious utterance inserted in a literary text.

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El incierto señor Don Edipo (¡!), Príncipe de... ¿Galicia? Relaciones hipertextuales y contextuales en Don Hamlet de Álvaro Cunqueiro

Author(s): Armando T. Aguilar de León / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1/2024

O incerto señor Don Hamlet, príncipe de Dinamarca (‘The uncertain Lord Don Hamlet, prince of Denmark’, 1958) is the first play by Álvaro Cunqueiro and the first widely recognised tragic work in the Galician literary system. This inaugural drama focuses on the interaction scheme of Shakespeare’s plot in the light of Freudian theories – having the myth of Oedipus in the background – and contains a series of veiled socio-historical meanings referring to the context of its production: Galicia under the Franco dictatorship. Therefore, Cunqueiro’s play was analysed from a double perspective: hypertextual and contextual. The former highlights the author’s literary work, the latter, the socio-historical contents that some components of the play insinuate. Thus, the dramatic syntax of Don Hamlet was appreciated, while glimpsing its semantic and ideological charge. Among the results presented in this paper is the confluence in the dramatic framework of two aspects of the tragic tradition: the Elizabethan, which is evident from the title, and the Attic, whose representative mythemes appear as the action, which ends in a properly Freudian conflict, runs. The dense and hostile atmosphere in which the characters interact has contextual implications. In a literary system such as the Galician one, which lacks antecedent tragic production, O incerto señor Don Hamlet constitutes a landmark because of both its avant-garde dramatic technique and the conditions – Franco’s repression – in which it is set. Moreover, it is a good example of the derivations of the tragic genre into which parodic procedures are incorporated.

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Род имен существительных с мягким знаком на конце: формирование научно-методической концепции vs современные тенденции

Author(s): Liudmila Vladimirovna Valova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2022

This article is devoted to the problem of determining the grammatical gender of nouns with a soft sign at the end. The article analyzes the approach of the authors of the first Russian grammars to this problem. Based on the data of the modern grammatical dictionary, the author identifies several models of nouns with a soft sign at the end. The study claims that there are certain patterns between the formal side of a nown and its grammatical gender. Theoretical comments and practical materials may be of interest to teachers of Russian as a foreign language.

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Poétique et métaphorisation du corps dans l'œuvre de Sony Labou Tansi

Author(s): Fatimazahra Hamri / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2024

The author of a rich and continuous poetic work, albeit published posthumously, the Congolese Sony Labou Tansi (1947-1995) is one of the strong voices of the négro-africaine literature of the second half of the twentieth century. If his various collections are in line with the writers of negritude by the way he treats the various themes analysed and the relationship, made up of familiarity and strangeness, that he maintains with the language of the coloniser, it remains one of the most misunderstood and contested. His experience seems to be based on a "poetics" at the centre of which man and nature are constantly connected. His propensity to spiritualise the relationship to the world and to nature is reminiscent of a certain metaphysics scattered throughout his poems. However, from this poetic posture, at the same time archaic and modern, there results an imagery of the body which is noteworthy for its immorality: the obscene, the scabrous, the coarse are so many registers in which the poet, in his posthumous work, struggles to metaphorise the body, and thus to signify the political violence which characterises the Congolese society where he was born and where he died, persecuted politically.

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Лексикографические параметры словаря косметики и косметологии

Author(s): Irena Petrova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2022

Nominative processes in the field of terminologies attract close attention of researchers. At the present time, the issues of the ordered sectoral terminological arrays are especially relevant. The article presents a thematic classification of terms of cosmetology and cosmetics according to the conceptual-thematic principle based on the variety of semantic connections of terms and concepts of this field. The proposed concept of the terminological dictionary of the language of cosmetology and cosmetics, the methodological expediency of the composition of the terminological thematic dictionary-syllabus of cosmetology and cosmetics, the questions of the formation of the professional terminological vocabulary of cosmetology and cosmetics, lexicographic aspects of the terminology of cosmetology and cosmetics, the main features and criteria for the selection of the dictionary in a separate type, initial positions ; macrostructure and microstructure of the terminological thematic dictionary-syllabus cosmetology and cosmetics.

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Специфика употреблений аналогичных паремий в русскоязычных и немецкоязычных газетных текстах

Author(s): Olga Simonchuk / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2022

The article deals with the comparative analysis of the usage of the Russian proverb Лучше синица в руках (в руки), чем журавль в небе and its German equivalent Besser ein Spatz in der Hand als eine Taube auf dem Dach in newspaper articles. The ways of connection of analysed paroemias to the context are examined. The methods of authors’ proverb transformations are described. The results of the comparative analysis of lexical and grammatical means used by the authors in Russian and German newspaper articles when employing equivalent proverbs are presented.

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Osvícenská společnost a patriotismus na Moravě v 2. polovině 18. století

Author(s): Jaroslav Stanovský / Language(s): Czech Issue: 01/2023

The study deals with several aspects of the development of Enlightenment patriotism in Moravia in the second half of the 18th century. First, it attempts to define „patriotism“ within the context of the Enlightenment, noting the specifics of the development of Moravia and the Moravian educated elite at this time. It also discusses the emergence of a „Moravian spirit“ in relation to Bohemia and Vienna and the Austrian monarchy. This phenmenon is also manifested in a number of works, for the most part published after 1770, that map the history and contemporay situation of Moravia. In conclusion, the article examines the language issue of the Moravian Enlightenment. Although for a significant part of the elite, „Moravian spirit“ was associated with German culture, the study also presents defences of the Czech language by some intellectuals that represent the first seeds of the Czech national renaissance.

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ICH KANN DEUTSCH SHREIBEN – ПРОБЛЕМИ СА ОРТОГРАФИЈОМ НЕМАЧКОГ ЈЕЗИКА КАО ДРУГОГ СТРАНОГ ЈЕЗИКА КОД СТУДЕНАТА И УЧЕНИКА ОСНОВНЕ ШКОЛЕ

Author(s): Marija M. Veselinović Stanojević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2017

In this paper we will deal with the presentation of both quantitative and qualitative research by Ivana Zorica, written in German, whose results are very important for the theory of learning and the adoption of languages in general. The author studies the German writing skills and tries to solve how any mistakes can be overcome. Material subjected to analysis makes mistakes from the composition of students who learn the language for years. In addition, we also carried out research at the corpus that presents errors based on the analysis of dictates of elementary school students, where errors at the orthographic level are similarly qualified and analyzed. The hypothesis from which we begin to work is that in the foreign language the presence of unassigned elements from the lower stages of development can be evindicated.

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